Discuss the relationship between gap rule gene mutations, pair-rule .pdf

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Discuss the relationship between gap rule gene mutations, pair-rule gene mutations, and segment polarity gene mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. Solution Segmentation in Drosophila is controlled by gene expression cascade that occur in a sequential order. The maternal effect genes form the anterior and posterior poles in the embryo. The spatial pattern of segments is controlled by transcription regulation of gap genes. The gap genes express the overlapping segments of anterior and posterior poles. The gap genes regulate next set of genes called pair rule genes. These genes are expressed in 7 stripes corresponding to each segment. Pair rule genes express the transcription factors regulating the segment polarity genes. These genes are expressed as 14 segmentally repeated stripes. The segment polarity genes express regulatory proteins and transcription factors that maintain interaction between cells and finally, homeotic genes control the character of each segment. The missing segments producing gaps are known by Krüppel mutants resulting in missing of T1- A5 segments. Hunchback mutants are missing head segments and knirps mutants lack posterior segments. Mutations in pair-rule genes- result in half the number of parasegments.The fushi- tarazu mutants lack odd-numbered parasegments and even-skipped mutants lack even-numbered parasegments. Mutations in segment polarity genes- result in duplication of the anterior or posterior half within each segment. The gooseberry and engrailed mutants have the posterior part of each segment replaced by the anterior part of the adjacent segment..

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How is localization of Gap gene expression achieved in the Drosophila embryo? (what is the mechanism?) Solution Drosophila has segmented body pattern, along the longitudinal axis. Gap gene is involved in development of the segmented embryos. Specialized transcription factors (mostly zinc fingers) are coded by gap genes which directly control the expression of set of genes (the pair rule genes) involved in segmentation. There is a cascade of transcription factors, which establish the segemented body pattern of drosophila. This starts during early development stage, wherein, the maternal gene products gets localized at the polar ends of the egg. Zygotic segmentation genes has the information for positioning of transcription factors. This regulatory hierarchy is led by gap gene. Along the longitudinal axis, expression of gap genes occurs in preblastoderm. Its discrete expression pattern defines specific and overlapping sets of segment primordia. The transcription factors encoded by gap genes form concentration gradients which are overlapping in nature, and the protein gradients thus formed provide cues to form repeated patterns. Thus the pattern of segments from blastoderm embryo are copied. Therefore, basically it is the maternal transcription factors which regulate the region-specific expression of zygotic transcription factors. The transcription factors encoded by gap genes regulate the expression of pair-rule genes and homeotic genes. Thus, it is the localized gene expression of gap gene which ultimately leads to the formation of the periodic pattern; mechanism known as the pair-rule gene expression. Studies of gap gene expression has demonstrated that from drosophila blastoderm, organisms with similar phenotype can be developed, despite of varitions occurring in the genotype, the phenomenon known as canalization..

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Part C You are a graduate student in the lab of a famous fly geneticist. You need to analyze a batch of mutant flies that were recently created in her laboratory to identify the single gene that is most likely mutated in each of the flies. Drag the mutations on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Help Reset knirps (a gap gene) hunchback (a gap gene) hedgehog (a segment-polarity gene) wingless (a segment-polarity gene) Kruppel (a gap gene) even-skipped (a pair-rule gene) 1. Mutant fly F has predominantly lost abdominal structures, which is likely the result of a mutation in . 2. The wings are missing in mutant fly L, which is likely the result of a mutation in . 3. Thoracic and abdominal structures are missing in mutant fly Q. The gene most likely responsible for this mutation is . 4. Segment-sized sections of every other segment are missing in mutant fly Z. One likely candidate gene is . 5. Mutant fly X has lost the head and thorax. The gene most likely responsible for this mutation is . 6. The mutation observed in mutant fly O resulted in defects within the anterior or posterior regions of each segment. The gene that most likely caused this mutation is . Help Reset knirps (a gap gene) hunchback (a gap gene) hedgehog (a segment-polarity gene) wingless (a segment-polarity gene) Kruppel (a gap gene) even-skipped (a pair-rule gene) 1. Mutant fly F has predominantly lost abdominal structures, which is likely the result of a mutation in . 2. The wings are missing in mutant fly L, which is likely the result of a mutation in . 3. Thoracic and abdominal structures are missing in mutant fly Q. The gene most likely responsible for this mutation is . 4. Segment-sized sections of every other segment are missing in mutant fly Z. One likely candidate gene is . 5. Mutant fly X has lost the head and thorax. The gene most likely responsible for this mutation is . 6. The mutation observed in mutant fly O resulted in defects within the anterior or posterior regions of each segment. The gene that most likely caused this mutation is . Solution Answer: 1. Mutant fly F has predominantly lost abdominal structures, which is likely the result of a mutation in knirps (a gap gene). Explaination: The knirps gene is a type of gap gene (which is responsible for the regulation of transcription for the product resulting to the development of embryo). The mutation in the gap gene results to the gaps in the embryo, resulting to the missing of many adjacent segments in phenotype. And the mutation in knirps gene resulting to the lack of posterior segments in the fly phenotype. 2. The wings are missing in mutant fly L, which is likely the result of a mutation in wingless (a segment-polarity gene). Explaination: The wingless gene is type of Segment polarity gene, which is responsible for the regulation of transcription for the product resulting to the development of anterior or posterior regions of each segment. And the mutation in wingless g.

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this is all of the information that I have please help Lab 5 Introduction - Genetic mapping See figure 5.1 for a schematic of the fly the cross you initially started with, you'll either crosses you have been working on. Two labs ago, map the distance between the w gene and the m you set up a pair of reciprocal parental crosses, gene, or between the w gene and the y gene. between mutant and wild type flies (fig. 5.1a). You had one of two different mutant strains, each with two mutant phenotypes - either white eyes all F2 individuals will receive only recessive (w) and miniature wings (m), or white eyes (w) alleles from this parent (fig. 5.1d, orange and and yellow body (y). The phenotypes of the F1 yellow chromosomes). Because of this, the flies should have indicated to you that all mutant phenotype of each F2 fly will tell you which phenotypes in question are x- linked recessive alleles (mutant or WT) were inherited from the (fig. 5.1b). heterozygous female F1 parent (fig. 5.1d, dark and light blue chromosomes). The first F2 fly Last lab, you used the F1 flies from one of shown in figure 5.1d inherited 'a B' from the your parental crosses to set up an F1 cross (fig. heterozygous parent and will end up with the consequence. After crossing two pure breeding this F2, you observe a ABphenotype and parents, F1 offspring will be heterozygous for therefore know that this fly received 'A B' from nearly all genes in question - the exception is X - the heterozygous parent. linked genes in the male offspring. Since the Y chromosome is equivalent to recessive alleles for The goal of genetic mapping is to X-linked genes, these F1 males are recessive for determine the likelihood of cross over between all X-linked genes and act as a test cross. The two loci/genes. If we score the phenotypes of a heterozygous F1 females and recessive F1 males large F2 population from our crosses, we can (test cross) can be used to map the distance determine the recombination frequency of your between the genes causing the two phenotypes two genes. of your parental mutant female. Depending on e) F2 phenotype scoring: f) Recombination frequency: Eigure 5.1: Schematic of your Drosophila crosses, See text of lab 5 intro for description. For a given F1 gamete for the F2 individual it number of flies, it is easy to calculate the creates), if no cross over occurs between the two recombinant frequency between your two genes genes in question, the F2 phenotype will be the (fig. 5.1ef ). same as one of the original parents - either fully WT or double mutant in this case. In figure 5.1d Recall from last time that a lower recombinant these have blue chromosomes of a single colour. frequency is observed when genetic map If a crossover does occur between the two genes, distances are small. When genes are close to the F2 fly will have a phenotype unlike either of each other, there's a narrow range on the the parents - a recombinant phenotype (shown chromosome for a random crossover to land.

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At the second metaphase of meiosis Chromosomes have single chromatid.pdf

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BEFO Ca.nin view shows longi tudimal vertical view or \"alde viu is a relatively short vertical view of the ground drawn aE EghEangles or perpendicular toaroute centeriine of 43. A 1ine that identiries and separates adjoining tracts of privately ofr 44. The division ot a large parcel of ground into smailer parcels for sale 45 Title to land may be transferred or conveyed from one owner to another highway or sewe s publiely owned land in called a as separate building lots is called a primarily by a legal document called a 46. Streets and roads are conveyed to the public for right-ot way tor publie use by a developer or landowner by a recorded legal instrument known as a 47. are neighboring property owners identitied in a metes and bounds boundary description 48. Taking possession of someone else\'s property by open and continuous encroachment for a statutory period of time is 49. The privilege or right, which the owner of one parcel has to use the land of another for a certain defined purpose, is called an 50. The right of a government to use private property for a specitic purpose for the pubiic benefit and welfare is called 51. The owner of property adjacent to a body of water has certain privileges with respect to the use of the water called_ 52. In many states a Surveyor\'s liability for damages due to mistakes and inaccurate work is covered under the statute of limitations, more specifically under the that liability begins from the time that the error vas discovered, not from when the work was done. , which states 53. A 1inear measuring devise having a nominal length of 66\', and the distances described in very old deeds which are referred to as perches or rods, and whose length has a direct relationship to the acre. Solution 41-Profile view 42-cross section view 43-Property line 44-Subdivision 45-Deed 46-Easement 47-Adjoiners 48-Adverse possession 49-Deed of dedication 50-Condemnation (Eminent domain) 51-Riparian right 52-Accidental errors 53-Scale.

BEFO Ca.nin view shows longi tudimal vertical view or alde viu is a.pdf

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