This document presents a seminar on solar panels given by Ashish Singh Yadav at the National Institute of Technology & Management under the supervision of Prof. Aaji Kumar. It introduces solar panels and how they work, discussing their history, manufacturing processes, types (flat plate and evacuated tube collectors), orientation, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and future scope. Solar panels convert solar radiation into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells made of semiconductors like silicon. The seminar outlines the technology and principles behind solar panels and their increasing role in power generation.

1. Babu Banarasi Das
National Institute of Technology & Management
Seminar Topic On
Solar Panel
UNDER THE SUPERVISION –PROF. AJAI KUMAR
Presented To:- Presented By:-
Prof. R.N Yadav Ashish Singh Yadav
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. Content
• Introduction
• History
• Principle
• Manufacturing technology
• Types
• Flat plate collector
• Evacuated plate collector
• Orientation
• Advantage
• Disadvantage
• Future scope
• Conclusion
• Reference

3. Introduction
 Solar Panel is an indispensable component of this system.
 Solar Panel is responsible to collect solar radiations and transform
it into electrical energy.
 Solar Panel is an array of several solar cells (Photovoltaic cells).
The arrays can be formed by connecting them in
parallel or series connection depending upon
the energy required.
Fig(1)

4. HISTORY
• The term “Photo” comes from the Greek meaning “light”, and
“voltaic”, from the name of the Italian physicist “Volta”.
• The PHOTOELECTRIC EFEECT was first recognized in
1839 by French physicist A.E. BECQUEREL.
• ALBERT EINSTEIN explained the photoelectric effect in
1905 for which he received the Nobel prize in Physics in
1921.
4Fig(2)

5. Principle
Photovoltaic cells are made of special materials called
semiconductors such as silicon. An atom of silicon has 14 electrons,
arranged in three different shells. The outer shell has 4 electrons.
Therefore a silicon atom will always look for ways to fill up its last
shell, and to do this, it will share electrons with four nearby atoms.
Now we use phosphorus(with 5 electrons in its outer shell).
Therefore when it combines with silicon, one electron remains free.
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6. Solar Panel Manufacturing Technologies
 The most common solar technology is crystalline Si. Its two types
are: Mono- Si and Poly- Si.
 Mono-Si: Crystal Lattice of entire
Sample is continuous.
 Poly-Si: Composed of many crystallites
of varying size and orientation.
Fig(3)

7. Types of Solar Panel
There are two types of solar panel
Flat plate collector
Evacuated tube collector

8. Flat Plate Collectors
• Most common type.
• Glazed & insulated box.
• Temp range 30-70° C.
• Cheaper to install.
• Low collection efficiency.
• Increased panel area required.
• Less efficient in winter.
• More suited to southern
climates.
Fig(4)

9. Evacuated Tube Collectors
• More efficient system.
• Temp range 30-150°C.
• Lightweight.
• Better performance in sub-
optimal conditions.
• Better performance off-peak.
Fig(5)

10. Orientation
• 2 angles to consider- the
horizontal orientation and the
angle of tilt.
• The ideal horizontal
orientation is South.
• The ideal angle of tilt is
approximately 45°.
• Consideration of shading
needed. Fig(6)

11. Advantage
 Solar energy does not cause pollution.
 Commonly available in market.
 Greater heat resistance.
 Required small area where ever placed.
 No use of fuel and water.

12. Disadvantages
 More expensive to produce a solar panel.
 It does not work in the absense of light of sun.
 The batteries are large and heavy and need storage space.
 Large areas of land are required to capture the suns energy.
 The silicon used is also very expensive and the solar cells can
only ever generate electricity during the daytime.

13. Application
• Rural electrification: The provision of electricity to rural areas derives
important social and economic benefits to remote communities throughout
the world like power supply to remote houses, electrification of the health
care facilities, irrigation and water supply and treatment.
• Ocean navigation aids: Many lighthouses are now powered by solar cells.
• Telecommunication systems: radio transceivers on mountain tops are often
solar powered.
• Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as a module.
These modules often have a sheet of glass on the front (sun up) side,
allowing light to pass while protecting the semiconductor wafers from
climate conditions.
• Photovoltaic solar generators have been and will remain the best choice for
providing electrical power to satellites in an orbit around the Earth
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14. Future scope
• Thar Desert has some of India’s best solar power projects, estimated to
generate 700 to 2,100 GW.
• The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) launched by the
Centre is targeting 20,000 MW of solar energy power by 2022.
• Gujarat’s pioneering solar power policy aims at 1,000 MW of solar energy
generation.
• In July 2009, a $19 billion solar power plan was unveiled, which projected
to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020.
• About 66 MW is installed for various applications in the rural area,
amounting to be used in solar lanterns, street lighting systems and solar
water pumps, etc.

15. Conclusion
• Solar Power Generation alone can cater more than 60-65% of
our entire need of power. Thus, we have to focus on following
future plans of installing large projects in Rajasthan and
Jammu & Kashmir where as in Uttar-Pradesh, Banda district is
most suitable location to cater our need of Uttar-Pradesh.
Apart from above, we also have to focus on Roof Top Solar
Energy Generation that may cut down our need to more than
50% need of every house hold.

16. Reference
• “Quantum Mechanics” by A.K Ghatak and S
Lokanathan.
• www.worldscibooks.com/physics/p276.html.
• www.wikipedia.org.
• T. Markvart, Solar Electricity (Wiley 2000).
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17. Thank You