2. Permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the
loss of ovarian follicles (WHO).
DEFINITION
• Effects every woman
• Cessation of menstruation for the
past twelve months
• Average Age - 51 years
3. Need...
Global population of age 60
yrs.
Currently -580 million
• 2020 - One billion
• 75% -Elderly
• 50% -Postmenopausal
women
5. Premenopause
The time period of
endocrine changes
before cessation of
menstruation.
Climacteric/
Perimenopause
The period of
endocrine changes
surround the
menopause is called
Climacteric
Postmenopause
The time period of
endocrine changes
After cessation of
menstruation
what is meant by Climacteric?
6. Actual change
around 35 years
sensitive germ
cells eleminated
germ cells
resistant to
normal
gonadotrophins
anovulation and
menstrual
irregularity
rise in
gonadotrophin
levels restores
ovulation and
normal
menstruation
compensated
ovarian failure
Pathophysiology
7. A time comes when raised
gonadotropins level fails to achieve
any significant follicular growth and
estrogen produced is not sufficient to
cause endometrial growth results in
cessation of menstruation and hence
menopause
Pathophysiology
11. Short term effects
•Menstrual irregularities
•Unintended pregnancy
•Hot flushes
•Palpitation
•Muscle And Joint Pain
•Low Backache
•Vaginal Dryness
•Urinary Leak
•Urinary Frequency
•Fatigue
•Mood Swings
•Depression
•Sleeping Problems
•Memory Lapse
•Decreased Libido
•Weight Gain
•Dryness Of Skin
•Hair Loss
12. • 75% women
• Intense heat (face,forehead,neck,chest,earlobe)
• Associated with night sweats,irritability,lethargy,insomnia and
tiredness
• More pronounced in premature and surgically induced menopause
Hot flushes
13. What can you do about Hot flushes
To reduce an attack
- Avoid spicy food, coffee,
tea, alcohol
- Wear loose cotton clothes
- Avoid hot water bath just
before sleeping
- Medical treatment options
14. (i) Urinary
• Dysuria
• Frequency
• Urgency
• voiding
difficulties
(ii) Genital
• Dyspareunia
• Apareunia
• genital tract
trauma
• loss of libido and
• uterovaginal
prolapse
Genitourinary Symptoms
16. A young women is a gift of nature,
An old woman is a work of art.
17. • Osteoporosis
• Heart Disease
• Alzeihermen’s Disease
Of Menopause
Of Ageing
• Arthritis
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Problems of Hearing, vision
Long term effects
18. • Average rate of bone loss is 3% per annum
• 50% of women by age of 60 years
• Bones at high risk of fracture are
• Distal radius,neck of femur,vertebral body
• Results in structural deformity, Dowagers hump (fracture of vertebrae T8-L4)
Osteoporosis
21. GETTING SHORTER MAY BE JUST THE
BEGINNING
• Bone becomes weak which
leads to multiple breaks in the
spine
• With gradual accumulation of
these breaks people get shorter
• Could lead to a curved back
known as “Dowager’s Hump”
22. A FRACTURE CAN TURN YOUR LIFE
INTO ONE OF DISABILITY
Broken hips cause permanent
disability
One in four people who
suffer a hip fracture due to
osteoporosis will die within
one year
23. Predominant factor increasing risk of cardiovascular
diseases in post menopausal women is decreased
HDL:LDL ratio due to estrogen deficiency
Ischemic Heart Disease
24. • Incidence 3 times more in women aged 65 yrs or more
• Less common in obese women, because of endogenous estrogen
production by adipose tissues
• Prevention by estrogen replacement therapy.
Alzheimer’s disease
25. • Like decrease in bone mass skin thickness also declines after
menopause
• Skin collagen declines by 30 % in first 10 yrs after menopause
• Collagen restored to premenopausal levels within 6 months of initial
hormone replacement therapy.
Skin
26. • Patients in premature menopause fails to have more children
• Reproduction with ovum donation remains only option.
Infertility
29. Hormonal Non Hormonal Add on
•Estrogen
•Tibolone
•SERMS
Raloxifine
• Bisphosphonate
Alendronate
Risedronate
•Others
• Calcium
• Vit D
Analog
•Alfacalcidol
Treatments Therapy
30. (i) Tibolone
• Non hormonal steroid with oestrogenic, progestogenic and
androgenic properties.
• Dose is 2.5 mg/day
• Reduces hot flushes, sleeplessness and improves mood and libido
• Increases bone density by 8 % after 2 years use
• Side effect is irregular bleeding
Non Hormonal therapy
31. (ii) Calcitonin
(iii) Bisphosphonates
Sodium etidronate and clonronate have beneficial effect on bone mass
(iv) Exercise
Decreases incidence of osteoporosis,ischemic heart disease and depression
(v) Calcium Supplements
Calcium alone no effect on osteoporosis
Calcium + estrogen = beneficial effects in lower doses
(vi) Hypnotics,Sedatives,Tranquilizers
Non Hormonal therapy
32. • Indications
(1) Women distressed with perimenopausal symptoms
(2) Women at increased risk of osteoporosis
(3) Women who wants to take it by choice
The risks of HRT must be explained and follow up ensured in such
patients.
Harmone Replacement therapy
33. Before prescribing HRT,benefits and risks associated
with it should be discussed in detail
Blood pressure,weight is recorded
Breasts examined for any lump
Pelvic examination for any mass
Cervical smear is carried out
In some cases pretreatment mammography is
indicated
Pre treatment evaluation
34. Blood sugar estimation
Renal and liver function tests
Lipid profile
Pelvic ultrasonography
Endometrial sampling
Bone densitometry
Investigations not mandatory but indicated in
selective patients
Optional Investigations
35. (A) Short period of time
3 months to one year
For perimenopausal symptoms
(B) Long period of time
5 to 10 yrs
Prevention of cardiac diseases and osteoporosis
Patients taking HRT should have checkups at
regular intervals for benefits and side effects of drug
Treatment duration and follow up
36. (i) Oestrogen alone
In patients where hysterectomy has been performed
Natural oestrogens are prefered over synthetic,coz synthetic
oestrogen are metabollized 100-1000 times more than natural
oestrogen,hence chances of side effects (hypertension and
thromboembolism) is high
Natural oestrogens include
17 beta oestradiol oestriol
Oestrone conjugated equine estrogen
Estrogen and progestogen combination
To eliminate the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma in
women with intact uterus progestogens along with estrogens are
given which causes regular endometrial shedding at menstruation
Types of Harmones
37. • Progestogens alone
Indicated in patients cannot tolerate
estrogen/contraindicated
Controls hot flushes and prevent bone loss
Have no cardio protective role as it causes reduction
of HDL
Types of Harmones
38. (i) Absolute
• History of breast
cancer
(ii) Relative
• Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Endometriosis
• Fibroids
• History of
thromboembolism
Contraindications of HRT
39. • (i) return of menstruation in
postmenopausal women
• (ii) premenstrual syndrome like symptoms
(bloating,fluid
retention,mastalgia,headache,depressn)
• (iii) disturbance in lipid profile (reduced
HDL:LDL)
(a) Progestogen
related
• (i) risk of thromboembolism(b) Estrogen related
• (i) Endometrial cancer
• (ii) Ovarian cancer
• (iii) Cervical,Vaginal,Vulval cancers
• (iv) Breast cancer
(c) Hormone
replacement
therapy and Cancers
Risks/side effects of HRT