1. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
Бү лээн асфальт технологийн хү рээнд
Монгол улсын авто замын нө хцө лд
тохирсон Полимерээр сайжруулсан
асфальтын нэмэлт бодисыг гаргаж
авах ажлын ө рнө л
Yongjoo Kim, Ph. D.
Senior Researcher
SOC Research Institute
Highway Research Division
Korea Institute of Construction Technology
2013. 3. 6
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2. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
Агуулга
1.Asphalt Pavement
2.Polymer-Modified Asphalt Pavement
3.Warm-Mix Asphalt Technology
4.Reasons of Early Failures in Mongolian Road
5.Development of Warm Polymer-Modified
Asphalt for Mongolian Road
6.Conclusions
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3. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
History of KICT Activity in Mongolia
(2012. March) Met Mr. Batjargal (ESTO) at World of
Asphalt
(2012. April) Technical consulting of reasons why
early distresses were occurred in South Gobi road
(2012. August) KICT-MoR and KICT-MRA MOU
Mr. Onon visited KICT
(2012. September) built field trials of Warm
polymer-modifier asphalt pavement in South Gobi
road and Ulaanbaatar
(2012. November) Participation of technical seminar
to introduce warm polymer-modified asphalt
technology
(2012. December) Technical training for researchers
and engineers of MRT, MRA, UB, ESTO.
(2013. February) Meeting with MRT, MRA, UB, ESTO
to discuss about new technology of warm polymer-
modified asphalt pavement
(2013. March) Participation of Mongolia Road Expo&
Conference
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4. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
1. Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Pavement
 Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is a combination
of approximately 95% stone, sand, or
gravel bound together by 5% bitumen.
 Bitumen is heated and mixed
with the heated aggregate at an
HMA facility
 The asphalt mixture is
placed and then compacted
using a heavy roller, which
is driven over the asphalt
pavement.
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5. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
Classification of Asphalt Pavement by Materials
Type of asphalt pavements can be classified by combination of
aggregate, bitumen and additives
 Dense-Graded Asphalt Pavement
 Polymer-Modified Asphalt Pavement
 Crumb Rubber Asphalt Pavement
 Stone Mastic Asphalt Pavement
 Porous Asphalt Pavement
 Recycling Asphalt Pavement
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6. Classification of Asphalt Pavement by
Temperature Criteria
200°C 200°C 200°C
180°C 180°C 180°C
160°C Producing 160°C 160°C
140°C 140°C 140°C
Compacting
120°C 120°C
Producing 120°C
100°C
Compacting
100°C 100°C
80°C 80°C 80°C
Technology Trend = Lower Temperatures
60°C 60°C 60°C
40°C 40°C 40°C
Producing &
20°C 20°C 20°C
Compacting6

7. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
Key Factors of Building Good Pavement
If you want to build good pavement, you should consider the following
four key factors.
Material Selection Mix Design Production Construction
High quality and Laboratory mix Mixing and Paving and
consistent materials design and producing compacting
should be selected performance test temperatures process should be
by standard should be should be controlled proceed with
specification. conducted at well accurately at proper
equipped asphalt plant. temperature.
laboratory.
Bitumen & Aggregate
Design Aggregate Structure
Design Binder Content
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8. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
2. Polymer-Modified Asphalt Pavement
Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixture
Polymer-Modified Asphalt
+ + =
Bitumen Polymer Aggregate
Polymer-
Modified Polymer-Modified
Asphalt Asphalt
Bitumen
Aggregate
Aggregate
Polymer 8

9. Role of Polymer-Modified Asphalt Pavement
Plastic Deformation Low Temperature Heavy Traffic Condition Cold Weather Condition
(Rutting) Cracking
PMA Pavement lead to
1) Improve resistance to rutting
2) Reduce fatigue cracking
3) Mitigate thermal cracking
4) Resist top-down cracking
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10. Benefit of Polymer-Modified Asphalt
This is The
benefit of the
Polymer
PG 70-34
Polymer-Modified Bitumen
PG 58-28
Unmodified Bitumen
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature ºC 10

11. Improvement of Bitumen Adhesion
Polymer-
Unmodified
Modified
Bitumen
Asphalt
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12. Producing Methods of PMA Mixture
Straight Asphalt
Straight Asphalt
Straight Asphalt
Straight Asphalt
Polymer
Polymer
Mixing
Transfer Transfer
Aggregate
Aggregate
Aggregate
Aggregate Polymer
Polymer
Pre-Mixed Type Plant-Mixed Type
 Suitable for large amount of  No need storage tank
production  No need high shear mixer
Advantage  Stable quality  Suitable for Small and large amount
production
 No thermal aging
 Phase separation  Sensitive to operating condition
 High shear mixer needed
Disadvantage  Storage tank needed
 Thermal aging during high temp.
storage
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13. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
3. Warm-Mix Asphalt Technology
Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavement Warm-Mix Asphalt Pavement
180°C 180°C
Production
Temperature 160°C 160°C
Construction 140°C 140°C
Temperature
Production
120°C Temperature 120°C
100°C 100°C
Construction
80°C
Temperature 80°C
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14. Benefits of Warm-Mix Asphalt
By Decreased Production,
and Compaction
Temperatures,
We can have many benefits
Producing Process
1. Saving Energy
2. Reducing Emissions
3. Less Oxidation
WARM WARM
Paving Construction
HOT HOT
1. Better workability and
compactability
2. Extending Constriction Period
3. Reducing Traffic Opening Time
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15. LEADCAP WMA Technology
 In 2009, the Korea Institute of
Construction Technology (KICT) LEADCAP Family
and Kumho Petrochemical, Ltd.
developed a new warm-mix asphalt LEADCAP-B
(Base)
technology.
 Named “Low Energy and Low
Carbon-Dioxide Asphalt
Pavement (LEADCAP)”
 LEADCAP is an additive of a wax- LEADCAP-M
based composition including a (Modified)
crystal controller and an adhesion
promoter.
 Easy to reduce viscosity of
bitumen to compact at warm
temperature LEADCAP-A
(Advanced)
 Improve moisture susceptibility
and stripping resistance
between aggregate and
bitumen
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16. Improvement of Rutting Resistance
To evaluate rutting potential of LEADCAP WMA mixture would
LEADCAP WMA mixtures at wet be more resistance to rutting
condition, the mobile moving than HMA mixture.
load simulator (MMLS3) test
was conducted at wet condition
at 40˚C
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17. Improvement of Stripping Resistance
Before After WMA-LEADCAP HMA
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18. Improvement of Compactability at Warm
Temperature
LEADCAP WMA pavement achieved a
comparable air void as the control HMA
pavement section
1st Field Trial
2nd Field Trial
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19. Reducing Traffic Opening Time
Temperature (C)
Time (min)
LEADCAP WMA Pavement HMA Pavement
5 hrs 20 min 7 hrs 30 min
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20. Field Experiences in Foreign Counties
2012.9
2010.9 2010.11
2011.8
2012.7
2011.9
2010.12 2012.9
2011.9
2012.8
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21. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
4. Reasons of Early Failures in Mongolian Road
Traffic Loading Environment Loading
Early
Failures
Inappropriate Materials Quality Control &
Quality Assurance
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22. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
Problem Statement of South Gobi Road
Heavy Traffic
Cold Weather
Early Failure after
1 year Service Life
No QA/QC
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23. Problem Statement of Ulaanbaatar City Road
Stripping
Thermal Crack
Bad Smoothness
No QA/QC
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24. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
5. Development of Warm Polymer-Modified
Asphalt for Mongolian Road
 Improve engineering
properties
N2 Polymer N4 Polymer
 Improve workability
 Improve moisture
suceptibility
 Better compactability
LEADCAP WMA additive
24

25. Ductility and Rotational Viscosity
35 3.0 2.8
29.8
30 2.5
25.2
25 1.9
P
2.0
a
s
)
(
1.7
.
20
1.5
15
1.0
@
C
5
3
1
º
m
10 7.9
D
u
y
c
)
(
t
R
l
i
n
o
a
y
v
s
c
t
l
i
0.5
5
0 0.0
Stright Asphalt WMA PMA-N2 WMA PMA-N4 Stright Asphalt WMA PMA-N2 WMA PMA-N4
Type of Asphalt Binder Type of Asphalt Binder
 The ductility of WMA PMA-N2  The rotational viscosity of WMA
and WMA PMA-N4 increases PMA-N2 and WMA PMA-N4
about 17.3cm to 21.9 ºC decreases about 0.9Pa.s to
compared to straight asphalt. 1.1Pa.s compared to straight
 It indicates that WMA PMA asphalt.
would be more flexible than  It is good indicator of
straight asphalt at room effectiveness of WMA additive
temperature. to reduce the viscosity of
polymer-modified asphalt at
135 ºC
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26. PG & Crack Resistance at Low Temperature
Performance Grade
Performance Grade Flexibility
Flexibility
High Temp. Cold Bending Test
PG 70-34
②
PG 58-28 70
①
58
28
Deformation (mm)
34
① Unmodified
Unmodified WARM Bitumen
Bitumen PMA
Bitumen
② WARM PMA
Low Temp. Bitumen
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27. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
Why We Should Use Warm Polymer-Modified
Asphalt in Mongolia
Traffic Loading Environment Loading Inappropriate Materials Quality Control &
Quality Assurance
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28. Field Trials of Warm PMA Pavement in
Ulaanbaatar City Road
Condition Information
Weather Condition 2012.09 (Fall)
Mix Type 13mm Dense-Graded Asphalt
Additive Type-1 WMA(LEADCAP)
Additive Type-2 WPAM(PMA+LEADCAP0
Mixing Type Plant-mixed
140±5℃ (WMA)
Mixing Temperature
150±5℃ (WMA PMA)
Compaction 130±5℃ (WMA)
Temperature 140±5℃ (WMA PMA)
HMA WMA WMA PMA
Gmm (g/ ㎤ ) 2.388 2.443 2.437
Core Density (g/
2.344 2.341 2.382
㎤)
Air Voids (%) 1.8 4.1 2.5
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29. Field Trials of Warm PMA Pavement in South Gobi
Road
Condition Information
Weather Condition 2012.09 (Fall)
Mix Type 19mm Dense-Graded Asphalt
Additive Type-1 WMA PMA-1
Additive Type-2 WMA PMA-2
Mixing Type with LEADCAP Plant-mixed
150±5℃ (WMA PMA-1)
Mixing Temp.
155±5℃ (WMA PMA-2)
140±5℃ (WMA PMA-1)
Compaction Temp.
145±5℃ (WMA PMA-2)
HMA WMAPMA-1 PWMA-2
Gmm (g/ ㎤ ) 2.505 2.492 2.499
Core Density (g/
2.267 2.295 2.305
㎤)
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Air Voids (%) 9.5 7.9 7.8

30. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
Quality Control with KICT Researcher
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31. Everyone is Happy because of Warm PMA
Pavement
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32. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
Training and Technical Know-How Transfer
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33. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
6. Conclusions
1. Due to the heavy traffic and severe weather condition, early
distresses, such as cracks, rutting, potholes and stripping
have occurred from Mongolian pavements.
2. In order to enhance crack and rutting resistances and
improve paving quality control, warm polymer modified
asphalt pavement is selected to reduce rutting at high
temperature and cracking at low temperature and reduce
the mixing and compacting temperatures. As a result, it
provides better compaction on the road and the ability to
haul paving mix for longer distances.
3. The WMA PMA is suitable to Mongolian roads in order to
improve rutting and crack resistance at high and low
temperatures
4. The WMA PMA field trials were successfully completed in
South Gobi road and Ulaanbaatar.
5. Field experiences confirmed that warm PMA is effective to
producing and compacting mixtures at temperature of 20°C
lower than HMA mixture
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34. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
‘NOTHING’ is not an option
Warm Polymer-modified
asphalt pavement will
lead to improve road
condition in Mongolia
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35. 1st International Mongolia Road Expo & Conference
Thank You
Баярлалаа
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