Essay On Public Policy

Media Influence On Public Policy Essay
Policymaking is a political process which is affected by various social and economic factors
(Hofferbert, 1974) and media systems play an integral role in shaping the social context in which
policies are developed. Through the media, citizens learn how government policies will affect them,
and governments gain feedback on their policies and programs. Media systems act as the primary
channels between those who might want to influence policy and the policymakers '' controlling the
scope of political discourse and regulating the flow of information. Textbook policymaking follows
an orderly sequence where problems are identified, solutions devised, policies adopted, implemented,
and lastly evaluated (Mazamanian & Sabatier, 1989). In reality,...show more content...
Consequently, the political sphere is now being colonised by the media, and politics has begun
re–orientating itself to satisfy the logic of media organisations (Meyer, 2002, p. 71). Therefore, the
media are active participants in the policymaking process and the ability to stimulate change or
maintain the status quo depends on their choice of subject or policy issue and how they frame it.
Active investigative reporting attempts to shape policy outcomes, but this does not necessarily
mean that it always represents the most successful approach for gaining policy changes (Spitzer,
1993, p. 7). In fact, sometimes passive, straight reporting can have a greater influence on policy
choices. When this occurs, media independence is largely bypassed, as the news generated depends
solely on the information released (as public relations material) from legitimate news sources. For
example, in the United States, White House staff routinely make 'leaks' – expressively to influence
policy decisions (Davis, 1992, p. 143; Robinson, 2001, p. 948). Robinson noted that journalists
regard "leaks... as indispensable to their work" and that they are aware of their use by officials in
return for scoops (2001, p. 949).
The media may also influence policy outcomes through their ability
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Introduction "The purpose of public policy is to direct problems to government and secure
government's response, while politics is the use of influence to direct the responses toward goals"
(Milstead, 2013, p. 12). Policies are used as guidelines to reach a common goal. In healthcare,
policies can affect and have an impact on how we provide care for our patients'. For this reason, it
is important for nurses to be knowledgeable and involved in important healthcare decisions.
"Knowledgeable nurses in advanced practice must demonstrate their commitment to action by being
a part of relevant decisions that will ensure the delivery of quality health care by appropriate
providers in a cost–effective manner" (Milstead, 2013, p. 1). Public Policy Analysis Health care
driver policy was designed to address The Healthcare reform is a public policy that is currently
impacting the nursing practice. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to address the cost,
quality of healthcare and access to healthcare in the United States. The Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act (ACA) is "the 2010 health reform act that could extend insurance coverage to
as many as 32 million Americans. The law also included regulations that affect the quality of
coverage insurers must offer. Additionally, the law created a range of initiatives focused on
encouraging reform in how medical care is organized and delivered, with a goal of reducing costs
and improving quality and outcomes. Finally, other

Models of Public Policy
MODELS FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
Uses of Models. The models we shall use in studying policy are conceptual models.
Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy Identify important aspects of
policy problems Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences
Selected Policy Models.
INSTITUTIONALISM: POLICY AS INSTITUTIONAL OUTPUT Government institutions have
long been a central focus of political science. Public policy is authoritatively determined,
implemented, and enforced by these institutions. The relationship between public policy and
government institutions is very close. Strictly speaking, a policy does not become a public policy
until it is adopted, implemented, and enforced by some government...show more content...
INCREMENTALISM: POLICY AS VARIATIONS ON THE PAST
Incrementalism views public policy as a continuation of past government activities with only
incremental modifications. On the contrary, constraints of time, information, and cost prevent
policymakers from identifying the full range of policy alternatives and their consequences.
Incrementalism is conservative in that existing programs; policies, and expenditures are considered
as a base, and attention is concentrated on new programs and policies and on increases, decreases,
or modifications of current programs. Policymakers generally accept the legitimacy of established
programs and tacitly agree to continue previous policies. Second, policymakers accept the
legitimacy of previous policies because of the uncertainty about the consequences of completely
new or different policies known programs when the consequences of new programs cannot be
predicted. Conflict is heightened when decision making focuses on major policy shifts involving
great gains or losses, or "all–or–nothing," "yes–or–no" policy decisions. This search
usually begins with the familiar–that is, with policy alternatives close to current policies. Only if
these alternatives appear to be unsatisfactory will the policy–maker venture out toward more radical
policy innovation.
5. GROUP THEORY: POLICY AS GROUP EQUILIBRIUM
Politics is really the struggle among groups to influence public policy.

Essay on The Creation of Public Policy
This paper is about how our government forms and decides to create public policy through the
interaction of the branches, the influence of political parties, and the effects of media. So what is
public policy? Public policy is the action taken by the government to make changes for the better. As
the paper goes on one will learn about this even further throughout it. When dealing with public
policy and how it is created one must know how the idea is even brought up and put into motion.
Anyone can have an idea for public policy and bring it to the government to be made to change
something. When this happens a bill is created with this idea to later become a law if possible.
Public policy is created because an issue arrives that...show more content...
The second step is pointing out all possible decisions. This means making sure all options are
pointed out to know every way that you could end up going with the final decision. The third step
is gathering research and information. This is where data is taken into account to help make a
decision easier. It shows all the pros and cons of each decision to be made. The fourth step is
making the final decision. A final decision is decided upon and is ready to be put into effect
immediately. Lastly step five is evaluating the decision. The decision is looked at as a whole, to
determine if the choice is good or not. ("The Five–Step Decision Making Process ") All these steps
have to be taken to create public policy. The role of the three branches in creating public policy is
pretty important first you start with the Legislative Branch. The legislative branch is where the
public policy creation starts. Someone presents an idea for public policy and they all vote on it. If
any of the senators object the bill becomes postponed for the next day. ("Government 101: How a
Bill Becomes Law.") Then it is further passed down the committees from this point. The committee
is chosen by the speaker of the house or the presiding officer in the senate. "Government 101: How a
Bill Becomes Law." () Usually multiple committees handle the bill. They often split apart a
committee and refer to them as subcommittees. The

Essay Public Policy Evalution
Policy evaluation can be better defined as a process by which general judgments about quality, goal
attainment, program effectiveness, impact, and costs can be determined. It is an assessment of
whether a set of activities implemented under a specific policy has achieved a given set of objectives.
Once public policy has been operationalized through the formal adoption of laws, rules, or
regulations, and the bureaucracy has taken action to implement the policy, some form of evaluation
needs to be accomplished to determine if the policy has achieved the desired outcome or impact.
Public policy represents the expenditure of limited public resources and or restrictions on certain
types of individual or organizational behavior. Consequently,...show more content...
Depending on the taste of any interest group or policy actor, the perception of how well a policy or
program is performing or being implemented can have far–reaching impact.
The retrospective analysis of any public policy or government action is bounded by a number of
real–world constraints, such as time, budget, ethical considerations, and policy restrictions as well as
political ideologies, values, experiences, measurement instruments, goal clarity, and institutional
biases. The key to understanding and interpreting the results of any policy evaluation is that some
degree of bias is inherent in the process. However, this shortcoming should not prevent efforts to
produce fair and unbiased policy evaluation products, at least as much as possible. The objective of
policy evaluation is to discover policy flaws and to attempt to correct them given the entire
limitations incumbent in the policy process. In its simplest form, evaluating a public program
involves cataloging the goals of the program, measuring the degree to which the goals have been
achieved, and, perhaps, suggesting changes that might bring the performance of the organization
more in line with the stated purposes of the program.
Most models of policy evaluation ground their analytical perspective in the logical process used to
determine the discrepancy between

Law and Public Policy
Law and Public Policy Public policy is very important, as it sets the stage for many different laws
and regulations (Cohen, 2012). The law addressed here is the Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act of 2010, more commonly known as "Obamacare." The law is designed to ensure that
everyone in the United States has healthcare coverage, but it also requires the vast majority of
people to have that coverage (Patient, 2010). There are many supporters of the law, since it gives
those with pre–existing medical conditions a chance to get healthcare at reasonable rates. However,
there are also many people who are against the new law because they feel they should not be
forced to buy insurance or anything else from the government. The US government is calling
Obamacare a "tax," in order to get around provisions that state the government cannot require
citizens to buy products or services from the government. Not everyone is happy about the way
the healthcare law has been created or enacted, but regardless of any of that there are many public
policy issues that surround the healthcare law. The law comes from public policy regarding
healthcare and welfare. In other words, many people in the United States were (and still are) on
government assistance healthcare (commonly called Medicaid). This is not the same as Medicare,
which is designed to be used by people who are of retirement age. Medicaid can be used by older
people, but also by younger people who are low–income (Patient,

Roles Of Public And Public Policy
Roles of Public Administrators in the Policy Process The formulation and implementation of public
policy benefit the public. Therefore, public policy is a framework whereby the government pursues
its action plan. Moreover, it is a course of action aimed at responding to a problem and achieving a
goal. Consequently, the formulation of a policy adheres to a particular political process, and it is
enforced and implemented by a public agency. As stated, public policy affects the public, meaning
that it has an effect on the people and how they live. Subsequently, public policy should cover the
needs of the people and enhance their lives. Not all the people can participate in the policy
process, and as a result, those professions that have a direct interaction with the public can play a
big role in representing it in the policy process. Thus, public administrators are best suited to
represent the public in the policy process because they understand needs of the public, the policy
process, and where and when they can influence this process.
Policy Design Public administrators should understand that in a bureaucratic system, they are
essential for good governance. Thus, they are in a position to represent the public and its needs to
the government (Warner, 2001). As stated earlier, the role of policies is to provide a framework for
solving problems. Therefore, from a general perspective, the analytic work in problem–solving
moves toward a certain direction, thus from the

Public Policy Essay
Final Paper
Brittany Baity
PPA603: Government Budgeting (MBQ 1118A)
Instructor: Chiji Ohayia
June 06, 2011
Public policy is the study of policy making by governments. A government's public policy is the set
of policies (laws, plans, actions, behaviors) that it chooses. (Lee, Johnson, Joyce, 2008) Since
governments claim authority and responsibility (to varying degrees) over a large group of
individuals, they see fit to establish plans and methods of action that will govern that society. I will
discuss the possible funding options for reducing Georgia's sex offender rate, evaluate how public
policy decisions affect the receipt of revenues, and develop a revenue policy that aligns with
community values.
It is a parent's nightmare: a...show more content...
The Government created a Project Safe Childhood which is a program to protect children from
rapist and sex offenders. The Project Safe Childhood will make a ground for a national
zero–tolerance culture. The Project Safe Childhood program is a strong three–legged stool: one leg
is the federal contributions led by the United States Attorneys around the country, another is state
and local law enforcement, including the Internet Crimes Against Children task forces funded by the
Department's Office of Justice Programs and the third is non–governmental organizations, like the
Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography and the National Center for Missing and Exploited
Children. [NCMEC] (Geffner, 2008)
Under the Project Safe Childhood structure, state, local and federal partners are seeking the toughest
sentences possible. The Government has made half a million dollars available for the Project Safe
Childhood program. This program intends to bring state and local law enforcement together with
federal prosecutors from their regions.
Cooperative law–enforcement work on the registry has already led to some great stories of success.
The first case brought under the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act involved a fugitive
who was arrested by the Social Security Administration for allegedly using a false name and another
man's Social Security number as he tried to set up a new identity for himself. It turns out that this
individual was

Public Policy Analysis: Gun Control Essay
Public policies are developed in response to the existence of a perceived problem or an
opportunity. The analysis delves into a public issue or problem and assesses a set of proposed
government action for addressing the issue. The job of the analyst is to describe the background and
status of an issue and then, using research and analysis, determine a proper government action to
resolve the issue. By comparing options and weighing their expected benefits, the analyst should
conclude with a recommended course of action or inaction to addressing the issue.
During the problem definition stage, one must realize that "a condition is not a social problem
unless it is seen as violating certain fundamental values and beliefs about how society...show more
content...
The analyst can also find research reports, identification problems, recommendations for new
programs or reform to existing programs, and requests for lobbying activities.
Agenda setting has raised the following questions:
Who recognizes the issue as being a problem and why is it seen as a problem?
The Institute for Legislative Action (ILA) is the lobbying force of the NRA. "The institute works
vigorously to defeat restrictive gun control legislation, pass pro–gun reform legislation, and to
educate the public about the facts concerning the many facets of firearms ownership" (NRA, 2011).
Is the issue looked at differently by groups with different values?
Are public officials interested in responding to the problem and can a public policy be formed to
address the problem?
Do public officials have the means necessary to carry out a policy response?
Has something recently happened to make this issue a problem?
How pressing is this problem?
How long will it take to respond to the problem?
Policy formulation develops policy proposals and goals to resolve the issue and restructure
problems. It determines those barriers that may be incurred and what is needed from other agencies
or the private sector. Also developed, are methods in which to evaluate how success will be judged
and the

The Policy Making Process Essays
The policy making process in CA plays an instrumental role in the prosperity and quality of life that
exist today, and will exist in the future for CA. Public policy can be defined as a public response to
public problems. It's what the government says and does about these problems. Policy is when
government and nongovernmental agents work together to create solutions for the public at large. The
policy actors are formal, as well as informal; they are individuals or groups, which bring about the
influence needed to implement public solutions.
There are numerous issues within CA that are increasing the strain placed on the policy making
process. The biggest challenge CA faces in the next few decades is meeting...show more content...
Governors can also expand their influence through the judicial bureaucracies and executive branch
via appointments of like minded players. A recent example of how the executive branch has taken
some of the power out of the hands of the governor is the recent initiative Arnold was trying to put
on the ballot. Because Arnold had to have petitions out on the streets, and the people saw what was
going on, it wasn't behind closed office doors, they had time to react, and express their opposition,
and force Arnold to take his initiative back to review until the people are happy with what is being
presented.
Moreover, there is yet another positive aspect to the policy making process in CA. It is the ability
of individuals in our government to build up massive strength and make decisions that can represent
the people in CA. But, this also brings up one of the biggest problems with our policy making
process, the fact that more so than not, the individuals in our society that possess the ability to create
change and make decisions on we the citizens behalf, are not doing so in our interests.
There are many weaknesses in the policy making process, most of them are constitutional ones
involving the double edged sword of our supposed democratic society, and our government that is
supposed to ensure it is so. It is said that the US is a democracy. Thus, within the state of CA

Essay On Texas Public Policy
Texas Inmates' Health Care: Public Policy Effectiveness Research
Is Texas public policy effective? The Texas government million
–dollar question. This research paper
will inform the readers on what public policy and effectiveness is in relation to Texas government.
It will review five scholarly journals that all describe public policy and its effectiveness in Texas. It
will also discuss one public policy specifically regarding the health care that Texas has imposed
upon their prison inmates. The goal of this research paper is to conclude whether Texas public
policy is effective or not. It will achieve this goal by concluding through a case study that the health
care the government has implemented in Texas prisons for inmates is not...show more content...
There are a number of ways the policy can make it on the agenda but usually the agenda is priority
oriented. "Once a proposal has been added to agenda, policy adoption begins" (Jillson, n.d., p.1).
The policy can be changed in various ways or adopted as is along the process. After adoption the
policy is implemented by government agencies and carried out by legislative acts, rules and
regulations. Lastly, there will be an evaluation of the public policy to decide whether it was
successful in achieving its designed purpose (Jillson, n.d.). Public policy is an important part of
Texas government and in this section sources will be reviewed that apply to it. What about health
care for prisoners, is it important, and if not why is it a public policy issue? Well, it is important
because Texas spends nearly five–hundred million annually on prison health care systems (Gilroy &
Kenny, 2012), and that's precisely why it's a public policy issue. The theory is that the system set in
place now is not adequate enough to actually provide the correct health care for the inmates to heal
or rehabilitate; and that Texas is spending its money in the wrong places when it comes to health
care in the prisons. Besides the enormous amount of money, the government spends on the prison
health care systems why else do they care? By not providing adequate medical care to prisoners its
violating their rights under the eighth amendment. According to Raimer, Murray,

Climate Change and Public Policy Essay examples
It is becoming increasingly certain that climate change will have severe adverse effects on the
environment in years to come. Addressing this issue poses a serious challenge for policy makers.
How we choose to respond to the threat of global warming is not simply a political issue. It is also
an economic issue and an ethical one. Responsible, effective climate change policy requires
consideration of a number of complex factors, including weighing the costs of implementing climate
change policies against the benefits of more environmentally sustainable practices. Furthermore, this
analysis must take place amidst serious gaps in the existing research and technology concerning the
developing climatic condition. For these reasons, global...show more content...
However, even for those who are less motivated by such moralistic calls to action, the fact remains
that conservation is as much an economic issue as an ethical one. While economic considerations are
a problematic feature of climate change policy, under the proper analysis, they also serve as an
important motivator. Economic analysis that weighs all costs and benefits of a particular model
must include environmental considerations. That is to say, the potential for short–term economic
losses caused by conservation in the present, should be measured against the dividends that
conservation will pay in the future (Nordhaus, 2007). If the earth is truly our most valuable
commodity, then analysis under these conditions should recognize that if a "dollar value" were
placed on environmental sustainability, more often than not it would outweigh any initial monetary
loss resultant of the implementation of more sustainable practices. Indeed, if we accept the danger of
global warming to be a real and present one, then the question of how to address it must be given
serious consideration. Research conducted from as early as the 1950s through the present has
afforded us a solid understanding of its causes. In the most basic sense, the problem lies in the
burning of carbon–based fossil fuels such as carbon and oil which leads to the emission of carbon
dioxide (CO2). Gases such as CO2 are referred to as greenhouse gases (GHGs) which accumulate in
the atmosphere. GHGs can

Framing In Public Policy Making
As discussed in the three assigned readings, the process of framing; essential to public policy
making is problematic and can lead to a variety of different outcomes. But what is Framing?
Framing is the idea that social movements, phenomena's or any topic that could occupy a political
agenda is defined to the population through the perspective of either mass media or government.
This means that the problem and the solutions surrounding public policy topics are often
misinterpreted by the public. For example, in the late eighties and early nineties as environmental
injustices were rising in importance, Nova Scotia recognized the need for a new solid waste
disposal system. However, this is not how the media framed the issue. The topic was understood

Public Policy Importance
Public policy has a tremendous impact on all of society's constituents; accordingly, it is vital for
the same to understand and contribute to the policy making process. In spite of this, present day
data shows an underwhelming amount of personage contributing, or even voting in any part of the
process. Such trends point to a future that is a reflection of a past in which justice, equality, and
liberty are not a natural right. The United States of America was founded upon such principles of
democracy as per an ethical social contract in which the government served the people's best
interests for a common good, yet how can an entity adequately serve a master that lacks the
knowledge necessary to achieve aforementioned. As per Newton's laws of physics "any action has
an equal and opposite reaction"; public policy creates ripples in society that affect individual lives
both consciously and as a byproduct. Consequently, it is of outmost importance to understand
public policy, and the effects they have on all aspects of society. To achieve such a task, I believe
that one must first understand its background, purpose, effects, and most importantly, intricacy.
With this in mind, to truly appreciate and apprehend any public policy, one must understand the
actions that led to such. Whether its economical, racial, or moral reasons all policies have a story
that led to their proposal. It is important to understand how one got to a particular point as a
consequence of previous actions in order to avoid repeating previous errors, and policymaking is
no exception. In fact, understanding what actions led to the policymaking process of any singular
policy allows an individual to act accordingly. Similarly, understanding the past allows
policymakers and constituents alike to see possible consequences of their actions. Using the past
for guidance and reference lets people predict unintended consequences and plan accordingly;
moreover, if a policy has failed in previous proposals it gives reason to avoid repeating the same
mistake. Along similar lines, examples in the history of the United States show how certain policies
are either beneficial or detrimental for the greater good of the people. Looking the past for answers
also

Essay On Public Policy
Government Regulation: Public Policy
The Florida State Board of Nursing meet bimonthly, generally during the first week of every even
month. The full board meetings include disciplinary cases, application review, committee reports,
rule discussions and other necessary Board actions. Board meetings are open to the public. The
meeting of my state board of nursing chosen for this scholarly paper related to Government
Regulation: Public Policy, occurred September 26, 2017 the meeting agenda continued to covered
amendments' to Administrative Complaints, (filed by state prisoners') to consider cases where
probable cause has previously been found. The meeting also addressed that Letters of Guidance (C's)
and Dismissals (D's) are all CONFIDENTIAL...show more content...
The review of this meeting of the Florida State Board of Nursing, bimonthly meeting was also very
informative on what is considered a complaint that is legally sufficient and the meaning of finding
probable cause (sufficient reason), and the disciplinary proceedings and regulations and actions, as to
whether probable cause exists (The 2017 Florida Statutes. 2017).
The Florida Board of Nursing is the is the regulatory agency for professional nursing and plays an
integral role in health care practice of nurses and support staff (LPN, CNA) regulations as the board
including Licensing and Registration, Renewal Information, continuing education units, scope of
practice, the nurse practice act The Florida Board of nursing also interact regularly with other
nursing affiliated groups in Florida, as well as the National Council of State Boards of Nursing.
The role of our Florida Nurses Association (FLNA) professional nursing organizations in regulating
professional practice is first the only nursing organization representing all of nursing regardless of
specialty or practice area, advocating for the nursing profession (About the Florida Nurses
Association. n. d. and The 2017 Florida Statutes. 2017).
They [FLNA] speak on behalf of nursing in Tallahassee (regional office) as well as before many
regulatory bodies. The FLNA share our vision to create a unified nursing advocacy program for

Essay on Public Policy and Administration
1.Over time, how have members of the field of public administration examined the subject of policy
and administration (has the dichotomy changed)?
The studies of policy and administration have been viewed in different ways; overtime, the
pre–modern era to its now 21st century outlook has changed. In the beginning, kings had treasures
and tax collector to oversee the daily business of the empire. Today these members are public
servants working in all levels of government; implanting various inputs to produce their desired
policies as results. New policies in public administration spurred from the peoples dissatisfaction
with the government. From corruption, favoritism and self–preservation drew the attention of
change; leading to the...show more content...
303)
For example, "Two months after the attacks, Congress federalized airport security by passing the
Aviation and Transportation Security Act, which created the Transportation Security Administration.
Prior to 9/11, security had been handled by each airport, which outsourced to private security
companies." Thereafter, TSA enforced a stricter security screening for passengers and luggage;
personnel without tickets were banned from passing through security. This showed political
responsiveness and representation; according to the Washington Post, more than 263 government
organizations were either created or reorganized due to 9/11. (PBS.org)
2. How do states interact with other layers of government?
The term intergovernmental relationship is often used to describe the way the states interact with
other layers of government. This also explains their collaborative efforts in working together for a
greater cause. The U.S. Constitution created what is called today as the Federalist system of
government. The Federalist system shaped several layers of government; some of the models use to
explain the workings of the federalist system are the layer cake model, the marble cake model, and
the picket fence model. "The Constitution not only defines the structure and power of the federal
government, but also contains general provisions regarding state government." Furthermore, each
state has its own constitution which contains provisions

Politics And Public Policy Essay
Politics and Public Policy essay 2
Question – Britain's foreign policy is not always as ethical as it claims to be. Discuss
Throughout the years, Great Britain has gradually become a country that is known for maintaining a
good global role as well as sustaining good relationships with many countries. Great Britain has built
these relationships and contributed to the aid and fight of many wars and global issues. At the base
of these relationships is Britain's foreign policy. The foreign policy for the United Kingdom is
controlled and implemented by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office which is led by the
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. The job of creating foreign policies
and enforcing them is taken on by these organisations as well as the input from the prime
minister, businesses and various institutions and agenices. The aim of the foreign policy is to
create fair and ethical policies to maintain global relationships however despiste this, there has
been various issues that have questioned the foreign policy's abilty to support these aims. In this
essay I will explore the pros and cons of the foreign policy, how the foregin policy is changing, the
work it does and finally the importance of it to find out if the foreign policy is really as ethical as it
claims to be.
Britain is a country known for the support it gives to many countries when they are facing a time of
grief or difficulties. It could be argued that the british foreign policy is

Public Policy Reflection Paper
This has been in my thoughts as I've been drafting my way into my own dissertation ideas. My
background in critical social studies means I am very familiar with building arguments, so some of
this uncertainty is expected. AT the moment, I know enough to say I am on the right track with my
research ideas and know that public administration, and public policy in particular, is the right field
for me.. However, I also feel rather critical of the policy process literature. It has been claimed,
"public administration exists to realize the governance of society" (Raadschelders, 1999, p. 288).
Yet, what society believes policy to be, and for whom, changes over time and across place. I feel at
this moment public policy in the United States will change dramatically and I worry that our field is
ill equipped to deal with these changing views of policy. Consequently, most of my underlying
thoughts and reflections have been on understanding how can we adapt to this changing atmosphere.
My difficult questions surround the doing and the reading of the policy process. There are three
areas that I would like further explore: the role of citizen participation in the policy process,
importance of critical and postmodern perspectives in understanding public policy, and the role of
government.
Citizen Participation
Many of the theories covered this term view "policy subsystems," as a relatively small group of
administrators, legislators, and lobbyists who controlled basic public

The Government And Environmental Policy Essay
The Government and Environmental Policy
The purpose of the United States' public policy law is to implement restrictions in an effort to solve
problems, which can be seen with the Clean Water Act.
Public policy has also been employed to reform the Endangered Species Act of
1973. Although the United States government is noble in it's efforts to preserve the environment
through these acts, the internal structure of public policy often retards these acts' effectiveness. This
paper will explore the many ways in which factors such as horizontal implementation, divided
government, and other forms of public policy affect the environmental legislation involved with the
aforementioned acts. The main factors involved with the Endangered
Species...show more content...
And, of course, workset–like incentives such as taxes, fees, allowances, refunds, and liability are
used to enforce the laws effectively.
Horizontal implementation refers specifically to implementation with the federal government, as
opposed to vertical implementation which is at the state and local levels. There are several specific
concerns with horizontal implementation which include the breakdown of coordination due to the
large structure of the federal government, language difficulties, lack of control due to the threat of
success by one particular agency, different perspectives, and direct change of intention due to factors
such as voter pressure. It's amazing that in the midst of all this that anything can be accomplished at
all, but thanks to the drive to be re–elected, things have to get done on the federal level or else the
person in question will be renounced from power.
So now that a foundation of the processes controlling these acts has been established, the question
arises, what exactly is the Endangered Species Act?
As one author puts it, "The Endangered Species Act of 1973, perhaps more than any other
environmental law, dares to draw an unwavering line in the path of
American progress. It boldly says in essence, 'Thou shalt not cause any species of plant or animal to
go extinct.' As the rampart transformation of natural America for exurban development,
water–division projects, and timber cutting– pushes

Essay On Public Policy

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