Sppu be civil sem 8 qsct unit no. 04 valuation

1. • Unit No. 04
VALUATION

2. What is valuation?
Valuation is the technique of estimation or determining the fair
price or value of property such as building, a factory, other
various types of engineering structures, land etc.
By valuation the present value of a property is defined. The
present value of property may be decided by its selling price,
or income or rent.
The value of property depends on its structure, life,
maintenance, location, bank interest, etc.
Cost: means original cost of construction of purchase.

3. Purpose of valuation?
• Buying or selling property
• Taxation
• Rent fixation
• Security of loans or mortgage
• Compulsory acquisition
• Valuation of a property

4. • Purpose of valuation?
• Buying or selling property: When it is required to buy or
to sell a property, its valuation is required.
• Taxation: To assess the tax of property its valuation is
required. Taxes may be municipal tax, wealth tax, property
tax, etc., and all taxes are fixed on the valuation of the
property.
• Rent fixation: In order to determine the rent of a property,
valuation is required. Rent is usually fixed on certain
percentage of valuation (6% to 10% of the valuation).

5. • Security of loans or mortgage: When the loans
are taken against the security of the property, its
valuation is required.
• Compulsory acquisition: Whenever a property
is acquired by law compensation is paid to the
owner. To determine the amount of compensation
valuation of property is required.
• Valuation of a property is also required for
insurance Betterment charges etc.

6. • Gross income: Gross income is the total income
and includes all receipts from various sources the
outgoing and theoperational and collection charges are
not deducted.
• Net income or net return: This is the saving or the
amount left after deducting all outgoings, operational and
collection expenses from the gross income
Net income = Gross income- Outgoings
• Outgoings- Required to be incurred to maintain revenue
of buildings

7. • Scrape value: Scrape value is the value of the dismantled
material. That means after dismantle we will get the steel,
brick, timber etc. in case of machines the scrape value is
metal or dismantle parts. In general the scrape value is
about 10 % of total cost of construction.
• Scrape value = sale of useable material – cost of
dismantling and removal of the rubbish material.
•Salvage Value: It is the value of the utility period
without being dismantled. we can sale it as a second
handle.

8. • Year’s purchase(Y.P):
• Year’s purchase is defined as the
capital sum required to be invested in order to receive an
annuity of Rs. 1.00 at certain rate of interest.
• For 4% interest per annum, to get Rs. 4.00 it requires Rs.
• 100.00 to be deposited in a bank.
• To get Rs. 1.00 per year it will be required to deposit ¼
of Rs. 100.00 i,e, 100/4 = Rs. 25.00.
• Year’s purchase = 100/Rate of interest
• = 1/i , i= rate of interest in decimal.
• For 5% interest- 100/5 = 20
• For 6% interest- 100/6 = 16.67

9. • Annuity : It is the annual periodic payments
for repayments of the capital amount invested
by a party. Annuity is either paid at the
beginning or at end of each period of
installment.

10. • In case of life of property is anticipated to be
short and to account the accumulation of
sinking fund and interest on income of the
property to replace capital, the year’s Purchase
is suitably reduced.
- Year’s Purchase (Y.P) = 1/ (i+S)
- where S= sinking Fund to replace Re. 1.00 at
the end of the given period.

11. Sinking Fund : The fund which is gradually
accumulated by way of periodic on annual deposit
for the replacement of the building or structure at
the end of its useful life, is termed as sinking fund.
Sinking fund may be found out by the formula.
• I = Si/(1+i)^n – 1
Where S= total amount of sinking fund to
be accumulated,
n= number of years required to accumulate the
sinking fund
i= rate of interest in decimal
I= annual installment required.

12. •Depreciation: Depreciation is the loss in the
value of the property due to structural
deterioration use, life wear and tear,decay and
obsolescence.
• The general annual decrease in the value of a
property is known as annual depreciation. Usually,
the percentage rate of depreciation is less at the
beginning and generally increase during later
years.

13. Methods of calculating depreciation
1) Straight line method
2) constant percentage method
3) Sinking fund method
4) Quantity survey method.
• In all these methods, it is necessary to decide
the economic or effective life of the property.

14. 1) Straight line method
• In this method it is assumed that the property
losses its value by the same amount every year. A
fixed amount of the original cost is deducted
every year, so that at the end of the utility period
only the scrap value is left.
• Annual depreciation D = Original cost – scrap
value / life in year
• D = C- S/n
• Where C- original cost, S- scrap value, n- life of
property in year and D –annual depreciation.

15. 2) Constant percentage method
In this method, it is assumed that the property
will lose its value by a constant percentage of
its value at the beginning of every year.
Annual depreciation D = 1- (S/C)^1/n
• Where C- original cost, S- scrap value, n-
life of property in year and D –annual
depreciation.

16. 3) Sinking fund method
• In this method the depreciation of property is
assumed to be equal to the annual sinking fund
plus the interest on the fund for that year,
which is supposed to be invested on interest
bearing investment.
• If A is the annual sinking fund and a,b,c,d,etc.,
represent interest on the sinking fund for
subsequent years, and C= total original cost.

17. 4) Quantity survey method
• In this method the property is studied in detail
and loss in value due to life, wear and tear,
decay, obsolescence, etc., worked out.
• Each and every step is based on some logical
ground without any fixed percentage of the
cost of the property.

18. Obsolescence:
• The value of property or structures become
less by its becoming out of date in style, in
structure in design, etc. and this is termed as
Obsolescence.

19. Depreciation Obsolescence
1) This is the physical loss in the value
of the property due to wear & tear,
decay ect.
2) Depreciation depends on its original
condition, quality of maintenance
and mode of use.
3) This is variable according to the age
of the property. More the age, more
will be the amount for the
depreciation.
4) There are different methods by
witch the amount of depreciation can
be calculated.
1) The loss in the value of the property
is due to change of design, fashion,
in structure of the other, change of
utility, demand.
2) Obsolescence depends on normal
progress in the arts, inadequacy to
present or growing needs etc.
3) This is not dependent on age of the
building. A new building may suffer
in its usual rent due to obsolescence.
4) At present there is no method of
calculation of obsolescence.

20. Methods of Valuation
The following are the different methods of
valuation:-
1) Rental method of valuation.
2) Direct comparisons of the capital value.
3) Valuation based on the profit.
4) Valuation based on cost.
5) Development method of valuation .
6) Depreciation method of valuation.

21. 1) Rental method of valuation
• In this method, the net income by way of rent is
found out by deducting all outing goings from
the gross rent. A suitable rate of interest as
prevailing in the market is assumed and year’s
purchase is calculated. This net income
multiplied by Y.Pgives the capitalized value or
valuation of the property. This method is
applicable when the rent is known or probable
rent is determined by enquiries.

22. 2) Direct comparisons of the capital
value.
• This method may be adopted when the rental
value is not available from the property
concerned, but there are evidences of sale
price of properties as a whole.

23. 3) Valuation based on the profit
• This method of valuation is suitable
for buildings like hotels, theaters for which the
capitalized value depend on the profit.
• In such case the net annual income is worked
out after deducting from the gross income all
possible working expenses, outgoings, interest
on the capital invested.

24. 4) Valuation based on cost
• This method of valuation is suitable for buildings
like hotels, cinema theatres etc. for which the
capitalized value depends on the profit. In such
cases the net annual income is worked out after
deducting from the gross income all possible
working expressions, outgoings, interest on the
capital invested etc. the net profit is multiplied by
Y.Pto get the capitalized value. In such case the
valuation may work out to be too high in
comparison with the cost of construction.

25. 5) Development method of valuation
• This method of valuation is used for
the properties which are in the undeveloped
stage or partly developed and partly
undeveloped stage. If a large place of land is
required to be divided into plots after providing
for roads park, etc., this method of valuation is
to be adopted .

26. 6) Depreciation method of valuation
According to this method the depreciated value of the
property on the present day rates is calculated by the
formula:
• D = P[(100 – rd)/100]n
Where,
• D – depreciated value
• P – cost at present market rate
• rd – fixed percentage of depreciation (r stands for
rate and d for depreciation)
• n – The number of years the building had been
constructed.
• To find the total valuation of the property, the present
value of land, water supply, electric and sanitary
fitting etc; should be added to the above value.

27. Rent Fixation of Building
• The rent of building is fixed upon the basis of certain
percentage of annual interest on the capital cost and all
possible annual expenditure on outgoings.
• The capital cost includes the cost of construction of the
building, the cost of sanitary and water supply work and the
cost of electric installation and alteration if any.
• The cost of construction also includes the expenditures on
the following: a) raising, levelling and dressing of site b)
construction of compound wall, fences and gates c) storm
water drainage d) approach roads and other roads within the
compound.

28. Net return is worked out based on :-
1. Capita cost / Year’s purchase
2. If the capital cost is not known, this may be
worked out by any method of valuation.
3. The owner experts about 2% higher interest than
the prevalent interest to cover up the risk of his
investment.
4. To this net return, all possible expenditures on
outgoings are added to get gross annual rent.
5. Gross rent = net rent + out goings.

29. Outgoings:-
• Repair:
- It includes various types of repair such as annual
repair, special repairs, immediate repair, etc.
- Amount to be sent on repairs is 10 – 15 % of gross
income.
• Taxes
- Include municipal tax, wealth tax, income tax, property
tax etc.
- Paid by owner of the property annually and are
calculated on annual rental value of the property after
deducting the annual repairs 15 to 20% of gross
income.

30. Sinking Fund
Management and collection charges
- 5to 10% of gross income may be taken for this purpose
- For small building it may not necessary to considered
it
Loss of Rent
• - As it may not be possible to keep whole of the premises
fully let at all times, in such cases a suitable amount should
be deducted from the gross rent
Miscellaneous
- These include:
• electrical charges for lighting, running lift, etc and are borne
by the owner
- 2 to 5% of gross rent is taken for these charges.