1 Do cells enter meiosin before after during S phase2 What are th.pdf

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1 Do cells enter meiosin before after during S phase? 2 What are the similarities and differences of reduction and equational division? Solution 1. The S phase of cell cycle occur during interphase before mitosis or meiosis ,in this phase synthesis of DNA takes place. 2.Major difference are : Reductional meiosis is also known as first meiotic division in which diploid divides into two daughter cell which is monoploid this due to separation of whole chromosome. In equational division separation of chromatics occur per chromosome so there is no change is chromosome number..

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Describe the mechanisms of asexual reproduction in: Prokaryotes Protists Plants- Animals Solution Prokaryotes reprodue asexually by BINARY FISSION mehanism. In this the genetic material is replicated as same as the parent genome the cell devides in two parts and give rise to new progeny so no geneti diversity is formed. protists- they also reprodue asexually through binary fission, BUDDING In this new organism grow from the body of parent. PLANT- VEGETATIVE reproduction is the main asexual reproduction in which a plant part give rise of new plant same as the parent, such as growing tips of RHIZOME. ANIMALS- they also reproduce asexually through budding,fission,fragmentation.In case of stick inset, bees PARTHENOGENESIS our in whih unfertilised egg give rise to new individual it is a type of AGAMOGENESIS..

Describe the mechanisms of asexual reproduction inProkaryotesPr.pdf

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Define intermediate phenotype and then imagine some intermediate phenotypes (e.g. RNA, metabolite, etc) for Down’s Syndrome. Solution intermediate phenotype : it depicts a living being that shows a mix of the phenotypic characteristics that its parents expressed. . In the event that a red blossom cross-pollinates a white bloom, and the subsequent offspring are pink, the posterity portrayed as a intermediate phenotype . It happen when the traits under investigation are neither dominant or recessive. Down disorder (DS or DNS), otherwise called trisomy 21, is a hereditary issue brought about by the nearness of all or some portion of a third duplicate of chromosome 21. It is commonly connected with physical development delays, trademark facial elements and mellow to direct learned incapacity. Down disorder is brought on by having three duplicates of the qualities on chromosome 21, as opposed to the standard two.The guardians of the influenced individual are ordinarily hereditarily ordinary Those who have one tyke with Down disorder have around a 1% danger of having a moment youngster with the disorder, if both guardians are found to have typical karyotypes. The additional chromosome substance can emerge through a few distinctive ways. The most widely recognized cause (around 92–95% of cases) is an entire additional duplicate of chromosome 21, bringing about trisomy 21. In 1.0 to 2.5% of cases, a portion of the phones in the body are typical and others have trisomy 21, known as mosaic Down syndrome. The other basic systems that can offer ascent to Down disorder include: a Robertsonian translocation, isochromosome, or ring chromosome. These contain extra material from chromosome 21 and happen in around 2.5% of cases. An isochromosome comes about when the two long arms of a chromosome isolate together as opposed to the long and short arm isolating together amid egg or sperm improvement. Trisomy 21 is known by the karyotype 47,XX,+21 for females and 47,XY,+21 for guys) is brought about by a disappointment of the 21st chromosome to isolate amid egg or sperm development.As an outcome, a sperm or egg cell is delivered with an additional duplicate of chromosome 21; this cell therefore has 24 chromosomes. At the point when joined with a typical cell from the other parent, the child has 47 chromosomes, with three duplicates of chromosome 21. Around 88% of instances of trisomy 21 result from nonseparation of the chromosomes in the mother, 8% from nonseparation in the father, and 3% after the egg and sperm have combined. Translocation : The additional chromosome 21 material may likewise happen due to a Robertsonian translocation in 2–4% of cases. In this circumstance, the long arm of chromosome 21 is joined to another chromosome, regularly chromosome 14. In a male influenced with Down disorder, it brings about a karyotype of 46XY,t(14q21q). This might be another transformation or already display in one of the guardians. The parent with such a translocation i.

Define intermediate phenotype and then imagine some intermediate phe.pdf

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Consider a population of lizards living on the coast of Africa. A storm creates piles of debris that the lizards use to raft to a faraway uninhabited island. Which evolutionary process is happening? mutation selection balance the founder effect frequency-dependent selection coalescence Solution Answer is. \"Founder effect\". The lizards completely moved to new place where they never I habited before, and hence they found new environment to adjust, which will create some environmental difference. This is known as founder effect..

Consider a population of lizards living on the coast of Africa. A sto.pdf

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Can “discovery science” (for example, the discovery of a new species of fossil, or a new species of organism that is alive today) contribute to our understanding of evolution? Give examples. Solution Scientists seek natural causes for natural phenomena. This is the most basic description of what a scientist aims to do every day. Their focus is limited to what they can physically observe and measure directly, sometimes with the help of tools such as a microscope. They do not seek to explain the supernatural as it is outside the bounds of science, but instead what is all around them. There are basic methods of gaining knowledge that are common to all of science. Biology uses discovery science , and hypothesis-based science . While discovery science is mostly about describing nature, hypothesis-based science attempts to explain nature. The pair of inquiries are widely used together in research. Observations that can be measured and verified are the data of discovery science. In the study of life, discovery science is used to describe both the simplest of life, and the most complex. From the building blocks of atoms and molecules all the way up to the ecosystems and biosphere, discovery science describes it all. Discovery science is based on the logic of inductive reasoning . Inductive reasoning uses numerous specific observations to make a general statement. For example: all living things are made of cells. This comes after the numerous discoveries of cells in every specimen observed by biologists over two centuries. another example we can take \"humans\". today we found most of the fossils of human lives who lived thousands of years back and with help of that fossils we can understand growth and evolution human life..

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C++ Write a function void headEnqueue(Queue *q, int key) which enqueues the key such that, at function exit, it is positioned at the head of the queue rather than the tail; and the order and integrity of the queue is otherwise maintained. Solution struct node { int data; node* next; }; class Queue //linked_list class { private: node* front; node* rear; public: Queue(); void insert(int); headEnqueue(Queue *q, int key); }; Queue::Queue() { front = rear = NULL; } void Queue::insert(int val) { node* temp = new node; temp->data = val; temp->next = NULL; if (front == NULL) front= rear = temp; else { node* temp1 = front; while (temp1->next) temp1 = temp1->next; temp1->next = temp; } } void Queue::headEnqueue(Queue *q, int key) { node* temp = new node; temp->data = key; temp->next=q->front; q->front=temp; }.

C++Write a function void headEnqueue(Queue q, int key) which enqu.pdf

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All of the following are features or functions of nanobodies except ______________. small, monomeric, lack disulfide bonds, and resistance to denaturation high affinity to the antigen recognize protruding and recessed paratopes cannot be humanized consist of only the VHH domain of heavy chain antibodies Solution d)cannot be humanized because we have many humanized antibodies that are available .example-CyaA-Hly specific humanized antibody.

All of the following are features or functions of nanobodies except _.pdf

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A girl running at a constant speed of 1.4ms in a straight line thro.pdf

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You have a rural dial-up customer who complains that a large number of phone calls have been made to “dangerous” sites on the Internet from his computer but he didn’t make these calls. You investigate his computer and discover what type of malware? A. Adware B. Dialer C. Keystroke logger D. Spim Solution B. Dialers are types of malicious programs installed on computers that cause the dialup modem to call dangerous or pay-per-call locations on the Internet, often resulting in extremely high phone bills for the customer..

You have a rural dial-up customer who complains that a large number .pdf

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You are given a mixed culture containing a anaerobic thermophile, aerobic thermophile and anaerobic hyperthermophile bacteria. How will you separate these into pure cultures? Solution In natural environments, microorganisms usually exist as mixed populations. A pure culture is one by which all organisms are descendants of the exact same organism. A sterile medium is the one which is free of all life forms. It is often sterilized by heating it to a temperature at which all contaminating microorganisms are destroyed. Eventually, in functioning with microorganisms, we ought to have a way of transferring growing organisms from a pure culture to a sterile medium without introducing any undesirable outside contaminants. This approach of stopping unwanted microorganisms from developing accessibility is termed aseptic technique. Microorganisms whose optimal temperature for development is near 0oC are called psychrophiles. The ones that grow optimally between 20oC and 45eC are called mesophiles. These growing most useful at large conditions, 55oC to ~ 70oC and larger, are called thermophiles. Prokaryotes that live at quite high conditions (up to 113oC ) are hyperthermophiles. An organism that will require air for development is called aerobic. An organism whose development can\'t arise in the presence of air is anaerobic. An organism that may grow under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions is a facultative anaerobe. Microaerophilic organisms involve free air but at a limited concentration. Based on this, the plates are incubated at different temperatures with aerobic and anerobic conditions for enhancing the growth of thermophiles and hyperthermophilc bacteria..

You are given a mixed culture containing a anaerobic thermophile, ae.pdf

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Woyld removing phenylethyl alcohol from PEA alter the medium\'s Solution Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA) medium is a selective media that inhibit the growth of gram- negative bacteria and allows the growth of gram-positive bacteria only. The phenyl ethyl alcohol is responsible for preventing the growth of gram-negative bacteria. So, removing phenyl ethyl alcohol from PEA alter the medium\'s specificity againstgram positivebacteria..

Woyld removing phenylethyl alcohol from PEA alter the mediumsS.pdf

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Which abstraction uses slates, state transitions, inputs and outputs .pdf

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What is the target cell for the hormone Angiotensionogen? Solution Answer: zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland on kidney Reason: Primarily low blood pressure trigger the release of precursor, angiotensinogen peptide, a serpin family from the liver cells followed by formation of angiotensin I finally to angiotensin II in the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This angiotensin II active form is going to act on the \"zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland on kidney\" to trigger release of aldosterone to act on kidney cells finally to the reabsorption of sodium.

What is the target cell for the hormone AngiotensionogenSolut.pdf

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What is a possible evolutionary advantage of having introns/exons in genes? Give an example of where this usage is observed or may have occurred. Solution Presence of large noncoding sequences such as introns interspersed with exons in the genome lowers the rate mutations from appearing. Introns enable alternative splicing, a mechanism which enables a single gene to encode multiple proteins that perform different functions under different conditions. Small genome but large information stored. Regulatory RNAs such as siRNA encoded by introns are known to regulate gene expression. Adds to biological complexity..

What is a possible evolutionary advantage of having intronsexons in.pdf

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What do you call the cellular process of RNA production? What is the main function of the mitochondria? Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? What reads mRNA to produce a polypeptide? What is the term used to describe a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic? Where in the cell does pyruvate decarboxylation occur? What is the major structural material making up ribosomes? The mode of cell division that results in four daughter cells that are genetically different, with each cell containing one haploid set of chromosomes, is knows as? A dihybrid cross SS tt times ss TT is made in which S is dominant, but there is no dominance between T and t. Assuming independent assortment, how many phenotypic classes are expected in F2? Disulfide bonds are often found to stabilize which of the following levels of protein structure? Solution Answer : Q1. Transcription is the molecular biology term used to describe the synthesis of RNA from DNA. This is catalysed by RNA polymerase enzyme. Q2. Mitochindria is the site of TCA cycle, Electron transport chain and Fatty acid oxidation. This is the organelle involved in the synthesis of ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell. Q3. Cytoplasm is the site in the cell where glycolysis ( Breakdown of glucose) occurs producing two molecules of pyruvates. Q4. tRNA or transfer RNA is the molecule that reads the mRNA (messenger RNA) to produce a protein in a process called translation which occurs in the cytoplasm. Q5. Amphipathic is the term used to describe a molecule possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts..

What do you call the cellular process of RNA production What is the.pdf

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what are the security requirements and challenges of VANETs? Solution CHALLENGING ISSUE IN VANET : Although the characteristics of VANET distinguishes it a different network but some characteristics imposes some challenges to deploy the VANET. These are the following categories: Technical Challenges : The technical challenges deals with the technical obstacles which should be resolved before the deployment of VANET. Some challenges are given below: • Network Management: Due to high mobility, the network topology and channel condition change rapidly. Due to this, we can’t use structures like tree because these structures can’t be set up and maintained as rapidly as the topology changed. • Congestion and collision Control: The unbounded network size also creates a challenge. The traffic load is low in rural areas and night in even urban areas. Due to this, the network partitions frequently occurs while in rush hours the traffic load is very high and hence network is congested and collision occurs in the network. • Environmental Impact: VANETs use the electromagnetic waves for communication. These waves are affected by the environment. Hence to deploy the VANET the environmental impact must be considered. • MAC Design: VANET generally use the shared medium to communicate hence the MAC design is the key issue. Many approaches have been given like TDMA, SDMA, and CSMA etc. IEEE 802.11 adopted the CSMA based Mac for VANET. • Security: As VANET provides the road safety applications which are life critical therefore security of these messages must be satisfied SECURITY ISSUES IN VANET : Among all the challenges of the VANET, security got less attention so far. VANET packets contains life critical information hence it is necessary to make sure that these packets are not inserted or modified by the attacker; likewise the liability of drivers should also be established that they inform the traffic environment correctly and within time. Real time Constraint: VANET is time critical where safety related message should be delivered with 100ms transmission delay. So to achieve real time constraint, fast cryptographic algorithm should be used. Message and entity authentication must be done in time. • Data Consistency Liability: In VANET even authenticate node can perform malicious activities that can cause accidents or disturb the network. Hence a mechanism should be designed to avoid this inconsistency. Correlation among the received data from different node on particular information may avoid this type of inconsistency. • Low tolerance for error: Some protocols are designed on the basis of probability. VANET uses life critical information on which action is performed in very short time. A small error in probabilistic algorithm may cause harm. Security requirements in VANET : VANET must satisfy some security requirements before they are deployed. A security system in VANET should satisfy the following requirements: • Authentication: Authentication ensures th.

what are the security requirements and challenges of VANETsSolu.pdf

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1st drop down: Reject or do not reject 2nd drop down: Is evidence or is insufficient evidence 3rd drop down: Yes or No 4th drop down: Makes or does not make Solution a) Ho: pi1<= pi2 Ha: pi1 > pi2 [ANSWER, OPTION D] ************* B) Formulating the hypotheses Ho: p1^ - p2^ <= 0 Ha: p1^ - p2^ > 0 Here, we see that pdo = 0 , the hypothesized population proportion difference. Getting p1^ and p2^, p1^ = x1/n1 = 0.34 p2 = x2/n2 = 0.2 Also, the standard error of the difference is sd = sqrt[ p1 (1 - p1) / n1 + p2 (1 - p2) / n2] = 0.062 Thus, z = [p1 - p2 - pdo]/sd = 2.258064516 = 2.258 [ANSWER, PART B] ************************************* As significance level = 0.05 , then the critical z is zcrit = 1.644853627 Thus, the rejection region is ZSTAT > 1.645 [ANSWER, OPTION ] **************************************** Thus comparing z > zcrit, WE REJECT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS. There is evidence that it takes more effort now to get removed from a mail list than before. *************************** c) Yes, the result in b) makes it appropriate to claim it..

1st drop down Reject or do not reject2nd drop down Is evidence o.pdf

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Under what conditions would it be most appropriate to use each of the major OD interventions; individual, team, or organizational-wide intervention? Solution Individuals - Conditions like transitions, mentoring, and interpersonal communications, among others. Team - Team building is applicable where group activities are interdependent. The objective is to improve the coordination efforts of members, which will result in increasing the team’s performance.

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These all relate to exceptions to the inheritance patterns encountered by Mendel. Why do multiple and lethal alleles often result in modifications of the classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios? Select the four correct statements.-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios.-In the case of codominance, heterozygotes produce gene products from both alleles of a gene. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by codominance.-In the case of incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygote is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of homozygous individuals. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by incomplete dominance.-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions and a diploid organism has two homologous gene loci that may be occupied by different alleles of the same gene. This can result in many different phenotypes for traits, which may not follow typical Mendelian ratios.-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. This results in a modification of classic Mendelian ratios.-The phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The joint expression of both alleles in a heterozygote is called codominance. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios.-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions, but in a diploid organism, only one allele of the gene can occupy one homologous gene loci. Classic Mendelian inheritance cannot explain this phenomenon.-Each gene produces a unique gene product. The effect of one allele in a heterozygote completely masks the effect of the other. Classic Mendelian genetics cannot explain this phenomenon. Solution Answers: Correct statements: 2. In the case of codominance, heterozygotes produce gene products from both alleles of a gene. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by codominance. (Codominance) 3. In the case of incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygote is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of homozygous individuals. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by incomplete dominance. (Incomplete dominance) 4. Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions and a diploid organism has two homologous gene loci that may be occupied by different alleles of the same gene. This can result in many different phenotypes for traits, which may not follow typical Mendelian ratios. (Multiple alleles) 5. When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. This results in a modification of classic Mendelian ratios. (Lethal gene).

These all relate to exceptions to the inheritance patterns encounter.pdf

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The random variable X measures the concentration of ethanol in a che.pdf

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the movement of bacteria toward or away from chemical stimulus is? The movement of bacteria toward or away from a chemical stimulus is ______. monotrichous chemotaxis phototaxis peritrichous Solution The characteristic movement of an organism towards or away from a chemical stimulus is called as Chemotaxis. The movement is based on the concentration gradient of a chemical which may attract(Positive Chemotaxis) or repel(Negative Chemotaxis) the organism..

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