Local Housewife and effective ☎️ 8250192130 🍉🍓 Sexy Girls VIP Call Girls Chan...
Menopause
1.
2. INTRODUCTION
The menopause is a normal part of life; it is not a
disease or a condition.
Menopause marks the time in a woman's life when
her menstruation stops, and she is no longer fertile
(able to become pregnant).
3. DEFINITION
Menopause is defined as the absence of
menstrual periods for 12 months. It is the time
in a woman's life when the function of the
ovaries ceases.
4. CAUSES:-
-Age is the most common factor that influences menopause.
-The ovaries gradually lose their ability to produce hormones and ovulate
with advancing age.
-There are other causes of menopause, since some surgeries and medical
treatments can induce menopause.
-These causes include removal of the ovaries, chemotherapy for cancer,
and radiation therapy to the pelvis.
-When the uterus is removed (hysterectomy) without removing the
ovaries in a premenopausal woman, menstrual periods cannot occur,
but the hormonal changes characteristic of menopause will not occur.
5.
6. When Does Menopause Start?
The average age for natural menopause is 51,
but it can occur earlier or later. Rarely, women
may reach menopause as early as 40 or as late as
60 years of age. Women who smoke cigarettes
tend to have earlier menopause than nonsmoking
women
7.
8. What is Perimenopause;-
The transition to menopause and the time approaching
menopause are referred to as perimenopause. Perimenopause
means “time around menopause”. During this time the
ovaries are still working, but their function has started to
decrease. It’s still possible for a woman to become pregnant,
even if she is showing signs of perimenopause, because she
may still ovulate. Estrogen levels also rise and fall during
this time.
9.
10.
11. HORMONAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
HRT (also known as hormone therapy, menopausal hormone
therapy, and estrogen replacement therapy) uses female
hormones -- estrogen and progesterone -- to treat common
symptoms of menopause and aging.
12. Forms of HT
HT can be prescribed as local (creams, rings) or systemic
therapy (oral drugs, transdermal patches and gels,
implants). Hormonal products available in such
preparations may contain the following ingredients:
Estrogen alone.
Combined estrogen and progestogen.
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).
13. HORMONAL THERAPY SCHEDULE
Cyclic or sequential
■ Estrogen every day
■ Progesterone or progestin added for 10–14 days out
of every 4 weeks
Continuous-combined
■ Estrogen and progestin daily without a break
14. clinical indications for prescribing HT:
To relieve vasomotor symptoms.
To improve urogenital symptoms (long-term
therapy is required).
To prevent osteoporosis.
15. CONTRAINDICATION
A history of breast cancer .
A history of endometrial cancer
Severe active liver disease
Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding
Endometriosis
Fibroids
16. Evaluation for hormone therapy
All candidates for HT should be thoroughly evaluated with a
detailed history and complete physical examination for a proper
diagnosis and identification of any contraindications.
-Baseline laboratory and imaging studies before administering
HT include the following:
Urinalysis
Blood sugar levels
CBC
17. Serum estradiol levels: persist despite use of an adequate dose
of a patch or gel.
Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels: To monitor
women taking oral preparations for symptomatic control,
especially those with premature menopause
Ultrasonography: To measure endometrial thickness and
ovarian volume.
Mammography: Performed once every 2-3 years and annually
after the age of 50 years
