A cell consists of various molecules or substances.pdf
1. Answers: 1. A cell consists of various molecules or substances
Answers:
1. A cell consists of various molecules or substances used during metabolic activity, known
as metabolites catalyzed by various enzymes. Several factors explain the relationship
between metabolites and the activity of enzymes as enzymes act as catalysts that control or
regulate the rate of reaction or metabolic activity (Fernie, et al, 2012).This chemical
transformation of one metabolite into another is also associated with the law of
conservation and thermodynamics. Another factor is the kinetic property of enzymes that
also affects the speed of metabolic activity. The nature of metabolic pathways can be
understood through fluxes and how these fluxes affect the metabolite level (Fernie, et al,
2012). The theory explained by (Fell 2004) suggested that the small change in the activity of
the enzyme and its effect on flux and metabolite concentration are predicted by the
enzyme’s control coefficients. It explained that more than one flux value could be altered by
the change in enzyme activity in the complicated or complex metabolic networks and cycle.
Other control coefficients can be implied while there is an increase in enzyme activity in the
metabolic network and directly decrease the flux elsewhere in the network. The theory
suggested that a metabolomics study is a good option for detecting the effects of change in
enzyme activity over the metabolite concentration ( 2004).
A large number of metabolic reactions involved in converting carbon sources into building
blocks needed for macromolecular biosynthesis in the cellular body is known as cellular
metabolism. Another simple explanation is that an increase in enzyme concentration will
speed up the metabolic reaction as long as the substrate is available to bind and reaction
velocity reaches the maximum. The metabolic fluxes change carbon sources by glycolysis
and glycogenesis. (Nielsen, 2003). A feedback loop maintains the variables in any reaction
in the body; metabolic activities aid in regulating and maintaining the stable internal
environment or homeostasis. When the enzyme activity increases, homeostasis fluxes the
excess enzyme and maintains the metabolites' concentration. This procedure works as a
feedback loop to keep the metabolic activities on the ideal level.
References
Fell, D. A. (2004) Enzyme s, metabolities and fluxes. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 56,
267-272
3. health care.
The various challenges of metabolomics analysis are interindividual variations,
instrumentation choice, identification of biomarkers, and developing an appropriate model
for experimental studies. In the preclinical phase, the most important challenge that the
researcher faces is to analyse a large number of genetic interindividal variations. It has been
found that the metabolomes are influenced by various environmental factors like diet,
stress, and lifestyle and genetic factors like gender and gene polymorphisms (Kosmides, et
al., 2013). The concept of metabolic fingerprinting is used to identify the variation in an
individual, as it is found that there is a great genetic difference between mice and humans;
thus transgenic mouse model was created to develop and establish a human microbiome
within the mouse to overcome interindividual variations. The other challenge is choosing
effective instrumentation as there are various common metabolomics analysis tools like
NMR spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy, GC-MS and UHPLC-MS. Choosing a single analysis
tool to reveal whole metabolites (Kosmides, et al., 2013). The third challenge is identifying
biomarkers and conformation of these markers, which is the most important step of
metabolomics investigation. Various databases provide identification of metabolites, but
there is an essential need to standardize the personal and professional methodology for
metabolomics application; thus, authentic reports and data can be stored in the databases
and metabolomics laboratories (Kosmides et al. 2013).
References
Johnson, C. H., & Gonzalez, F. J. (2012). Challenges and opportunities of
metabolomics. Journal of cellular physiology, 227(8), 2975–2981.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6309313/
Kosmides, A. K., Kamisoglu, K., Calvano, S. E., Corbett, S. A., & Androulakis, I. P. (2013).
Metabolomic fingerprinting: challenges and opportunities. Critical reviews in biomedical
engineering, 41(3), 205–221. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096240/
