After showing this Presentation you will able to differentiate between each type of intestinal parasite in cattle. In this Presentation we will study the life cycle of each type And we will able to make control ,prevention and treatment of each type

1. Intestinal parasite
Dr.Armia.N

2.  After showing this Presentation we
will able to Differentiate between each
type of intestinal parasite in cattle
 In this Presentation we will study the
life cycle of each type
 And we will able to make control
,prevention and treatment of each
type
July 12, 2014 2

3. Content
Cooperia(T)
Nematodirus(T)
Trichostrongylus(T)
Bunostomum(S)
Oesophagostomum(S)
Chabertia
Trichuris
Strongyloides
Moniezia
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4. Intestinal Helminths:
Cooperia (~20 species(
Identification Optimum Development Pathology Other
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Upper 10 ft of
duodenum
Cephalic
vescicle
Longitudinal
cuticular ridges
Wide range,
Some spp
Cool, wet,
some warm,
wet
Penetrate
mucosa +/- suck
blood in minor
amount
Feed mucosal
surface
Catharral
enteritis+anemia
+ Hypobiosis
Reach very
large numbers
in southern
cattle
Additive
effects,
considered a
mild pathogen

5. Cooperia
anterior end showing cephalic inflations
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6. Cooperia
bursa showing short spicules.
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7. Cooperia.
eggs typical of
trichostrongyle
(strongyle group)
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8. There are five important species
in ruminants.
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9. The Lifecycle
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10. 1. Parasitic infections are a major cause
of disease and economical loss in
livestock industries worldwide.
2. The nematodes Ostertagia ostertagi
and Cooperia oncophora are among
the most common parasites infecting
the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle in
temperate climate regions, with
prevalences up to 100%.
3. O. ostertagi, also called the brown
stomach worm, parasitises the
stomach of cattle, while C. oncophora
infects the small intestineJuly 12, 2014 10

11. 4. Both species have a direct life cycle with
free living stages on pasture and parasitic
stages in the host (Figure 1.). Female worms
produce eggs that are passed in the faeces.
5.Within the faecal pat, infective larvae
develop from the egg. Under favourable
conditions of temperature and humidity,
the time of development from egg to the
infectious stage is approximately 2 weeks.
6.The infective larva spreads from the faeces
to the surrouding vegetation by active and
passive migratory mechanisms.
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12. 7. The parasitic phase starts with the oral
uptake of the larvae from contaminated
pasture.
8. In the gastric or intestinal lumen the
larva matures into an adult worm that
lives at the mucosal surface.
9. Female worms start producing eggs after
approximately 3 weeks. However, this
period can be prolonged up to 6 months
O. ostertagi, when the ingested larvae are
arrested in their development under
certain conditions (hypobiosis).
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13. Cooperia are generally considered to be
mild pathogens. They contribute
secondary effects to the primary pathogens
Ostertagia and Haemonchus in parasitic
gastroenteritis.
However, Cooperia punctata, pectinata
and suranabada are believed to be more
pathogenic since they penetrate the
mucosa during larval development causing
changes similar to those of intestinal
species of Trichostrongylus.
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14. Clinical signs
 A variety of clinical signs have been
attributed to Cooperia species and
these include diarrhea, weight loss,
anorexia and poor weight gains.
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15.  Cooperia infections are usually
secondary contributors to parasitic
gastroenteritis caused by the more
important nematodes, Ostertagia
and Haemonchus.
 Therefore, they are rarely
diagnosed as monospecific
infections.
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16. July 12, 2014 16
Identification Optimum Development Pathology Other
Small Intestine
Anterior
vescicle
Very long
spicules
F 2cm, Tapered
posterior spine,
M 1.5 cm
Cool-cold
climate adaption
Resists extreme
cold, freezing via
retained egg
membrane, L1
and L2 cuticle by
L3
Catharral
enteritis
Small Number
of eggs/worm
Primarily
sheep, less
common cattle
Can survive 2
years on pastures
Delayed hatching:
Some spp need cold
conditioning to
hatch
+Hypobiosis

17. Nematodirus
 anterior end
showing “button
like “ cephalic
inflations.
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18. Nematodirus
 bursa showing
long spicules
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19. Nematodirus in intestines
 This long, thin worm (1-2
cm) is mainly found where
cold climates prevail (it
requires prolonged cold for
development).
 Cooperia and
Trichostrongylus are the
most common intestinal
nematodes in Southern
states.
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20. Nematodirus egg
 Nematodirus has a
very large unique
egg which is not
confusible with
other
trichostrongyles
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21. Life cycle
of
Nematodirus
spp.
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22. Identification Optimum Development Pathology Other
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Upper
duodenum
Cervical notch
Spicules
unequal
F 5-8mm, M 4-
7mm
Wide range for
different spp.
Catharral
enteritis
Major in sheep,
minor cattle
Anorhexia,
diarrhea
Hypobiosis ?

23. Trichostrongylus
showing cervical
notch
(excretory pore).
23July 12, 2014

24. Bunostumum (hookworm(
24July 12, 2014
Identification Optimum Development Pathology Other
Small Intestine
Large: F 2-3cm,
M 1-2 cm
Large buccal
capsule, teeth
Spicules long
Eggs darker,
larger
Subtropics and
tropics
>15C needed for
development
2 months
prepatent period
Voracious
blood-sucker
500-1000
worms cause
progressive
anemia and,
rarely, death
Cattle and
sheep
Infect by skin
penetration
Trachel
migration
Resting places,
stalls, etc. Not
pastures

25. Bunostomum
in small intestines.
25July 12, 2014

26. Bunostomum - hemorrhagic areas
due to feeding activities.
26July 12, 2014

27. Bunostomum - large buccal
capsule used for blood feeding
27July 12, 2014

28. Bunostomum - bursa and long
spicules. Worms are much more robust
than Nematodirus.
28July 12, 2014

29. Bunostomum - heavily
parasitized calf with anemia.
29July 12, 2014

30. Bunostomum egg - typical of other
trichostrongyle group, but can be differentiated
by its larger size and darker color.
30July 12, 2014

31. Bunostomum .sp life cycle
31July 12, 2014

32. Oesophagostomum (Nodular worm(
32July 12, 2014
Identification Optimum Development Pathology
Large intestine,
caecum, ileum
Large size F 1.5-
2.5cm, M 1-2cm
Cervical alae with
‘leaf crown’
Subtropics, warm
climates
Cold kills L3,
cannot overwinter
in cold areas
Prepatent period
4-6 weeks
A primary pathogen
L4 in hemorrhagic lesions
progress to green caseous
nodules in lower small
intestine, visible from
serosal surface
Mainly lambs, calves

33. Oesphagostomum
 L4 associated nodules progress from
hemorrhagic to green caseous lesions
visible from serosal surface
33July 12, 2014

34. Oesophagostomum lesions
The main
damage of this
species is by the
larvae in the gut
wall which
produces small
abcesses,
mucosal
sloughing.
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35. life cycle of Oesophagostomum
35July 12, 2014

36. Pathogenesis of Oesophagostomum
 Chronic disease: Several nodules per square
inch, < gut motility; 3000 adults have major
effects; Nodules increase in size, number
with immunity. Adults+late L4  anemia,
diarrhea, debility, severe anorhexia (>50%)
Inflammation with edema  Protein, fluid,
RBC loss. An ‘ulcerative colitis > 3 weeks
after heavy infection
36July 12, 2014

37. Pathogenesis of Oesophagostomum
 Acute disease: Associated with L3-L4
molt and L4 emergence 8-10 after
infection Fetid diarrhea, slough tags
of mucosal tissue, can die within 1-3
weeks
37July 12, 2014

38. Robust adult
Oesophagostomu
m in large
intestine. Adults
and Late L4 cause
chronic debility,
‘Ulcerative colitis’
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39. OesphagostomumCervical alae with leaf crown (corona radiata)
F- Mucoid genital plug; M- long spicules
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40. Chabertia
This species (1-2cm) has
a very large buccal
capsule, skin penetration
and inhabits the colon
and is of relatively little
importance.
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41. Chabertia eggs
Typical
“trichostrongylid “
egg
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42. Chabertia ovina
direct: unembryonated eggs are passed
in feces, L1 larvae hatch from eggs and
molt twice to become infective L3 larvae;
when ingested, the infective L3 larvae
attach to or enter the mucosa of the
colon, and mature in the lumen.
Prepatency is 63-65 days. There is no
hypobiosis or nodule formation as in
Oesophagostomum spp
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43. Chabertia ovina life cycle
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44. Trichuris. sp
Trichuris ovis
Type: Trichuroid Nematode
Zoonotic: No
Definitive Hosts: Cattle, Sheep/Goats
Inf Site: Large Intestine
Dx Tech: Fecal Flotation
Dx Stage: Egg w/ Bipolar Plugs, Thick-Shelled Egg
Length: 70-80 Width: 30-42
Tran Mode: Ingestion (per os)
July 12, 2014 44

45. Trichuris: Whipworm of Caecum, Large
intestine; Football egg
July 12, 2014 45
Trichuris adult

46. Trichuris ovis life cycle
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Direct: unembryonated,
bipolar eggs pass out in the
feces, requiring 3 or more
weeks to develop to infective
L1s in the egg. The infective
eggs are ingested by the
definitive host. Eggs hatch in
the small intestine, larvae
migrate in the large intestinal
mucosa, and then mature to
adults in approximately 60
days.

47. Trichuris ovis Diagnosis
Appropriate clinical signs/history Fecal
flotation - eggs 75 X 35 microns; with
protruding bipolar plugs,
unembryonated in fresh feces. Necropsy
- nematodes 20-30 mm in length found
in cecum and/or colon.
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48. Strongyloides
morphology; parasitic
parthenogenic female + free
living stages in the
environment. Multiple free
living generations (F-2n, M-
1n) may occur, with periodic
production of L3 destined to
be parasitic (F- 3n) in the
facultative, homogonic phase
of the life cycle, especially in
adverse environmental
conditions
July 12, 2014 48

49. Strongyloides
papillosus egg
- larvated,
medium size.
July 12, 2014 49

50. Moniezia (Tapeworms(
July 12, 2014 50
Identification Optimum Development Pathology Other
Small intestine
Up to 4 meters
Cyclophyllidian
tapeworm
Segments and
eggs shed; Eggs
triangular with
‘pyriform’ body
Seasonal:
Spring and
Summer
Especially < 1-
year-old lambs
and calves
Mild +/-
controversial
effects.
Gut occlusion?
Slow motility?
Predispose to
enterotoxemia in
feedlot lambs?
Oribatid
pasture mite is
the intermediate
host
Prepatent
40day
Self cure 2-6
months
Mainly esthetic
in show
lambs/calves

51. Moniezia and Trichostrongyle eggs.
 - note pyriform body with hexacanth embryo
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52. Referances
http://paravac.eu/index.php?page=the-science-behind-par
http://www.pathobio.sdu.edu.cn/sdjsc/parasiteimages/nem
http://vetpda.ucdavis.edu/parasitolog/Parasite.cfm?ID=16#
http://eolspecies.lifedesks.org/node/3804
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