In 2007, David Wiley at Colorado State University opened the first open online course on open education, which had about 50 participants from 8 countries. In 2008, the term "MOOC" was first introduced by Dave Cormier to describe George Siemens and Stephen Downes' course "Connectivism and Connective Knowledge", which had 25 enrolled students but over 2,300 open participants. In 2011, Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig of Stanford offered their artificial intelligence course online for free, attracting over 160,000 self-enrolled students from around the world. This led to the founding of for-profit education companies Udacity, Coursera, and EdX to offer large-scale online university courses