Curiosity, Creativity, and Commitment

Curiosity, Creativity,Curiosity, Creativity,
and Commitmentand Commitment
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2007)
Graziano and RaulinGraziano and Raulin
Research Methods: Chapter 1Research Methods: Chapter 1
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lease, or lending of the program.lease, or lending of the program.

ScienceScience
Defined by its way of thinkingDefined by its way of thinking
–– Not defined by its technology or itsNot defined by its technology or its
accomplishmentsaccomplishments
accomplishmentsaccomplishments
Scientists ask questionsScientists ask questions
–– You can ask questions about anythingYou can ask questions about anything
–– Scientists must tolerate uncertainty,Scientists must tolerate uncertainty,
because some questions cannot be easilybecause some questions cannot be easily
or quickly answeredor quickly answered

ScientistsScientists
Endless curiosityEndless curiosity
Pervasive skepticismPervasive skepticism
–– Challenging old ideasChallenging old ideas
–– Challenging old ideasChallenging old ideas
–– Proposing new ideaProposing new idea
–– Sometimes upsetting authoritiesSometimes upsetting authorities
Prepared mindsPrepared minds
–– Recognizing interesting phenomenaRecognizing interesting phenomena

Science and ArtScience and Art
Often thought of as polar oppositesOften thought of as polar opposites
–– Science as precise and constrainedScience as precise and constrained
–– Art as free flowing and creativeArt as free flowing and creative
–– But this dichotomy is falseBut this dichotomy is false
–– But this dichotomy is falseBut this dichotomy is false
Scientists and artists share a creative driveScientists and artists share a creative drive
to understand and represent realityto understand and represent reality
Creative people are often gifted in bothCreative people are often gifted in both
science and art (e.g., Leonardo da Vinci)science and art (e.g., Leonardo da Vinci)

Acquiring KnowledgeAcquiring Knowledge
Tenacity: “it has always been that way”Tenacity: “it has always been that way”
Intuition: “it feels true”Intuition: “it feels true”
Authority: “the boss says it is true”Authority: “the boss says it is true”
Authority: “the boss says it is true”Authority: “the boss says it is true”
Rationalism: “it makes sense logically”Rationalism: “it makes sense logically”
Empiricism: “I observed it to be true”Empiricism: “I observed it to be true”
Science: a combination of rationalism andScience: a combination of rationalism and
empiricismempiricism

RationalismRationalism
Using reason (logic) to derive newUsing reason (logic) to derive new
knowledge from old knowledgeknowledge from old knowledge
–– Reliable conclusions can be derived fromReliable conclusions can be derived from
–– Reliable conclusions can be derived fromReliable conclusions can be derived from
established facts if one uses logicestablished facts if one uses logic
LimitationLimitation
–– By itself, rationalism has no way ofBy itself, rationalism has no way of
verifying the accuracy of the factsverifying the accuracy of the facts

EmpiricismEmpiricism
Naïve EmpiricismNaïve Empiricism
–– Literally need to seeLiterally need to see
it to believe itit to believe it
–– Severely limits whatSeverely limits what
SophisticatedSophisticated
–– Allows one to studyAllows one to study
bothboth
–– Severely limits whatSeverely limits what
could be studied,could be studied,
because manybecause many
interesting thingsinteresting things
cannot be directlycannot be directly
observed (e.g.,observed (e.g.,
gravity)gravity)
bothboth
things that can bethings that can be
seenseen
other things thatother things that
produce effects thatproduce effects that
can be seencan be seen
–– Accepts indirectAccepts indirect
evidenceevidence

ScienceScience
RationalismRationalism
–– To derive theoriesTo derive theories
from existingfrom existing
observationsobservations
–– To provide the initialTo provide the initial
facts on whichfacts on which
theories might resttheories might rest
observationsobservations
–– To deriveTo derive
predictions frompredictions from
theories to testtheories to test
empiricallyempirically
theories might resttheories might rest
–– To test theTo test the
predictions frompredictions from
theories by seeing iftheories by seeing if
they are accuratethey are accurate

Modern ScienceModern Science
Vast enterpriseVast enterprise
–– Supported by governmentsSupported by governments
–– Valuable to societyValuable to society
–– Tremendous growth in the last centuryTremendous growth in the last century
Remarkable new discoveriesRemarkable new discoveries
–– Which lead to new technologiesWhich lead to new technologies
–– Which lead to more discoveriesWhich lead to more discoveries

Scientific EthicsScientific Ethics
Pace of scientific discoveryPace of scientific discovery
–– Seemingly unstoppableSeemingly unstoppable
–– Directions unpredictableDirections unpredictable
–– Directions unpredictableDirections unpredictable
–– Frightening consequencesFrightening consequences
The novelThe novel FrankensteinFrankenstein
–– Metaphor for scienceMetaphor for science
–– Scientists must take responsibilityScientists must take responsibility

SummarySummary
Science is a way of thinkingScience is a way of thinking
Many ways to gain knowledge, scienceMany ways to gain knowledge, science
being one of thembeing one of them
Science combines rationalism andScience combines rationalism and
Science combines rationalism andScience combines rationalism and
empiricismempiricism
Science has a long history built originally onScience has a long history built originally on
the practical values of empiricismthe practical values of empiricism
Modern science is a huge social enterpriseModern science is a huge social enterprise

Curiosity, Creativity, and Commitment

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