15. S phase
During S phase DNA undergoes replication & each
DNA molecule forms two DNA molecules
16. Synthetic phase
• Each chromosome has single DNA.
During S phase DNA undergoes
replication & each DNA molecule forms
two DNA molecules
• Centriole undergoes replication
• There are the changes in animal cells
21. Mitosis
• It has two steps
• 1.Karyokinensis
• It is the division of nucleus
• 2.Cytokinensis
• It is the division of the cytoplasm
22. karyokinensis
• It has four phases
• 1. Prophase
• 2. Metaphase
• 3. Anaphase
• 4. Telophase
23. Prophase
1.Condensation of chromatin into
Compact chromosomes .
Each chromosome has two
chromatids,which are attached at the
centromere
2.Centrioles move towards the opposite
poles & initiation of the formation of the
mitotic spindle
3. At the end of the prophase nucleolus,
nuclear membrane disappear
24.
25. Events in prophase
• 1.Condensation of chromatin into
Compact chromosomes .
Each chromosome has two
chromatids,which are attached at the
centromere
• 2.Centrioles move towards the opposite
poles & initiation of the formation of the
mitotic spindle
3. At the end of the prophase nucleolus,
nuclear membrane disappear
29. kinetochore
These are the small disc shaped structures at the
surface of the centromere
These structures serve as the sites of the
attachment of spindle fibers to the chromosomes
centromere
30. Key features of Metaphase
• Chromosomes are spread through out
the cytoplasm of the cell due to the
disintegration of the nuclear membrane
• Condensation of the chromosomes is
completed & they can be clearly seen
under the microscope
• Chromosomes move towards center of
the cell &they lie at the equatorial plate
31. Metaphase plate
• The plane
alignment of the
chromosomes at
metaphase is
referred as
metaphase plate
43. Questions
• Q1.Generally cell has single nucleus.Why some cells
have many nuclei?
• A.Nuclear division is not followed by cytoplasmic
division
• Q2.Human cell which is undergoing mitosis has 46
chromosomes. How many chromosomes will the cell
have at GIphase, after S phase,after M phase
• A. In all phases 46 chromosomes
• Q3 A cell has 14 DNA molecules. How many DNA
molecules does the cell consist in G1phase,G2 phase
respectively
• A. GI phase- 14
• G2 phase -28