2. Introduction
These disorder were previously identified as organic
mental disorder and syndrome . With the publication
of the DSM –IV the name was changed .
These disorders constitute of large and growing public
health problems. Scientists estimates 4.5 million
people currently have Alzheimer’s diseases , the most
common type dementia .
The objective is to provide these individual with
diginity and quality of life they deserve .
3. Delirium
Delirium is characterized by disturbance of
consciousness a change in cognition that develop
rapidly over short period of time .
Delirium can be defined as mental state characterized
by a disturbance of,
cognition,
excitement,
confusion,disorientation,hallucination and illusions
are common .
4. ICD CLASSIFICATIONOF DELIRIUM
F05 –DELIRIUM NOT INDUCED BY ALCOHOL AND
OTHER PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
F05.0- DELIRIUM ,NOT SUPERIMPOSED ON
DEMENTIA ,SO DESCRIBED.
F05.1- DELIRIUM ,SUPERIMPOSED ON DEMENTIA
F05.8-OTHER DELIRIUM
F05.9- DELIRIUM ,UNSPECIFIED
5. Causes
Delirium due to general medical condition
Substance induced delirium
Substance intoxication
Substance withdrawal
Multiple etiologies .
Other causes includes – head trauma ,metabolic
thiamine deficiency, vascular –hypertensive and etc.
6. Clinical features
Disorientation to time and place .
Mental confusion
Impairment of recent memory
Sleep may fluctuate between hypersomnolency and
insomnia .
Psychomotor activity may fluctuate between agitated
,purposeless movements .
Emotional instability manifested by – fear, anxiety ,
anger ,euphoria or apathy .
7. Cont…
Various emotion includes – crying, cursing, muttering,
And etc .
Autonomic manifestations – tachycardia ,sweating ,
flushed face , dilated pupils .
9. Treatment
Identify the cause and treat the cause .
Symptomatic treatment
Additional attention should be given to fluid and
electrolyte status , hypoxia , anoxia , and diabetic
problems .
10. Dementia
Dementia can be classified as primary or secondary .
Dementia is not a disease by itself ,but rather a group
of symptoms that are caused by various disease
conditions . If it is severe , it will interfere with a
person’s daily functioning . The word dementia is
derived from 2 latin word ‘de’ ,means apart or away
and ‘mens’ or mentis means mind .
11. Definition
A/c to Marry Townsend dementia is defined by loss of
previous level of cognitive, executive and memory
function in a state of full alertness.
Or
A/c to wikipedia – the progressive decline in cognitive
functions due to damage or disease in brain beyond,
what might be expected from normal agings.
12. ICD CLASSIFICATION
F00-09 ORGANIC ,INCLUDING SYMPTOMATIC
MENTAL DISORDER .
F01-VASCULAR DEMENTIA
F02- DEMENTIA IN OTHER DISEASES CLASSIFIED
ELSEWHERE
F03- UNSPECIFIED DEMENTIA.
F04-ORGANIC AMESIC SYNDROME ,NOT INDUCED BY
ALCOHOL AND OTHER PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES.
F06-OTHER MENTAL DISORDER DUE TO BRAIN
DAMAGE AND DYSFUNCTION AND TO PHYSICAL
DISEASE
13. Etiologies
Common causes:-
Degenerative disease
Fronto temporal lobar degeneration
Toxic reaction
Senile dementia.
Less common causes:-
Parkinson’s disease
Down syndrome
Metal poisoning
Hypoglycemia .
14. Clinical manifestation
Abstract thinking
Judgement
Impulse control
Social conduct are often disregarded
Language may or may not be affected
Aphasia
Personal appearance and hygiene
Some individual may have difficulty naming objects
Personality change
Apraxia
15. Diagnosis
Ct scan and MRI
Neuropsychological testing
Geropsychologist
Mini mental status examination
Assessment of daily activity
16. Etiological factors implicated the
development of delirium and
dementia
Biological factors Exogenous factors
Hypoxia
Nutritional deficiencies
Metabolic disturbance
Endocrine dysfunction
Cardiovascular disease
Primary brain disorder
Infection
Intracranial neoplasm's
Congential defects
Birth trauma
Cranial trauma
Volatile inhalant
Heavy metals
Substance abuse
Other medications
17. Treatment modalities
Validation therapy
Reality orientation training
Cognitive and behavioral intervention remotivation
therapy
18. Nursing diagnosis
Risk for trauma related to impairments in cognitive
and psychomotor functioning
Distrubed thought process related to cerebral
degeneration evidenced by confusion and inaccurate
interpretation of the enviroment .
Self care deficit related to memory deficits evidenced
by inability to fulfill ADLs
19. Plan nursing care as above mentioned nursing
diagnosis.
20. Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type
Several causes have been described for the syndrome
of dementia but dementia of the alzheimer’s type
accounts for 50-60 percent of all cases . The
progressive nature of symptoms associated with DAT
has been described according to stages .
It includes 7 stages .
21. Cont…
Stage -1 – no apparent symptoms
Stage -2-forgetfulness
Stage -3- mild cognitive decline
Stage -4- mild to moderate cognitive
Stage -5- moderate cognitive decline early dementia
Stage -6- moderate to severe cognitive decline middle
dementia.
Stage -7- severe cognitive decline ;late dementia
22. Cont…
Stage 1- in this first stage of the illness there is no
apparent decline in memory
Stage -2- the individual begins to lose things or forget
names of people . Losses in short term memory are
common . The individual is aware of the intellectual
decline and may feel ashamed ,becoming anxious and
depressed ,which in turn may worsen the symptoms .
Stage -3- in this stage ,there is interference with work
performance ,which becomes noticeable to coworkers .
The individual may get lost when driving his or her car.
23. Cont…
Stage -4-at this stage ,the individual may forget major
events in personal history ,such as his or her own
child’s birthday . He or she, may deny that a problem
exists by covering up memory loss with confabulation .
Stage -5 – in this early stages of dementia ,the
individual loses the ability to perform some ADL .
Stage -6- at this stage the individual is unable to recall
recent major life events or even the name of his or her
spouse . Symptoms seems to worsen by sundowning .
Stage -7-in this end stage of DAT ,the individual is
unable to recognize family members.
24. Etiologies
A/c TO DSM –IV
Dementia of the alzhemier type
Vascular dementia
Dementia due to hiv diseases
Dementia due to head trauma
Dementia due to parkinson’s disease.
Dementia due to huntington disease.
Dementia due to pick’s diseases
Dementia due to crutzfeldt jakob ,general medical
conditions ,multiple etiologies.
Substance induced persisting dementia .
25. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
A decrease in the neurotransmitters acetylcholine has
been implicated in the etiology of alzheimer’s disease
.cholinergic sources arises from brainstem and the
basal forebrain and basal forebrain to supply areas of
the basal ganglia ,thalamus ,limbic
structure,hippocampus , and cerebral cortex .