Assignment 2 E taxonomy · Information Technology: Information Technology is an important and intelligent field of study, which is a broad field that is all about computing technology, information, and "people" especially in issues that are related to the users and meeting their needs of technology. In general, information technology is applying, managing, and supporting the technology used in solving problems. In addition, information technology is a study that mainly focuses on solving problems by using technology and computing. Information technology focuses on how to satisfy users by presenting new uses of technologies. · A “taxonomy” of information technology: I. People: people provide intelligence of the systems and use technology to solve their problems, by getting the benefits of technology, which are efficiency and productivity. 1. Users: · Definition: People who use technology in their work or anything else in their life. · Examples: engineers, students, and some medical specialties…etc. 2. Programmer: · Definition: People who program computer software, by giving the computer systems instructions to perform a given action. · Examples: PHP, Java, HTML, or SQL programmers. 3. IT professionals: · Definition: IT professionals define as applying, managing, and supporting the technology used in solving problems. · Concerned about: Implementation, configuration, and maintenance. · Goal: Solving problems by processing data into information. · IT professionals should provide: · Productivity. · Efficiency. · Origin of IT professionals: a) Meaning of anything is linked to its origin. b) The main reason is people created a tool to solve a problem. 1. Calculation: · William Schickard: · 17th century. · In Germany. · Conceived a design of a mechanical calculator. · Blaise Pascal: · 1640s. · In France. · Built his machine to help his father in calculation. 2. Automatic Execution: · Jacquard: · 1810s. · In France. · A mechanical loom. 3. Automatic Logic: · George Boole: · In 1850s. · In Ireland. · Envisioned the Laws of Thought · Boolean algebra (AND, OR, XOR, NOT) a) AND (0 0=0, 0 1=0, 1 0=0, 1 1=1) b) OR (0 0=0, 0 1=1, 1 0=1, 1 1=1) c) XOR (0 0=0, 0 1 =1, 1 0=1, 1 1= 1) d) NOT (0=1, 1=1) 4. General purpose: · Charles Babages (grandfather of computer age): · 18th century. · In England. · Designed the Difference Engine. · Augusta Ada (one of the first programmers): · 18th century. · In England. · Interpreter of Babbage's works. · What should IT professionals know? 1. People and ethics. · It’s related to understanding other people. · Behave in ethical ways. 2. Users needs. · What do you need to solve users problems? · Users centric design. 3. Problems solving. · Improve that by doing it (practice). · Problem solving steps: a) Understand the problem. b) Planning the solutions. c) Create algorithms. d) Test the algorithms. · Develop knowledge to get some expertise. · Practice to gain experience. 4. How to use tools. · Use technologi.

1. Assignment 2 E taxonomy
· Information Technology:
Information Technology is an important and intelligent field of
study, which is a broad field that is all about computing
technology, information, and "people" especially in issues that
are related to the users and meeting their needs of technology.
In general, information technology is applying, managing, and
supporting the technology used in solving problems. In
addition, information technology is a study that mainly focuses
on solving problems by using technology and computing.
Information technology focuses on how to satisfy users by
presenting new uses of technologies.
· A “taxonomy” of information technology:
I. People: people provide intelligence of the systems and use
technology to solve their problems, by getting the benefits of
technology, which are efficiency and productivity.
1. Users:
· Definition: People who use technology in their work or
anything else in their life.
· Examples: engineers, students, and some medical
specialties…etc.
2. Programmer:
· Definition: People who program computer software, by giving
the computer systems instructions to perform a given action.
· Examples: PHP, Java, HTML, or SQL programmers.
3. IT professionals:
· Definition: IT professionals define as applying, managing, and
supporting the technology used in solving problems.
· Concerned about: Implementation, configuration, and
maintenance.

2. · Goal: Solving problems by processing data into information.
· IT professionals should provide:
· Productivity.
· Efficiency.
· Origin of IT professionals:
a) Meaning of anything is linked to its origin.
b) The main reason is people created a tool to solve a problem.
1. Calculation:
· William Schickard:
· 17th century.
· In Germany.
· Conceived a design of a mechanical calculator.
· Blaise Pascal:
· 1640s.
· In France.
· Built his machine to help his father in calculation.
2. Automatic Execution:
· Jacquard:
· 1810s.
· In France.
· A mechanical loom.
3. Automatic Logic:
· George Boole:
· In 1850s.
· In Ireland.
· Envisioned the Laws of Thought
· Boolean algebra (AND, OR, XOR, NOT)
a) AND (0 0=0, 0 1=0, 1 0=0, 1 1=1)
b) OR (0 0=0, 0 1=1, 1 0=1, 1 1=1)
c) XOR (0 0=0, 0 1 =1, 1 0=1, 1 1= 1)
d) NOT (0=1, 1=1)
4. General purpose:
· Charles Babages (grandfather of computer age):
· 18th century.

3. · In England.
· Designed the Difference Engine.
· Augusta Ada (one of the first programmers):
· 18th century.
· In England.
· Interpreter of Babbage's works.
· What should IT professionals know?
1. People and ethics.
· It’s related to understanding other people.
· Behave in ethical ways.
2. Users needs.
· What do you need to solve users problems?
· Users centric design.
3. Problems solving.
· Improve that by doing it (practice).
· Problem solving steps:
a) Understand the problem.
b) Planning the solutions.
c) Create algorithms.
d) Test the algorithms.
· Develop knowledge to get some expertise.
· Practice to gain experience.
4. How to use tools.
· Use technological tools such as programming.
5. Troubleshooting.
· Fixing of correcting if something wrong happened.
6. Protect information.
· Have knowledge in data security and information assurance.
7. Documentation.
· Ability to write technological information clearly.
8. Locate information.
· Knowing what is good information.
· Related with communication.
9. Manage projects.
· Art and science of ensuring that a project is completed

4. effectively.
· Soul of IT professionals:
1. Professionalism
· Acting professionally with people.
2. Life long learning
· IT always changing.
3. Vocations
· Calling to serve other people.
4. Interpersonal
· Communication and deal with other people.
5. Worldview.
4. Computer scientists
· Definition: computer scientists concerns creating automated
solution to real world problem by using computer system.
· Concerned about: creation and invention.
· Origin:
1. ENIAC:
· In 1946.
· In University of Pennsylvania (United States).
· J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.
· The first electronic general-purpose computer.
· ENIAC advantages:
1. Faster (productivity).
2. More Accurate (efficiency).
3. Solving different problems.
2. Computer Generations:
· First Generation: Vacuum tubes= switch (0,1)
· Public perception:
· Giant Brain: machine can handle information.
· Grand Ideas of computer science:
1. Algorithms: Effective, detailed and unambiguous set of step-
by-step procedures for solving a problem.
· Effective: computing in reasonable time.
· Detailed: Algorithms must list every step.

5. · Unambiguous: each procedure must be crystal clear.
· General purpose of algorithms:
A. Separation of data and instruction.
B. Symbolic representation of data.
2. Abstraction: to simplify by agreement.
3. Automation: runs by itself.
4. Information: useful, processed data, used to make a decision.
· Useful information is created by:
a) Intelligent design and use.
b) Useful data.
· Data can be used as:
· Source material of processing.
· Command.
· Request information.
· Useful information must be:
a) Accurate
b) Formatted
5. Interface: go between facilitating communication and control.
6. Intelligence:
· It is important to create information.
· It is reflected in creation of computers.
7. Cognition: act of knowing, understanding, or recognizing.
8. Complexity: state of being complex, a whole made up of
numerous and interrelated parts.
9. Creation: bringing something new into existence.
2. Hardware: It is the physical components, and it provides
capabilities of the system.
A. Input unit:
· Every physical devices that is used to provide data to the
computer
· Example: Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, joystick, and touch
screen.
B. Processor Units:
· Performs processing and controlling the hardware.
· It is made of switches (0.1)

6. · CPU: (Central Processing Unit):
· Tow sections of CPU:
1. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It does all the processing
and calculations.
I. Arithmetic (+, - , x, /).
II. Comparative (<, = , >),
III. Logic ( True, False)
IV. Gates (Not, Or, And).
2. The Control Unit (CU): It coordinates and controls all parts
of the computer.
· CU duties:
I. Gets instruction from memory.
II. Translates the instruction.
III. Performs the command.
IV. Writes result to memory.
C. Storage:
· It is the responsible for saving and restoring digital data.
· Every thing in storage is in Binary form.
· Two types of storage:
1. Internal storage: storages within the computer
a. Permanent storage: keeping the data even the power is turned
off.
i. Hard Disk: It is responsible for storing computer data.
ii. ROM: Data stored in ROM cannot be modified.
b. Provisional storage: saving the data if there is the power.
Otherwise, the data will be lost. Active space for CPU.
i. RAM: Every application or programs uses RAM when it run.
ii. The cache memory: it is inside the CPU, and it is used to
store instructions.
2. External storage: storages are not within the computer.
a. Floppy disks
b. CDs
c. Flash memory
d. External hard disk.
D. Output unites:
· Every physical device that is used to present information

7. through the computer.
· Example: Monitor, Printer, Projector, Speaker, and Screen.
3. Software: it provides abilities of the system, and it control
processing.
1. Machine language: it presents instructions as (0,1).
· Binary form: representation
i. ML presents instructions.
ii. Base 2 presents number.
iii. ASCII presents characters.
2. High Level Language: similar to natural language such as
Pascal, C and Cobol.
3. System SW:
a. Booting SW: start up instruction for machine.
i. Loading the OS.
b. Translation SW: convert HLL into ML.
i. Interpreter: It is used for Basic and Java.
ii. Compiler: It is used for C++ and C#.
c. Operating system: master and control HW and other SW
systems.
i. J Jobs of OS
1. Command and interpreter:
2. Interface S/W and H/W.
· OS control HW function.
· Apps cannot work with HW directly.
3. Resource manager
· Biggest job of OS.
· OS must manage the use of scarce resources.
i. Multi-tasking
ii. Virtual memory
ii. Elements for any operating system:
A. User interface (shell): It is communicated with users.
B. Kernel: The internal part of an operating system.
C. File management system: It coordinates the use of the
machine.
d. Utility: an important tool that performs tasks related to

8. computer systems.
4. Programming language: It is a collection of possible
instruction to create apps or control unit.
· Purpose: allow a programmer to create apps
· Programming is hard because it requests:
I. Total understanding of the problems.
II. Exact planning of solutions.
III. Perfect creating of algorithms.
5. Application packages: They are collection of effective
algorithms written in a programming language that solve
users problems.
a. Licensed Software: permission to use with restrictions.
i. Restricted license.
· May not copy and distribute.
· Microsoft office.
ii. Opening license or shareware.
· May copy and distribute for evolution during period time.
iii. Public domain.
· Free software that belongs to public.