1. NAME:TASSAWAR HASSAN
ROLL NO 73
TOPIC:AGRO INDUSTRIAL BY PRODUCTS
WHAT IS AGRO INDUSTRIAL BY PRODUCTS?
Agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) are
mostly derived from agricultural
processing industries such as cereal grain
milling, oilseed extraction, brewery, malt
production, fruit and vegetable
processing. These represent a vast
potential source of animal feed, which
are currently not fully exploited
Why Agro industrial by products for
biofuel?
Agricultural residues are rich in bioactive
compounds. These residues can be used as
an alternate source for the production of
different products like biogas, biofuel,
mushroom, and tempeh as the raw
material in various researches and
industries
Fast depletion of fossil fuel is due to its
excessive use, causing ecological degradation
and environmental pollution. Therefore,
researchers are focused on utilization of
renewable energy
It is very cheap and economical. The use of
agro-industrial wastes as raw materials can
help to reduce the production cost and also
reduce the pollution from the environment.
2. How biofuel from Agro industrial waste
AGRO-INDUSTRY WASTES
The agricultural waste includes agro-
industry processing waste. This includes by
products produced from food processing
industries, such as vegetable and fruit peels,
fruit pomace after extraction of juice, starch
residue from starch-manufacturing
industries, sugarcane bagasse, molasses from
sugar manufacturing industries, oiled seed,
edible oil manufacturing industries, chicken
skin, egg, meat, and animal fat from
slaughterhouses and meat processing
industries.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the major
agro-industrial wasted obtained from sugar
industries after extraction of juice. The global
availability of sugarcane bagasse is 180.73
million tons . The waste produced from the
palm oil industries, which is the world’s
largest edible oil, is nearly 35.19 million tons
from 85.84 million tons of fresh fruit palm
bunches Other agro-industrial wastes include
apple ,orange peel, and other fruit wastes
obtain from fruit juice, cider, and other food
processing units.
3. Agro industrial by product composition
Biomass composition mainly includes
lignocellulose composition and
biochemical analysis. Other than that,
metal and mineral contents and the
energy content of biomass also imply
several route for biomass conversion. The
proximate composition includes moisture,
fixed carbon, volatile solid, and ash. For
thermochemical conversion, the feedstock
should have low moisture and ash content.
In contrast, the high fixed carbon and
volatile matter represent the high energy
and organic content of feedstock,
respectively, and are suitable for
biochemical conversion. The ultimate
analysis represents the fuel efficacy of the
feedstock.
4.
5. Important steps in biochemical route for
biofuel production
Pretreatment
Pretreatment is one of the essential
techniques for processing lignocellulosic
biomass in biofuel production. The
lignocellulosic biomass consists of three
primary structural constituents, that is,
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin,
which remains as a compact matrix form,
hindering the accessibility of
microbes/enzymes for degradation and
hydrolysis. Therefore, the pretreatment
process helps to delignify the biomass,
decomposes the hemicellulose, and
increases the porosity of the biomass,
which subsequently increases the surface
area and decreases the crystallinity of
cellulosic moiety
Physical pretreatment
The preliminary step for biomass processing
is reduction of biomass size into fine powder
for enhancing the better accessibility of
enzymes and microbes during the hydrolysis
process. Various physical techniques, such as
wet milling, dry milling and compression
milling are used for comminution of
lignocellulosic biomass. A reduction in size
helps to decrease the crystallinity nature of
cellulose
6. Types of pre treatment
Chemical pretreatment
The popular and conventional chemicals being
used for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
are acids and alkalis. Acid pretreatment using
different mineral and organic acids like HCl, H2SO4,
and peroxyacetic acid is effective in hydrolyzing
hemicellulose and cellulose, whereas alkali
pretreatment with NaOH and KOH is applied in
dissolving lignin Besides acid and alkali treatments,
other chemical pretreatment techniques like
organosolving and ozonolysis have been recently
developed
Physiochemical pretreatment
Other than physical and chemical pretreatment
methods, different physiochemical treatments like
steam explosion, subcritical water, supercritical
CO2, and ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) are also
found to be effective against pretreatment of
lignocellulosic biomass
Biological pretreatment relies on microbial-
assisted delignification and decomposition of
hemicellulose, which subsequently improve the
yield of hydrolysis. Microorganisms like lacteus and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium have been proved to
be efficient to increase the yield of reducing sugar
from the straw ,corn stalk, and rice husk by partially
or fully removing the lignin .
7. Agro industrial by products as feed stock
for Biofuel production.
Bioethanol production using AGRO INDUSTRIAL
wastes
The current global ethanol production is 28,375 million
gallons, which has almost doubled in the past 10 years.
The major bioethanol producers are the United
States, Brazil, Europe, and China, followed by Canada,
Thailand, Argentina, and India. Among them the
United States holds 58% of the total global ethanol
production. Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is
produced mainly via biochemical routes. The
three major steps involved are pretreatment,
enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Biomass
is pretreated to improve the accessibility of
enzymes. After pretreatment, biomass undergoes
enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation.
Biomass is pretreated to improve the
accessibility of enzymes. After pretreatment,
biomass undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis for
conversion of polysaccharides into monomer
sugars, such as glucose and xylose.
Subsequently, sugars are fermented to
ethanol by the use of different
microorganisms.
Pretreated biomass can directly be converted
to ethanol by using the process called
simultaneous saccharification and co
fermentation (SSCF). Pretreatment is a
critical step which enhances the enzymatic
hydrolysis of biomass.
8. Biogas
Biogas production is quite essential to
promote the expansion and
optimization of the entire biofuels
production process at a low cost. The
process requires high moisture
content and organic waste for
anaerobic digestion, which is a
bacteria-assisted conversion of
organic material into biogas . Both
harvested biomass and residual
biomass (after lipid extraction) are
suitable feedstocks for biogas
production. The produced biogas is a
mixture consisting chiefly of methane
(55%–75%) and carbon dioxide
CO2 (25%–45%), with a just
detectable amount of other gases,
such as hydrogen sulfide (below the
standard limit).
Since microalgae cell wall is
composed of lipids and proteins
together with little cellulose and
almost no lignin content it state that,
by anaerobic digestion, microalgae
biomass has the potential for superior
quality methane production. With its
potential to recover energy from algal
biomass after lipid extraction, biogas
production has recently received
much attention
9. Biodisel
Agricultural processed wastes or
agro-industrial wastes like rice
bran, coffee ground, waste
vegetable oil (from households,
restaurants, and agro food
industries, etc.), and oiled seeds of
edible and non edible oil plants are
potential feedstocks for biodiesel
production, due to the residual oil
present in them The fuel is
produced by transesterification—a
process that converts fats and oils
into biodiesel and glycerin (a
coproduct).
Approximately 100 pounds of oil or
fat are reacted with 10 pounds of a
short-chain alcohol (usually
methanol) in the presence of a
catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide
[NaOH] or potassium hydroxide
[KOH]) to form 100 pounds of
biodiesel and 10 pounds of glycerin
(or glycerol). Glycerin, a co-product,
is a sugar commonly used in the
manufacture of pharmaceuticals
and cosmetics.
10. Conclusion and future trends:
Agricultural wastes are an important aspect of lignocellulosic biomass. Utilization of
these wastes for biofuel production depends on their composition, and different
processing and conversion techniques. Based on the composition of agricultural wastes,
a suitable route for biofuel production can be predicted. Different types of agricultural
wastes can be utilized individually or in a mixer (as cosubstrate) to enhance the
production of biofuel. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels can be
carried out by both biochemical and thermochemical routes. The biochemical route is
more environmentally friendly and the byproduct obtained
from the biofuel production process can be utilized as value-added product or further
utilized as feedstock in the production of other biofuels.
