What are the Denial of Service attacks and what are possible approac.pdf

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What are the Denial of Service attacks and what are possible approaches that attackers may use to exploit the network so they can succeed Solution denial-of-service(DoS) : It is an attack which is an attempt to make a machine resource unavailable to its users, such as suspending services of a host connected to the Internet. 5 major DoS Attacks: 1.SYN flood: A SYN flood is a type of DOS attack in which an attacker sends a series of SYN requests to a target’s system in an attempt to use vast amounts of server resources. 2. Teardrop attacks: A teardrop attack involves the hacker sending broken and disorganized IP fragments with overlapping payloads to the victims machine. The intention is to crash operating systems and servers due to a bug. 3. Low-rate Denial-of-Service attacks: The Low-rate DoS attack is designed to exploit TCP’s slow-time-scale. The TCP throughput at the victim node will be drastically reduced while the hacker will have low average rate thus making it difficult to be detected. 4. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) flood: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a connectionless protocol used for IP operations, diagnostics, and errors. Packets of message can result in a denial-of-service condition for the target server. 5. Peer-to-peer attacks: A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is a distributed network in which individual nodes in the network act as both suppliers and consumers of resources, to the centralized client..

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what is transport layer? what are the typical attacks in transport layer? what are the controls that are employed in the layer to minimize the attack or vulnerability that leads to the attack? cite references Solution Transport Layer:- In computer networking, the transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the Internet Protocol Suite and the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). The protocols of the layerprovide host-to-host communication services for applications. Typical attacks in transport layer:- 1. SESSION HIJACKING: Session Hijacking is commonly known as TCP session Hijacking is a way of taking over a secure/ unsecure web user session by secretly obtaining user’s session ID and pretending to be the authorized user for accessing the data. How it works and types: Session hijacking works by taking advantage of the fact that most communications are protected (by providing credentials) at session setup, but not thereafter. These attacks generally fall into three categories: Man-in-the-middle (MITM), Blind Hijack, and Session Theft. In MITM attacks, an attacker intercepts all communications between two hosts. With communications between a client and server now flowing through the attacker, he or she is free to modify their content. Protocols that rely on the exchange of public keys to protect communications are often the target of these types of attacks. In blind hijacking, an attacker injects data such as malicious commands into intercepted communications between two hosts commands like “net.exe local group administrators /add Evil Attacker”. This is called blind hijacking because the attacker can only inject data into the communications stream; he or she cannot see the response to that data (such as “The command completed successfully.”) Essentially, the blind hijack attacker is shooting data in the dark, but as you will see shortly, this method of hijacking is still very effective. In a session theft attack, the attacker neither intercepts nor injects data into existing communications between two hosts. Instead, the attacker creates new sessions or uses old ones. This type of session hijacking is most common at the application level, especially Web applications. Main features are: -URL (Uniform resource locator) -Cookies -Session ID The cookies stores the previous records of the users and the URL logs can give the current visited site, a hacker take benefits from it and hacks user’s session ID through it, after doing that it pretends to be the authorized user and accesses the data. A cookie usually is a piece of text sent by a server to the web client and sent back unchanged by the client, each time it access the data. 1.1 Methods used to perform session hijacking: 1.1.1IP Spoofing: It basically means taking identity of someone else to perform some task, in this the attacker pretends to be the authorized user and access some confidential information, not only this, the.

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Unleash the Hammer on Denial-of-Service: Conquer DDos Attacks! This presentation cracks the code on devastating DDoS attacks, equipping you with insights and strategies to shield your systems and emerge victorious. Learn the devious tricks attackers use, explore robust defense mechanisms, and discover how to stay ahead of the curve in the ever-evolving cyber-warfare landscape. Prepare to turn the tables on malicious actors and ensure your operations run smoothly, even under siege!

Unleash the Hammer on Denial-of-Service: Conquer DDos Attacks!

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Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have emerged as a popular means of causing mass targeted service disruptions, often for extended periods of time. The relative ease and low costs of launching such attacks, supplemented by the current inadequate sate of any viable defense mechanism, have made them one of the top threats to the Internet community today. Since the increasing popularity of web-based applications has led to several critical services being provided over the Internet, it is imperative to monitor the network traffic so as to prevent malicious attackers from depleting the resources of the network and denying services to legitimate users. This paper first presents a brief discussion on some of the important types of DDoS attacks that currently exist and some existing mechanisms to combat these attacks. It then points out the major drawbacks of the currently existing defense mechanisms and proposes a new mechanism for protecting a web-server against a DDoS attack. In the proposed mechanism, incoming traffic to the server is continuously monitored and any abnormal rise in the inbound traffic is immediately detected. The detection algorithm is based on a statistical analysis of the inbound traffic on the server and a robust hypothesis testing framework. While the detection process is on, the sessions from the legitimate sources are not disrupted and the load on the server is restored to the normal level by blocking the traffic from the attacking sources. To cater to different scenarios, the detection algorithm has various modules with varying level of computational and memory overheads for their execution. While the approximate modules are fast in detection and involve less overhead, they provide lower level of detection accuracy. The accurate modules employ complex detection logic and hence involve more overhead for their execution. However, they have very high detection accuracy. Simulations carried out on the proposed mechanism have produced results that demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed defense mechanism against DDoS attacks.

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Worldwide IT industry is experiencing a rapid shift towards Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). As a response to the current trend, all the IT firms are adopting business models such as cloud based services which rely on reliable and highly available server platforms. Linux servers are known to be highly secure. Network security thus becomes a major concern to all IT organizations offering cloud based services. The fundamental form of attack on network security is Denial of Service. This paper focuses on fortifying the Linux server defence mechanisms resulting in an increase in reliability and availability of services offered by the Linux server platforms. To meet this emerging scenario, most of the organizations are adopting business models such as cloud computing that are dependant on reliable server platforms. Linux servers are well ahead of other server platforms in terms of security. This brings network security to the forefront of major concerns to an organization. The most common form of attacks is a Denial of Service attack. This paper focuses on mechanisms to detect and immunize Linux servers from DoS .

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Using namespace std; The expansion of a steel bridge as it heated to a final Celsius temperature, Tf, from an initial temperature T0 , can be approximated using the following formula: Increase in length= a* L*(Tf-T0). Where a is the coefficient of expansion that is for steel is 11.7e-6, L is the length of bridge at temperature T0. Using this formula, write a C++ program that displays a table of expansion length for a steel bridge that’s 7365 meters long at 0 degrees Celsius, as the temperature increases to 40 degrees in 5 degree increments. Solution #include using namespace std; float Length(int Tf) { const float a = 11.7E-6; const float L = 7365; const float To=0; return a*L*(Tf-To); } int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) { cout<<\"Intitial Temperature\\tFinal Temperature\\tIncreased Length\ \"; for (int i=1;i<=8;i++) cout<<0<<\" degrees\\t\\t\"<.

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DDoS attacks make headlines everyday, but how do they work and how can you defend against them? DDoS attacks can be high volume UDP traffic floods, SYN floods, DNS amplification, or Layer 7 HTTP attacks. Understanding how to protect yourself from DDoS is critical to doing business on the internet today. Suzanne Aldrich, a lead Solutions Engineer at Cloudflare, will cover how these attacks work, what is being targeted by the attackers, and how you can protect against the different attack types. She will cap the session with the rise in IoT attacks, and expectations for the future of web security.

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DoS (Denial of Service) Attack Tutorial: Ping of Death, DDOS What is DoS Attack? DOS is an attack used to deny legitimate users access to a resource such as accessing a website, network, emails, etc. or making it extremely slow. DoS is the acronym for Denial of Service. This type of attack is usually implemented by hitting the target resource such as a web server with too many requests at the same time. This results in the server failing to respond to all the requests. The effect of this can either be crashing the servers or slowing them down. Cutting off some business from the internet can lead to significant loss of business or money. The internet and computer networks power a lot of businesses. Some organizations such as payment gateways, e-commerce sites entirely depend on the internet to do business. In this tutorial, we will introduce you to what denial of service attack is, how it is performed and how you can protect against such attacks. Topics covered in this tutorial · Types of Dos Attacks · How DoS attacks work · DoS attack tools · DoS Protection: Prevent an attack · Hacking Activity: Ping of Death · Hacking Activity: Launch a DOS attack Types of Dos Attacks There are two types of Dos attacks namely; · DoS– this type of attack is performed by a single host · Distributed DoS– this type of attack is performed by a number of compromised machines that all target the same victim. It floods the network with data packets. How DoS attacks work Let’s look at how DoS attacks are performed and the techniques used. We will look at five common types of attacks. Ping of Death The ping command is usually used to test the availability of a network resource. It works by sending small data packets to the network resource. The ping of death takes advantage of this and sends data packets above the maximum limit (65,536 bytes) that TCP/IP allows. TCP/IP fragmentation breaks the packets into small chunks that are sent to the server. Since the sent data packages are larger than what the server can handle, the server can freeze, reboot, or crash. Smurf This type of attack uses large amounts of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ping traffic target at an Internet Broadcast Address. The reply IP address is spoofed to that of the intended victim. All the replies are sent to the victim instead of the IP used for the pings. Since a single Internet Broadcast Address can support a maximum of 255 hosts, a smurf attack amplifies a single ping 255 times. The effect of this is slowing down the network to a point where it is impossible to use it. Buffer overflow A buffer is a temporal storage location in RAM that is used to hold data so that the CPU can manipulate it before writing it back to the disc. Buffers have a size limit. This type of attack loads the buffer with more data that it can hold. This causes the buffer to overflow and corrupt the data it holds. An example of a buffer overflow is sending emails with file names that have 256 characters ...

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Orchids are a type of flowering plant. How would biologists explain how a living orchid species lacking leaves evolved from an ancestral orchid species that had leaves? Solution A plant loses a feature means this feature is a kind of disadvantage in its environment. Meanwhile, what it gets from the lost feature can be got from its environment. A change in leaf morphology monopodial growth habit, and aeration complexes for gas exchange in photosynthetic roots seem to be the most important characters in making the evolutionary transition to leaflessness. The species no longer required broad leaves for transpiration . The leaves are not favourable for the survival of the plant species. In fact, having them makes it harder for the species to survive as energy is invested to keep them strong and alive. maybe it\'s a dark place, and hard for plants to do their photosynthesis, and the orchids can get carbon and water from the environment, for example, from soil, instead of leaves, from which orchids usually got carbon and water. may be only orchid species that lacked these leaves were able to sustain environmental changes at the time, so leaves were selected out of the population..

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Determine one (1) advantage to selecting an S corporation status. Provide a rationale for your advantage. Determine one (1) disadvantage to selecting an S corporation status. Provide support for your determination. Solution one (1) advantage to selecting an S corporation status: Limited liability: Company directors, officers, shareholders, and employees enjoy limited liability protection. An S corporation protects the personal assets of its shareholders. Absent an express personal guarantee, a shareholder is not personally responsible for the business debts and liabilities of the corporation. Creditors cannot pursue the personal assets (house, bank accounts, etc.) of the shareholders to pay business debts. In a sole proprietorship or general partnership, owners and the business are legally considered the same—leaving personal assets vulnerable. one (1) disadvantage to selecting an S corporation status. Provide support for your determination: Formation and ongoing expenses. To operate as an S corporation, it is necessary to first incorporate the business by filing Articles of Incorporation with your desired state of incorporation, obtain a registered agent for your company, and pay the appropriate fees. Many states also impose ongoing fees, such as annual report and/or franchise tax fees. Although these fees usually are not expensive, and can be deducted as a cost of doing business, they are expenses that a sole proprietor or general partnership will not incur..

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Delegate: \"The role members of Congress serve in representing the interests and policy preferences of their constituents\" (Zaino, 2012, p. 66) Trustee: \"The role members of Congress serve in acting on behalf of the interests of the home constituents and nation regardless of whether constituents would immediately approve of the members\' decisions\" (Zaino, 2012, p. 66) An example of how these two perspectives (delegate and trustee) may conflict is when the legislator is asked to vote on the closing of a military base in his/her district where it may be good for overall society to minimize the expense of the base but in that legislator’s district it may cause the loss of jobs. A trustee may be more willing to close the base where a delegate would not. Most legislators try to balance the two types of representation. The discussion question(s) is: If you were a legislator and had to decide whether to close the base or not, what would you decide? Are you acting more as a delegate or a trustee in making your decision? Explain your response in detail please. Solution If I am the legislator, I would decide to close down the military base but not at once. As a representative of the people of the constituency, I should not go against the betterment of my own constituency. On the other hand, I should take care of national benefit. But I will act more as a delegate. In the delegate model, constituents elect their representatives as delegates for their constituency. These delegates act only as a mouthpiece for the wishes of their constituency, and have no autonomy from the constituency. On the other hand, in the trustee model constituents elect their representatives as trustees for their constituency. These \'trustees\' have sufficient autonomy to deliberate and act in favor of the greater common good and national interest, even if it means going against the short-term interests of their own constituencies. The military base is an economic actor—a direct employer, a keystone industry and a hub of social and cultural interactions. Military bases across are firmly entrenched in the local economies that they adjoin. Close a major military base implies dozens of small businesses associated with it may as well close down. As a result, families will be forced to relocate and whole towns may fail partially. On the other hand, military installations pay no taxes. Military expenses would become burden for the society at large. So closing military base would reduce the financial burden. So instead of closing down the entire military base at once, I will prefer partially reduce the expenses of the military base. This will allow the people of the locality to get the opportunity to adjust and find alternative sources of earning..

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A veterinarian amputated a swollen testicle from a zebra at a zoo and discovered that the testicle contained a molar tooth, complete with long roots. What is the most likely explanation? A.The genes that govern the growth of teeth moved from the zebra\'s mouth down to his testicle. B.The genes that govern the growth of teeth were duplicated too many times during cell division. C.The genes that govern the growth of teeth were accidentally turned on in the cells of the testicle. D.A gene that normally governs the production of sperm mutated into a gene coding for teeth. E.Another zebra had bitten the testicle, and the tooth got embedded in the flesh. Solution Answer is C. In multicellular organisms, all cells comprises same genetic composition but the expressed portions are different in different types of cells. This is called cell or tissue specific expression. Some times due to some mutations, the genes which acctually not expressed in that cells are also expressed. This is thecalled reason for abovedifferences condition.

A veterinarian amputated a swollen testicle from a zebra at a zoo an.pdf

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Albinism. Some might wonder why this disorder doesn\'t \"phase out\" of the gene pool over time? Why do people from different parts of the world have different colored skin? Why do people from the tropics generally have darker skin color that those who live in colder climates? Solution Albinism:It is a complete or partial absence of pigment in skin hair and eyes. it causes skin cancers and skin burns due to lack of pigmentation and a number of vision defects.albinism also called achromasia. GENEPOOL:It occurs due to recessive genes passed from both parents,it is due to absence of tyrosinase enzyme(it contains copper for the production of melanin).there are other genetic mutations which are be associated with albinism. DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD HAVE DIFFERENT COLOURED SKIN: People have different coloured skin due to different types of climates in different parts of the world,people who live in the tropic side have darker skin then people who live in the colder countries.but the colour of the people is determines by a pigment caled mealanin.people with dark skin has more melanin, melanin protects the body from harm ful uv radiations.people with light pigmentation have less melanin. PEOPLE IN THE TROPICS GENERALLY HAVE DARKER SKIN THEN PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN COLDER COUNTRIES: People who live in the tropics are more exposed to harmful uv radiation so the body produce more melanin to protect the skin from harm ful uv radiations.In colder climates there is no harmful uv radiations,so the people has light skin colour..

Albinism. Some might wonder why this disorder doesnt phase out.pdf

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A Poisson distribution is such that the probability is the same for .pdf

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A concave mirror forms an image on a screen that is twice as large as the object. Both the object and the screen are then moved to produce an image on the screen that is three times the size of the object. If the screen is moved 75 cm in the process, how far is the object moved? What is the focal length of the mirror? Solution magnification: m = hi / ho = di/do hi = size of the image ho = size of the object but, hi = 2* ho, so m = 2*ho / h o = 2, Then di= 2*do mirror formula: 1/ f = 1/do + 1/di 1/f = 1/do + 1/2do 1/f = 3/2do new magnification is m \' = 3, so distance moved by the screen is s = 75 cm new image distance: di \' = di +s do\' =do-s\' then, m \' = di\'/do\' = di +s /do-s\', therefore, 3(do-s\') = di +s new focal length: 1/ f = 1/do \' + 1/di\' 1/f = 1/ do-s\' + 1/3(do-s\') solve the above equations, we get, s\' = do /9 thus, do =112.5 cm, hence, s\'= 112.5cm /9 =12.5 cm therefore, the focal length: f = 3/2do = 75 cm.

A concave mirror forms an image on a screen that is twice as large as.pdf

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65% Fri Search Show Me How Payrell entries The prolL reinnent tor Gamble Compary for the week ended Apil 29 indcahed the tolowing $1440.000 Social security tax wthhels Medicare tax Federal income sax withheld withineid 21,800 A Jounalize the enry t recond the patyroll for the week of Apri 29 PreviousNex 2 mare Check My Wark uses samanng MacBook Ai 3 Solution Journal Entries :DateAccounts Titles and descriptionDebit $Credit $AssetsLiabilitiesEquityAApril 29Salaries Expenses14400001440000Federal Income tax withheld payable288000288000Social Securities Taxes payable8540085400Medicare Tax payable2150021500Salaries payable10451001045100(To record the payroll for the week ended Aprl 29)BApril 29Payroll Taxes expenses121540121540Social Security Tax payable8540085400Medicare tax payable2150021500FUTA taxes payable(244000*5.4%)1317613176SUTA taxes payable(244000*0.6%)14641464(To record the employer\'s payroll taxes).

65 Fri Search Show Me How Payrell entries The prolL reinnent tor Ga.pdf

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Concisely, how may HDL metabolism and the onset of type-II diabetes be correlated? What\'s the evidence? Solution Chylomicros are the major lipoprotein components of dietary lipids, which primarily enable synthesis of triacylglycerol components of low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins finally followed by synthesis of cholesterol esters and cholesterol by Mevalonate pathway. The individuals who have been suffering from type 2 diabetes are associated with high lipid profiles of High-density lipoproteins (HDL) and these can be examined by higher HDL clearance. These aspects can be evidenced by the calculating “apoA-1” and “apoA-2” kinetics. It has clearly illustrated that these is significant correlations between the HDL clearance & plasma levels of glucose in type 2 diabetes patients.

Concisely, how may HDL metabolism and the onset of type-II diabetes b.pdf

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