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1. By:
Behzad Vaziri
Hassas
vazirihassas@itu.edu.tr
behzadvaziri@hotmail.co
m
Mineral Processing Eng.
B.Sc. Student
Approximately:
35 Minutes

2. Symbol of Element : Cu
Atomic Number : 29
Atomic Mass : 63.546 amu
Melting Point : 1083.0 C - 1356.15 K
Boiling Point : 2567.0 C - 2840.15 K
Number of Protons/Electrons : 29
Number of Neutrons : 35
Crystal Structure : Cubic
Density @ 293 K : 8.96 g/cm3
Color : red / orange / brown
Conductivity : %99.95
Electron Configuration Exception
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
Retrieved from:
www.periodic-table.org.uk

3. Retrieved from:
www.mapsofworld.com

4. Chile %19 USA %18
Russia %7 Zambia %7
Congo %6 Canada %5
Others %38
United States Geological Survey (USGS):
All the copper deposits in the world is estimated to be about
6.1 billion Tons
--
1999

5. Probable + Proved:
Retrieved from:
MTA Genel Müdürlüğü
http://www.mta.gov.tr

6.  Location Reserve (t) % Cu Cu (t)
1. Rize / Çayeli / Madenköy 16.511.040 5,5 908.107
2. Trabzon / Maçka / Güzelyayla 154.700.000 0,3 464.100
3. Siirt / Şirvan / Madenköy 14.515.000 3,0 435.450
4. Erzurum / İspir / Ulutaş 73.600.000 0,31 228.160
5. Kırklareli / - / Dereköy 65.209.000 0,31 208.668
6. Artvin / Murgul / Damar 15.238.000 1,18 179.808
7. Kastamonu / Küre / Aşıköy 1.229.208 1,56 175.176
8. Artvin / Murgul / Çakmakkaya 16.618.000 0,99 164.518
9. Artvin / Kafkasör / Cerrattepe 1.200.000 10,0 120.000
10. Artvin / Kafkasör / Cerrattepe 3.800.000 2,1 79.800
11. Giresun / Espiye / Lahanos 1.529.000 4,23 64.676
12. Kırklareli/Demirköy/İkiztepe 12.700.000 0,39 49.539
BAKIR RAPORU
TMMOB METALURJĠ
MÜHENDĠSLERĠ ODASI - 2003

7.  A
 Agardite
 Aikinite
 Ajoite
 Aktashite
 Algodonite
 Anthonyite
 Antlerite
 Apachite
 Arcubisite
 Arthurite
 Atacamite
 Athabascaite
 Aubertite
 Aurichalcite
 Azurite
 B
 Bayldonite
 Berryite
 Blossite
 Boleite
 Bornite
 Botallackite
 Bournonite
 Briartite
 Brochantite
 Bukovite
 C
 Calciovolborthite
 Caledonite
 Calumetite
 Carrollite
 Cesbronite
 Chalcanthite
 Chalcocite
 Chalcophyllite
 Chalcopyrite
 Chrysocolla
 Clinoclase
 Connellite
 Cornubite
 Covellite
 Crookesite
 Cubanite
 Cupalite
 Cuprite
 Cyanotrichite
 D
 Devilline
 Dicopper chloride
trihydroxide
 Digenite
 Dioptase
 Djurleite
 Domeykite
 Dragon Bone Stone
 Duftite
 E
 Enargite
 Euchroite
 F
 Fornacite
 Frankhawthorneite
 Freibergite
 Fukuchilite
 G
 Gabrielite
 Geerite
 Germanite
 Gilalite
 H
 User:Hankster713
/Sandbox
 Herbertsmithite
 I
 Icosahedrite
 J
 Jalpaite
 Johannite
Retrieved from:
www.mindat.org

8.  K
 Kesterite
 Keyite
 Khatyrkite
 Kinoite
 Kobellite
 Kröhnkite
 L
 Langite
 Lavendulan
 Leightonite
 Libethenite
 Linarite
 Liroconite
 Lyonsite
 M
 Malachite
 Marthozite
 Melaconite
 Meneghinite
 Metatorbernite
 Metazeunerite
 Mohite
 Mooihoekite
 M cont.
 Moolooite
 Mottramite
 Murdochite
 N
 Nekrasovite
 Niedermayrite
 O
 Olivenite
 P
 Papagoite
 Pearceite
 Penroseite
 Plancheite
 Polybasite
 Pseudomalachite
 R
 Rickardite
 Rosasite
 S
 Sabatierite
 Salzburgite
 Sampleite
 Schmiederite
 Seligmannite
 Shattuckite
 Skaergaardite
 Stannite
 Stromeyerite
 T
 Talnakhite
 Tennantite
 Tenorite
 Tetrahedrite
 Torbernite
 Tsumebite
 Turquoise
 Tyrolite
 Tyrrellite
 U
 Ulrichite
 Umangite
 Utahite
 V
 Vauquelinite
 Volborthite
 W
 Weissite
 X
 Xocomecatlite
 Z
 Zeunerite
 Zhanghengite
 Ziesite
 Zincmelanterite
131 minerals!!!
Retrieved from: Mindat.org

9. Mineral Formulation %Cu by Weight Density
 Bornite Cu5FeS4 63.3 5.1
 Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 34.5 4.5
1. Native copper Cu 100 8.9
2. Cuprite Cu2O 88.8 6.1
3. Chalcocite Cu2S 79.8 5.9
4. Tenorite CuO 79.8 6.5
5. Covellite CuS 66.4 4.7
6. Atacamite CuCl2 .3Cu(OH)2 59.4 3.8
7. Malachite CuCO3 .Cu(OH)2 57.3 4.0
8. Tennantite Cu8As2S7 57.0 4.7
9. Brochantite Cu4SO4(OH)6 56.2 4.0
10. Azurite 2CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2 55.1 3.8
11. Antlerite Cu3SO4(OH)4 54.0 3.9
12. Enargite Cu3AsS4 48.3 4.4
13. Luzonite Cu3(As,Sb)S4 48.1 4.3
14. Chrysocolla CuSiO3.2H2O 36.0 2.2

12. 80
20
concentration / flotation / Smelting / refining
leaching / solvent extraction / electrowinning of ‘oxide’ and chalcocite ores
G.W. Davenport
Extractive Metallurgy
of Copper - 2000

13. The ease of floatability of minerals decreases as the
ionic character of the chemical bonding increases.
The gradation between covalent and ionic bonding
is simply presented by the illustration below
Fuerstenau (1962 )
% ionic Character
Covalent
bonding
Ionic
bonding
Flotability

14.  Sample from Ergani contains
◦ 2.03% copper,
◦ 0.15% cobalt
◦ 3.73% sulfur
 Recovery of copper and cobalt from this ore with
hydrometallurgical treatment is not economical
 The flotation of samples is done through a
sulphurized medium containing sodium
hydrosulphide as a sulphidising agent
 pH 8.7
Firat Aydin
Recep Ziyadanogullari
A New App. For Flotation Of
Oxidized Copper Ore - 2005

15. G.W. Davenport
Extractive Metallurgy
of Copper - 2000

16. a) too large a grind size (+100µm) causes Cu
minerals to remain combined with or hidden in
non-Cu minerals - preventing their flotation
b) too fine a grind size (-10µm) causes ‘slime’
formation. This slime coats the Cu minerals and
prevents some of them from being floated.
G.W. Davenport
Extractive Metallurgy
of Copper - 2000

17. T.G.Vizcarra et al
influence of particle shape properties
and associated surface chemistry on the
flotation kinetics of chalcopyrite - 2011
Angularity

18.  Selective Sulphide Flotation
 Floting a specific mineral
 Differential Sulphide Flotation
 Floting minerals step by step
 Bulk Flotation
 Floting all minerals but one (reverse flotation)

19. S. Komar Kawatra
Flotation fundamentals

20. G.W. Davenport
Extractive Metallurgy
of Copper - 2000
Sulfure groups on the polar head of
collectores attaches to the Sulfide
Minerals while ignores oxides
(Gang Minerals)

21. Gaudin et. al.
Flotation of galena with alkyl
xanthate 1928
Carbon Chain:
Amyl => 5
Buthyl => 4
Propyl => 3
Ethyl => 2
Methyl => 1

22. G.W. Davenport
Extractive Metallurgy
of Copper - 2000

23. Lee, K. et al. (2008)
Flotation of mixed copper
oxide and sulphide minerals
Doses: (PAX = 14 g/t) , (AM28 = 420 g/t) , (MIBC = 48 g/t)
Flotation of the blended Sulphide/Oxide Cu ores at the same time
Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX) was used to float the sulphide copper
Potassium n-octyl hydroxamate (AM28) to float oxide copper
Methyl Iso Butyl Carbinol (MIBC) as a frother
pH of the pulp for flotation was the natural pH of the ground ore, at approximately pH 8.1
PAX

24.  Arsenic (As) bearing minerals:
 Enargite (Cu3AsS4)
 Tennantite (Cu12As4S13)
 In association minerals
 Chalcocite (Cu2S)
 Covellite (CuS)
 Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)
 Separation Method
 Addition of sodium thiosulphate in alkaline conditions
 Order of th Oxidation of Copper Minerals:
Chalcocite > Tennantite > Enargite > Bornite > Covellite > Chalcopyrite.
D.Fullston, et al.
Zeta potential study of the oxidation
of copper sulfide Minerals (1998)

25. Contact angle of ChalcopyriteContact angle of Tennartite
a) Fresh sample; after conditioning using
b) Diethyl dithiophosphate (AEROFLOAT 208) Collector
c) Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3. 5H2O Surface Modifier
d) Both chemicals, at certain concentration
(100kg/ton of Na2S2O3; 6 10−5M of DTP)
H.T.B.M.Petrus et al.
Effects of sodium thiosulphate on
chalcopyrite and tennantite - (2011)
Diethyl dithiophosphate
(DTP) was the preferred
collector rather than xanthate
due to its better selectivity
for pyrite rejection in
complex sulfide ores

26.  Oxidation of Surface increase the recovery of Chalcocite yet not affect
Chalcopyrite recovery in presence of clays.
 The zeta potential of many gangue minerals in flotation including
quartz, dolomite and clay minerals are negative in alkaline solutions.
Y.J.Peng, Sh.Zhao
The effect of surface oxidation of
copper sulfide minerals on clay slime (2011)
Fresh Surface Oxidized Surface

27. A. Kastamonu Küre (Aşiköy-Bakibaba) Eti Bakır
B. Elazığ Ergani Bakır
C. Artvin Murgul (Çakmakkaya)
D. Rize Çayeli (Madenköy) Bakır
E. Giresun Espiye (Lahanos) Bakır

28. Collector:
Z-200 - xanthate
Isopropyl ethyl thionocarbamate
Remember...

29. Copper Ore
Crashing
Rod Mill
Ball Mill
Hydrocyclone
Thickener
Collective
Flotation
Scavenger
Floatation
Tailing
Hydrocyclone
Ball Mill
Copper
Flotation
Pyrite
Concentrate
Cleaning 1
Cleaning 2
Copper
Concentrate

30. Copper Ore
Comminution
Thichener
Collective
Flotation
Comminution
Copper
Flotation
Cleaning 1
Cleaning 2
Copper
Concentrate
Pyrite
Concentrate
Scavenger
Floatation
Tailing

31.  Plant capacity: 1 Million Tons / Year
 Raw Ore Purity:
 %4 Cu
 %6 Zn
 Products:
 150,000 tons %25 Cu
 70,000 tons %50 Zn
T.C.
ÇAYELĠ KAYMAKAMLIĞI
www.cayeli.gov.tr

32. Erkan YILDIRIM
ÇAYELI BAKIR ISLETMESI VE EKONOMIK
COGRAFYA BAKIMINDAN ÖNEMI - 2006
Collector: AEROPHINE 3418A
pH regulator: CaCO3

33. Activator: CuSO4
pH: 11.8 – 12
Collector: Sodium IsoPropyl Xanthate (SIPX)
Erkan YILDIRIM
ÇAYELI BAKIR ISLETMESI VE EKONOMIK
COGRAFYA BAKIMINDAN ÖNEMI - 2006

34.  Tenor :
 % 3.5 Cu,
 % 2.38 Zn,
 Rezerv:
◦ 2.408.380 tons proved Cu reserves
◦ 2.312.000 tons proved Zn reserves
 Produced copper concentrate is sold overseas
Demir Export A.ġ
www.demirexport.com

36.  Current practice uses slurry pHs in excess of 10, achieved
by adding burnt lime (CaO)
 Lime production is an energy-intensive process that
releases large quantities of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere
 Lime produces scaling in piping and
equipment, requiring the use of descaling reagents.
 Lime flocculates fine material and may occlude fine
copper-sulfide particles.
 Lime increases the viscosity of the mineral slurry and
tends to hinder aeration, slowing flotation kinetics.
www.oit.doe.gov/inventions
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

40. [1] Davenport, W.G. (2002), Extractive Metallurgy of Copper – fourth edition
[2] Ziyadanogullari R., Aydin F., (2005), A New Application For Flotation of Oxidized Copper
Ore, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering
[3] H.T.B.M Petrus et al, (2011), Effects of Sodium Thiosulphate on Chalcopyrite and
Tennantite: an Insight For Alternative Separation Technique, Elsevier Ltd
[4] TMMOB Metalurji Mühendisleri Odası (2003), - Bakır Raporu
[5] Peng Y., Zhao Sh., (2011), The effect of surface oxidation of copper sulfide minerals on clay
slime coating in flotation, Elsevier Ltd
[6] Kawatra S.K. , Flotation Fundamentals
[7] Lee K. et al, (2008), Flotation of mixed copper oxide and sulphide minerals with xanthate
and hydroxamate collectors, Elsevier Ltd
[8] DEVELOPMENT OF A LOWER-PH COPPER FLOTATION REAGENT
SYSTEM, (2001), Office of Industrial Technologies Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy, U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC
[9] Yıldırım E., (2006), ÇAYELI BAKIR ISLETMESI VE EKONOMIK COGRAFYA
BAKIMINDAN ÖNEMI, University of ATATÜRK
[10] Vizcarra T.G. et al, (2011), The influence of particle shape properties and associated
surface chemistry on the flotation kinetics of chalcopyrite, Elsevier Ltd
[11] Fullston D. et al, (1999), Zeta potential study of the oxidation of copper sulfide
minerals, Elsevier Science B.V.