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COMPILER CONSTRUCTION Principles and Practice Kenneth C. Louden
3. Context-Free Grammars and Parsing PART ONE
Contents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.1 The Parsing Process
Function of a Parser ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Issues of the Parsing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Issues of the Parsing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Issues of the Parsing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Issues of the Parsing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Issues of the Parsing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back
3.2 Context-Free Grammars
Basic Concept ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.2.1 Comparison to Regular Expression Notation
Comparing an Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basic Regular Expression Rules  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Grammars Rules  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Grammars Rules  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.2.2 Specification of Context-Free Grammar Rules
Symbols of Grammar Rules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Symbols in TINY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Construction of a CFG rule ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Construction of a CFG rule ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More about the Conventions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.2.3 Derivations & Language Defined by a Grammar
How Grammar Determine a Language ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Derivations   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Derivations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Language Defined by a Grammar   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Grammar for a Programming Language  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Symbols in rules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prove the Example 3.3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prove the example 3.3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Recursion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Recursion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples of Recursion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples of Recursion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back
3.3 Parse trees and abstract syntax trees
3.3.1 Parse trees
Derivation V.S. Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Derivation V.S. Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Derivation V.S. Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parsing Tree  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parsing Tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parsing Tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parsing Tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parsing Tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parsing Tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example: The expression (34-3)*42 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.3.2 Abstract syntax trees
Way Abstract Syntax-Tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why Abstract Syntax-Tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tree for expression (34-3)*42 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Abstract Syntax Trees or Syntax Trees   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Abstract Syntax Trees or Syntax Trees   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Abstract Syntax Trees or Syntax Trees   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Problem & Solution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Problem & Solution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Back
3.4 Ambiguity
What is Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],exp exp  op  exp _  exp  op  exp number number  *   number   This string has two different parse trees.
What is Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],exp => exp  op exp  => number   op   exp  => number -  exp   => number -   exp  op  exp  => number - number  op  exp   => number - number  * exp  =>  number - number  *  number Corresponding to the two leftmost derivations
What is Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
An Ambiguous Grammar ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
An Ambiguous Grammar ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Two Basic Methods dealing with Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Two Basic Methods dealing with Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object]
Remove The Ambiguity in Simple Expression Grammar ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Remove the Ambiguity in simple Expression  Grammar ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Remove the Ambiguity in simple Expression  Grammar ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.4.2 Precedence and Associativity
Group of Equal Precedence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Precedence Cascade ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Removal of Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
New Parse Tree ,[object Object]
New Parse Tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.4.3 The dangling else problem
An Ambiguity Grammar ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Dangling else problem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
An Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A Solution to the dangling else ambiguity in the BNF  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
More about dangling else ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More About Dangling else ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Associate the else-part with the second if-statement, the programmer writes if x  /=  0 then if y = 1/x then  ok := true; end if else z := 1/x;  end if;
More about dangling else ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.4.4 Inessential ambiguity
Why Inessential ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why Inessential ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End of Part One THANKS

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Chapter Three(1)