what are the security requirements and challenges of VANETs?
Solution
CHALLENGING ISSUE IN VANET :
Although the characteristics of VANET distinguishes it a different network but some
characteristics imposes some challenges to deploy the VANET. These are the following
categories:
Technical Challenges
:
The technical challenges deals with the technical obstacles which should be resolved before the
deployment of VANET. Some challenges are given below:
• Network Management:
Due to high mobility, the network topology and channel
condition change rapidly. Due to this, we can’t use structures like tree because these
structures can’t be set up and maintained as rapidly as the topology changed.
• Congestion and collision Control:
The unbounded network size also creates a
challenge. The traffic load is low in rural areas and night in even urban areas. Due to this,
the network partitions frequently occurs while in rush hours the traffic load is very high
and hence network is congested and collision occurs in the network.
• Environmental Impact:
VANETs use the electromagnetic waves for communication.
These waves are affected by the environment. Hence to deploy the VANET the
environmental impact must be considered.
• MAC Design:
VANET generally use the shared medium to communicate hence the
MAC design is the key issue. Many approaches have been given like TDMA, SDMA,
and CSMA etc. IEEE 802.11 adopted the CSMA based Mac for VANET.
• Security: As VANET provides the road safety applications which are life critical
therefore security of these messages must be satisfied
SECURITY ISSUES IN VANET
:
Among all the challenges of the VANET, security got less attention so far. VANET packets
contains life critical information hence it is necessary to make sure that these packets are not
inserted or modified by the attacker; likewise the liability of drivers should also be established
that they inform the traffic environment correctly and within time.
Real time Constraint:
VANET is time critical where safety related message should be
delivered with 100ms transmission delay. So to achieve real time constraint, fast cryptographic
algorithm should be used. Message and entity authentication must be done
in time.
• Data Consistency Liability:
In VANET even authenticate node can perform malicious
activities that can cause accidents or disturb the network. Hence a mechanism should be
designed to avoid this inconsistency. Correlation among the received data from different node
on particular information may avoid this type of inconsistency.
• Low tolerance for error:
Some protocols are designed on the basis of probability.
VANET uses life critical information on which action is performed in very short time. A
small error in probabilistic algorithm may cause harm.
Security requirements in VANET
:
VANET must satisfy some security requirements before they are deployed. A security system in
VANET should satisfy the following requirements:
• Authentication:
Authentication ensures th.
SECURITY ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS IN VEHICULAR ADHOC NETWORK : A REVIEW APPROACHcscpconf
Vehicular networks are the promising approach to provide safety to the drivers. It becomes a key component of intelligent transport system. A lot of research work has been done towards it but security issue got less attention. In this article we discuss about the VANET, it's technical and security challenges. We also discuss some major attacks and solutions that can be
implemented against these attacks. We compare the solution on different parameters and lastly discuss the mechanisms that are used in the solutions
Security issues and solutions in vehicular adhoc network a review approachcsandit
Vehicular networks are the promising approach to provide safety to the drivers. It becomes a
key component of intelligent transport system. A lot of research work has been done towards it
but security issue got less attention. In this article we discuss about the VANET, it's technical
and security challenges. We also discuss some major attacks and solutions that can be
implemented against these attacks. We compare the solution on different parameters and lastly
discuss the mechanisms that are used in the solutions.
SECURITY CHALLENGES, ISSUES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS FOR VANETIJNSA Journal
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are the promising approach to provide safety and other applications
to the drivers as well as passengers. It becomes a key component of the intelligent transport system. A lot of
works have been done towards it but security in VANET got less attention. In this article, we have discussed
about the VANET and its technical and security challenges. We have also discussed some major attacks
and solutions that can be implemented against these attacks. We have compared the solution using different
parameters. Lastly we have discussed the mechanisms that are used in the solutions.
SECURITY CHALLENGES, ISSUES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS FOR VANETIJNSA Journal
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are the promising approach to provide safety and other applications to the drivers as well as passengers. It becomes a key component of the intelligent transport system. A lot of works have been done towards it but security in VANET got less attention. In this article, we have discussed about the VANET and its technical and security challenges. We have also discussed some major attacks and solutions that can be implemented against these attacks. We have compared the solution using different parameters. Lastly we have discussed the mechanisms that are used in the solutions.
Security issues and challenges in MANET,VANET and FANET: A SurveyDr.Irshad Ahmed Sumra
VANET and FANET are next generation network and due to safety applications more attractions for end users in these networks. In this slide, it will provide the survey on security issues and challenges in the field of MANET, VANET and FANET. The successful implementation of these networks in real environment, it is require the network will be secure and end user can take benefit from their life safety applications.
Introduction to SDN: Software Defined NetworkingAnkita Mahajan
SDN is the next big thing in networking. It focuses on separating the intelligence from the hardware. OpenFlow is one of the ways (currently the open standard followed by all Datacenters) to implement SDN.
SECURITY ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS IN VEHICULAR ADHOC NETWORK : A REVIEW APPROACHcscpconf
Vehicular networks are the promising approach to provide safety to the drivers. It becomes a key component of intelligent transport system. A lot of research work has been done towards it but security issue got less attention. In this article we discuss about the VANET, it's technical and security challenges. We also discuss some major attacks and solutions that can be
implemented against these attacks. We compare the solution on different parameters and lastly discuss the mechanisms that are used in the solutions
Security issues and solutions in vehicular adhoc network a review approachcsandit
Vehicular networks are the promising approach to provide safety to the drivers. It becomes a
key component of intelligent transport system. A lot of research work has been done towards it
but security issue got less attention. In this article we discuss about the VANET, it's technical
and security challenges. We also discuss some major attacks and solutions that can be
implemented against these attacks. We compare the solution on different parameters and lastly
discuss the mechanisms that are used in the solutions.
SECURITY CHALLENGES, ISSUES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS FOR VANETIJNSA Journal
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are the promising approach to provide safety and other applications
to the drivers as well as passengers. It becomes a key component of the intelligent transport system. A lot of
works have been done towards it but security in VANET got less attention. In this article, we have discussed
about the VANET and its technical and security challenges. We have also discussed some major attacks
and solutions that can be implemented against these attacks. We have compared the solution using different
parameters. Lastly we have discussed the mechanisms that are used in the solutions.
SECURITY CHALLENGES, ISSUES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS FOR VANETIJNSA Journal
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are the promising approach to provide safety and other applications to the drivers as well as passengers. It becomes a key component of the intelligent transport system. A lot of works have been done towards it but security in VANET got less attention. In this article, we have discussed about the VANET and its technical and security challenges. We have also discussed some major attacks and solutions that can be implemented against these attacks. We have compared the solution using different parameters. Lastly we have discussed the mechanisms that are used in the solutions.
Security issues and challenges in MANET,VANET and FANET: A SurveyDr.Irshad Ahmed Sumra
VANET and FANET are next generation network and due to safety applications more attractions for end users in these networks. In this slide, it will provide the survey on security issues and challenges in the field of MANET, VANET and FANET. The successful implementation of these networks in real environment, it is require the network will be secure and end user can take benefit from their life safety applications.
Introduction to SDN: Software Defined NetworkingAnkita Mahajan
SDN is the next big thing in networking. It focuses on separating the intelligence from the hardware. OpenFlow is one of the ways (currently the open standard followed by all Datacenters) to implement SDN.
In vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs), the applications mainly focused on the road challenging subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which empowers smart transmission among vehicles and between vehicles and roadside frameworks. It is an optimistic methodology for the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). There are numerous difficulties to be tended while utilizing VANET. It is flexible and has a high dynamic topology and flexibility which makes the conventional MANET protocols unacceptable for VANET. Trust is a principal element which is used to create a trustful environment to improve the security in vehicular networks. Trust can be calculated by observing the human behavior which creates a trusted communicating environment. In this paper, we define the architecture of VANET, then the communication establishment and various challenges. Some trust models had been defined in this paper to enforce honest information sharing between communicating nodes. Trust establishment is compulsory among communicating vehicles to build a secure messages exchange and reliability.
Enhancing the Efficiency of Routing Protocols in VANETS by defending Dos Atta...Eswar Publications
Routing in VANETs (pure ad hoc architectures) with dynamic nature of the network becomes a challenging task for finding and maintaining routes. So, detecting the misbehaving vehicles is an important task in for improving the efficiency of the vehicles and to incorporate the reliable and secure routing in the transport system. Due to the self -configure (mobility) characteristic of the VANETS, it is very difficult to the road side and base station units to keep track of the actions happening among the vehicles. Obviously the attackers will have the fraudulent nature that same will persist over time with them that will be effected to the normal vehicles which is travelling in the
network from the non trustworthy vehicles. So detection and proper action is needed to improve the efficient routing of the vehicles in the network. Earlier we have many techniques for detecting and preventing the misbehaving vehicles depending upon the threshold values, mobility factors, power ratios etc., now we are proposing a new technique called Bloom-Filter based IP Choke Mechanism for locating the harmful vehicle. In
this paper we will discuss about the proposed technique on how to identify the malicious vehicle and how to defend the attacked vehicle by blocking it form the routing process.
A NEW GENERATION OF DRIVER ASSISTANCE AND SECURITYIJCI JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks are tremendously and very effectively used for safety related applications. Especially
for driver assistance and when it comes to safety of either from an accident or stealing of data VANET is the future of the all such problems.”A New Generation of Driver Assistance and Security” gives a idea about VANET and also provide solutions to various problems comes in this. Authentication will be provided by Group signature and Identity based (ID- based) Signature scheme. The scheme Provides cost effective, highly privacy
preserving of user, efficient message authentication and verification than existing system for VANETs. This
required CA (Central Authority) and LA (Local Authority) where LA is group leader and which has to concern with CA. This safety technique is efficient, robust, and scalable for VANET’s authentication and provide reallife solution match with the standard.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
Telco Cloud - 01. introduction to Telco cloudVikas Shokeen
Introduction to Telco Cloud Basics – NFV , SDN . Architecture & Benefits of Cloud Network for Telecom Operators
http://telecomtutorial.info
Covering Introduction & Tutorial for Telco Cloud Network , Virtualization , SDN / NFV , or Cloud Native Networks .. I am going to discuss all of these along with real life examples . In this Video , We will understand Why Cloud Native Networks have become necessity for Telecom Operators . What values & Benefits cloud networks are going to bring it to Operators
Basics & Introduction of Telco Cloud
Why Cloud Network are required in Telecom ?
How cloud solve problem of Telecom Operators & Carriers
How SDN & NFV works in telecom
How Cloud and Virtualization helps for better Capacity Management ?
The Cloud Solution
Linkedin : www.linkedin.com/in/vikas-shokeen
Manet - The Art of Networking without a NetworkTarun Varshney
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET), or simply ad hoc network, comprises nodes that freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary network topology without any infrastructure support.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
I l Show that if X has the discrete topology, then its only conn.pdfarjuncp10
I l
Show that if X has the discrete topology, then its only connected subspaces are point sets.
Solution
Let X have discrete topology.
Any subset Y of X is the union of singletons , each of which is both open and closed (as X has
discrete topology)
So the maximal sets which cannot expressed as a disjoint union of open (closed) subsets are the
singletons.
Hence the connected components of X are the singletons..
In 2006 the CEO of Bear Sterns, James Caynes, received a compensatio.pdfarjuncp10
In 2006 the CEO of Bear Sterns, James Caynes, received a compensation package of $34
million. The following year Bear Sterns cost $2.7 billion to the taxpayers. In 2006, the CEO of
Lehman Brothers received a compensation package of $27 million. On September 15, 2008,
Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy. The collapse of Lehman Brothers is seen by many as the
key event that sparked the Global Financial Crisis. In 2006, the CEO of Citigroup, Charles
Prince, received a compensation package of $25 million. Since then the stock price has fallen
from $50 a share to $3.5 a share. The CEO of Countrywide Financial, Angelo Mozilo, did even
better. His compensation package was $43 million. Angelo Mozilo and two other top executives
were charged by the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) with fraud. According to the
SEC, from 2005 through 2007, Countrywide Financial engaged in an unprecedented expansion
of its underwriting guidelines and was writing riskier and riskier loans, which these senior
executives were warned might ultimately curtail the company\'s ability to sell them. Countrywide
Financial was the third biggest originator of subprime mortgages and the nation\'s leader in
subprime mortgage- backed securities. The tragedy is that these individuals did not make
decisions that were in their companies’ best interest. Why? What went wrong? What caused the
relation between the CEO and the stockholders to go so badly awry? Discuss
Solution
Leaders who lose their way are not necessarily bad people; rather, they lose their moral bearings,
often yielding to seductions in their paths. Very few people go into leadership roles to cheat or
do evil, yet we all have the capacity for actions we deeply regret unless we stay grounded.
Leaders whose goal is the quest for power over others, unlimited wealth, or the fame that comes
with success tend to look to others to gain satisfaction, and often appear self-centered and
egotistical. They start to believe their own press. As leaders of institutions, they eventually
believe the institution cannot succeed without them.
While most people value fair compensation for their accomplishments, few leaders start out
seeking only money, power, and prestige. Along the way, the rewards—bonus checks,
newspaper articles, perks, and stock appreciation—fuel increasing desires for more.
This creates a deep desire to keep it going, often driven by desires to overcome narcissistic
wounds from childhood. Many times, this desire is so strong that leaders breach the ethical
standards that previously governed their conduct, which can be bizarre and even illegal.
Many leaders get to the top by imposing their will on others, even destroying people standing in
their way. When they reach the top, they may be paranoid that others are trying to knock them
off their pedestal. Sometimes they develop an impostor complex, caused by deep insecurities that
they aren\'t good enough and may be unmasked.
To prove they aren\'t impostors, they drive so.
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In vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs), the applications mainly focused on the road challenging subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which empowers smart transmission among vehicles and between vehicles and roadside frameworks. It is an optimistic methodology for the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). There are numerous difficulties to be tended while utilizing VANET. It is flexible and has a high dynamic topology and flexibility which makes the conventional MANET protocols unacceptable for VANET. Trust is a principal element which is used to create a trustful environment to improve the security in vehicular networks. Trust can be calculated by observing the human behavior which creates a trusted communicating environment. In this paper, we define the architecture of VANET, then the communication establishment and various challenges. Some trust models had been defined in this paper to enforce honest information sharing between communicating nodes. Trust establishment is compulsory among communicating vehicles to build a secure messages exchange and reliability.
Enhancing the Efficiency of Routing Protocols in VANETS by defending Dos Atta...Eswar Publications
Routing in VANETs (pure ad hoc architectures) with dynamic nature of the network becomes a challenging task for finding and maintaining routes. So, detecting the misbehaving vehicles is an important task in for improving the efficiency of the vehicles and to incorporate the reliable and secure routing in the transport system. Due to the self -configure (mobility) characteristic of the VANETS, it is very difficult to the road side and base station units to keep track of the actions happening among the vehicles. Obviously the attackers will have the fraudulent nature that same will persist over time with them that will be effected to the normal vehicles which is travelling in the
network from the non trustworthy vehicles. So detection and proper action is needed to improve the efficient routing of the vehicles in the network. Earlier we have many techniques for detecting and preventing the misbehaving vehicles depending upon the threshold values, mobility factors, power ratios etc., now we are proposing a new technique called Bloom-Filter based IP Choke Mechanism for locating the harmful vehicle. In
this paper we will discuss about the proposed technique on how to identify the malicious vehicle and how to defend the attacked vehicle by blocking it form the routing process.
A NEW GENERATION OF DRIVER ASSISTANCE AND SECURITYIJCI JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks are tremendously and very effectively used for safety related applications. Especially
for driver assistance and when it comes to safety of either from an accident or stealing of data VANET is the future of the all such problems.”A New Generation of Driver Assistance and Security” gives a idea about VANET and also provide solutions to various problems comes in this. Authentication will be provided by Group signature and Identity based (ID- based) Signature scheme. The scheme Provides cost effective, highly privacy
preserving of user, efficient message authentication and verification than existing system for VANETs. This
required CA (Central Authority) and LA (Local Authority) where LA is group leader and which has to concern with CA. This safety technique is efficient, robust, and scalable for VANET’s authentication and provide reallife solution match with the standard.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
Telco Cloud - 01. introduction to Telco cloudVikas Shokeen
Introduction to Telco Cloud Basics – NFV , SDN . Architecture & Benefits of Cloud Network for Telecom Operators
http://telecomtutorial.info
Covering Introduction & Tutorial for Telco Cloud Network , Virtualization , SDN / NFV , or Cloud Native Networks .. I am going to discuss all of these along with real life examples . In this Video , We will understand Why Cloud Native Networks have become necessity for Telecom Operators . What values & Benefits cloud networks are going to bring it to Operators
Basics & Introduction of Telco Cloud
Why Cloud Network are required in Telecom ?
How cloud solve problem of Telecom Operators & Carriers
How SDN & NFV works in telecom
How Cloud and Virtualization helps for better Capacity Management ?
The Cloud Solution
Linkedin : www.linkedin.com/in/vikas-shokeen
Manet - The Art of Networking without a NetworkTarun Varshney
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET), or simply ad hoc network, comprises nodes that freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary network topology without any infrastructure support.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Similar to what are the security requirements and challenges of VANETsSolu.pdf (20)
I l Show that if X has the discrete topology, then its only conn.pdfarjuncp10
I l
Show that if X has the discrete topology, then its only connected subspaces are point sets.
Solution
Let X have discrete topology.
Any subset Y of X is the union of singletons , each of which is both open and closed (as X has
discrete topology)
So the maximal sets which cannot expressed as a disjoint union of open (closed) subsets are the
singletons.
Hence the connected components of X are the singletons..
In 2006 the CEO of Bear Sterns, James Caynes, received a compensatio.pdfarjuncp10
In 2006 the CEO of Bear Sterns, James Caynes, received a compensation package of $34
million. The following year Bear Sterns cost $2.7 billion to the taxpayers. In 2006, the CEO of
Lehman Brothers received a compensation package of $27 million. On September 15, 2008,
Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy. The collapse of Lehman Brothers is seen by many as the
key event that sparked the Global Financial Crisis. In 2006, the CEO of Citigroup, Charles
Prince, received a compensation package of $25 million. Since then the stock price has fallen
from $50 a share to $3.5 a share. The CEO of Countrywide Financial, Angelo Mozilo, did even
better. His compensation package was $43 million. Angelo Mozilo and two other top executives
were charged by the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) with fraud. According to the
SEC, from 2005 through 2007, Countrywide Financial engaged in an unprecedented expansion
of its underwriting guidelines and was writing riskier and riskier loans, which these senior
executives were warned might ultimately curtail the company\'s ability to sell them. Countrywide
Financial was the third biggest originator of subprime mortgages and the nation\'s leader in
subprime mortgage- backed securities. The tragedy is that these individuals did not make
decisions that were in their companies’ best interest. Why? What went wrong? What caused the
relation between the CEO and the stockholders to go so badly awry? Discuss
Solution
Leaders who lose their way are not necessarily bad people; rather, they lose their moral bearings,
often yielding to seductions in their paths. Very few people go into leadership roles to cheat or
do evil, yet we all have the capacity for actions we deeply regret unless we stay grounded.
Leaders whose goal is the quest for power over others, unlimited wealth, or the fame that comes
with success tend to look to others to gain satisfaction, and often appear self-centered and
egotistical. They start to believe their own press. As leaders of institutions, they eventually
believe the institution cannot succeed without them.
While most people value fair compensation for their accomplishments, few leaders start out
seeking only money, power, and prestige. Along the way, the rewards—bonus checks,
newspaper articles, perks, and stock appreciation—fuel increasing desires for more.
This creates a deep desire to keep it going, often driven by desires to overcome narcissistic
wounds from childhood. Many times, this desire is so strong that leaders breach the ethical
standards that previously governed their conduct, which can be bizarre and even illegal.
Many leaders get to the top by imposing their will on others, even destroying people standing in
their way. When they reach the top, they may be paranoid that others are trying to knock them
off their pedestal. Sometimes they develop an impostor complex, caused by deep insecurities that
they aren\'t good enough and may be unmasked.
To prove they aren\'t impostors, they drive so.
How would a CFE devise a plan to prevent subsequent employee fraud.pdfarjuncp10
How would a CFE devise a plan to prevent subsequent employee fraud?
Solution
ANSWER:
Although the prevention of fraud is always less costly and more effective than fraud detection
(and subsequent investigation), however unfortunately prevention is not always possible. This
the reason, as CFE’s Certified Fraud Examiners (CFE) we must all be heavy promoters (and
supporters) of client internal audit functions
The CFE devise a plan to internal audit that includes the procedures to identify or prevent
significant incomplete, inaccurate, or unauthorized transactions; unreliable financial reporting;
deficiencies in safeguarding assets; and deviations from regulations, laws, and institutional
policies. When effectively designed and implemented, internal audits gives directors and senior
managers with timely information in regard to weaknesses in the internal control system and thus
facilitating timely remedial action and prevent subsequent employee fraud. Each institution is
required to have an internal audit function appropriate to the size and the nature and scope of the
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Hilary rode her horse for 8 miles until it was hurt.Then she walked .pdfarjuncp10
Hilary rode her horse for 8 miles until it was hurt.Then she walked back home to call a vet. She
figures the horse wals twice as fast as she does. the whole trip took 4 hours, so how fast would
Hilary have to walk?
Solution
The equation used in this problem is SpeedXTime=Distance
We know that the entire trip takes 4 hours
Let us designate x as the time that it takes the horse to travel 8 miles
4-x= is designated as the time it takes Hilary to walk back
we also know the ratio of rate 2:1
Let us set up the equation
(Distance/Time)=speed of the horse =8/x
(Distance/Time)=speed of Hilary =8/4-x
We need to make both sides of the eqation equal. In order to do this we need to multiply (8/4-x)
by 1/2 since the horse is going 2x the speed of Hilary
8/x=(1/2)(8/4-x)
Simplify by dividing 8 by 2 so that you get 8/x=4/4-x
Cross multiply to get 8(4-x)=4x
Use the distributive property
32-8x=4x
Add 8x to both sides and get
32=12x
Divide both sides by 12
x=1.33 hours it took the horse
4-x=2.67 hours it took Hilary
2.99 or 3 miles per hour
To double check let\'s plug in values
Speed(Time)=8
(3)2.67)=8.0 miles for Hillary
The horse speed is 8/1.33=6.0 mph
the horse is going 6/3 as fast as Hilary the answer is 2..
Find the admittance Yab in the circuit seen in the figure. Take that.pdfarjuncp10
Find the admittance Yab in the circuit seen in the figure. Take that R1 = 6 , R2 = 6 , R3 = 4 and
R4 = 12.8
Part A
Express Yab in rectangular form.
Express your answer in complex form.
The answer is NOT
Yab = (4+j3)10^(5) mS
Yab = 40+j30 mS
510^(5) e^(j36.86)Yab =
510^(5) e^(j36.86) mS j12.8 n Yab bo 12 j10 n
Solution
Z3=R3||j10=4*j10/(4+j10)
Z2=R2+j12=6+j12
Z1=R1-j2=6-j2
Zequ1=Z1||Z2||Z3=2.1517 +j 0.5793
Z=R4+Zequ1-j12.8=12.8-j12.8+2.1517 + j0.5793=14.9517 -j12.2207
Y=1/Z=1/14.9517 -j12.2207
Y=0.0401 + j0.0328
convert rect to polar
a=sqrt((0.0401^2)+(0.0328^2))=0.0518
b=tan-1(-0.0328/0.0401)=- 0.6856 in radins, if conver to degree=-39.2
ans:
0.051806*expj-39.2.
Diversity Paper Each student will complete a diversity research assig.pdfarjuncp10
Diversity Paper Each student will complete a diversity research assignment. Students will
choose one of the populations below and have the selection approved by the instructor. The
assignment explores the resiliency of elders of (African American antic/Latino. Asian American
Indian) or the status of older women in society compared to older men. Students will research the
economic status, health, social supports, living situations marry of one of the special populations
chosen by the student. They will also research specific cultural values and beliefs regarding life,
acceptance of help, and death. Students are encouraged to use the text and at least 3 other reliable
sources to gather information. Sources should be documented in APA style of referencing
Length is 5 pages of content, double-spaced in 12 point font. Paper is due the 7th week of class
and is worth so points. No late submissions will be accepted. The due date is Friday, February
24, by 11:00pm Central Start Date Due Date is Friday, February 24, by 11:00 pm central Time.
Solution
DIVERSITY RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT
Age and Socioeconomic Status
Socioeconomic status (SES) is often measured as a combination of education, income and
occupation. It is commonly conceptualized as the social standing or class of an individual or
group. When viewed through a social class lens, privilege, power and control are emphasized.
Furthermore, an examination of SES as a gradient or continuous variable reveals inequities in
access to and distribution of resources. SES is relevant to all realms of behavioural and social
science, including research, practice, education and advocacy.
SES Affects Our Society
SES affects overall human functioning, including our physical and mental health. Its effects can
be observed across the life span. Variance in socioeconomic status such as disparities in the
distribution of wealth, income and access to resources mitigate social problems that ultimately
affect everyone. All benefit from an increased focus on the foundations of socioeconomic
inequalities and efforts to reduce the deep gaps in socioeconomic status observed today in the
United States and abroad.
While older and retired U.S. residents may enjoy a higher standard of living than their
predecessors, older Americans remain among the most economically vulnerable groups. Of
major concern is whether older Americans will outlive their financial resources. Psychologists
and other social and behavioural science professionals possess the tools necessary to study and
identify strategies to alleviate these disparities at both individual and societal levels.
SES Impacts the Lives of Older Adults
The United States is facing unprecedented increases in the older adult population. Americans age
65 and over comprise nearly 13 percent of the U.S. population, and their proportion is estimated
to increase to 20 percent of the population in the next 25 years. As the percentage of older
Americans rises, so does concern for their econom.
Detailed solutions please 1. Let R and S be commutative rings and le.pdfarjuncp10
Detailed solutions please: 1. Let R and S be commutative rings and let sigma: R right arrow S be
a homomorphism. Prove that if sigma is one to one and b in R is a zero divisor of R, then
sigma(b) is a zero divisor of S.
Solution
we are given that R--->S is a homomorphism
A homomorphism is a map that preserves selected structure between two algebraic structures,
with the structure to be preserved being given by the naming of the homomorphism
the set R and S are the same as they form a homomorphic relation.
now b E R that is b lies with the set R
and since R and S are homomorphic so b will also lie in the ser S
since sigma is one to one function threfore the entire domain of sigma will be mapped .
its also gven that sigma(b) is a zero divisor of R
and since b E S as well
so sigma(b) is a zero divisor of S as well
hence proved..
Describe the mechanisms of asexual reproduction inProkaryotesPr.pdfarjuncp10
Describe the mechanisms of asexual reproduction in:
Prokaryotes
Protists
Plants-
Animals
Solution
Prokaryotes reprodue asexually by BINARY FISSION mehanism. In this the genetic material is
replicated as same as the parent genome the cell devides in two parts and give rise to new
progeny so no geneti diversity is formed.
protists- they also reprodue asexually through binary fission, BUDDING In this new organism
grow from the body of parent.
PLANT- VEGETATIVE reproduction is the main asexual reproduction in which a plant part
give rise of new plant same as the parent, such as growing tips of RHIZOME.
ANIMALS- they also reproduce asexually through budding,fission,fragmentation.In case of stick
inset, bees PARTHENOGENESIS our in whih unfertilised egg give rise to new individual it is a
type of AGAMOGENESIS..
Define intermediate phenotype and then imagine some intermediate phe.pdfarjuncp10
Define intermediate phenotype and then imagine some intermediate phenotypes (e.g. RNA,
metabolite, etc) for Down’s Syndrome.
Solution
intermediate phenotype :
it depicts a living being that shows a mix of the phenotypic characteristics that its parents
expressed.
. In the event that a red blossom cross-pollinates a white bloom, and the subsequent offspring are
pink, the posterity portrayed as a intermediate phenotype .
It happen when the traits under investigation are neither dominant or recessive.
Down disorder (DS or DNS), otherwise called trisomy 21, is a hereditary issue brought about by
the nearness of all or some portion of a third duplicate of chromosome 21. It is commonly
connected with physical development delays, trademark facial elements and mellow to direct
learned incapacity.
Down disorder is brought on by having three duplicates of the qualities on chromosome 21, as
opposed to the standard two.The guardians of the influenced individual are ordinarily
hereditarily ordinary
Those who have one tyke with Down disorder have around a 1% danger of having a moment
youngster with the disorder, if both guardians are found to have typical karyotypes.
The additional chromosome substance can emerge through a few distinctive ways.
The most widely recognized cause (around 92–95% of cases) is an entire additional duplicate of
chromosome 21, bringing about trisomy 21. In 1.0 to 2.5% of cases, a portion of the phones in
the body are typical and others have trisomy 21, known as mosaic Down syndrome.
The other basic systems that can offer ascent to Down disorder include: a Robertsonian
translocation, isochromosome, or ring chromosome.
These contain extra material from chromosome 21 and happen in around 2.5% of cases. An
isochromosome comes about when the two long arms of a chromosome isolate together as
opposed to the long and short arm isolating together amid egg or sperm improvement.
Trisomy 21 is known by the karyotype 47,XX,+21 for females and 47,XY,+21 for guys) is
brought about by a disappointment of the 21st chromosome to isolate amid egg or sperm
development.As an outcome, a sperm or egg cell is delivered with an additional duplicate of
chromosome 21; this cell therefore has 24 chromosomes.
At the point when joined with a typical cell from the other parent, the child has 47 chromosomes,
with three duplicates of chromosome 21.
Around 88% of instances of trisomy 21 result from nonseparation of the chromosomes in the
mother, 8% from nonseparation in the father, and 3% after the egg and sperm have combined.
Translocation : The additional chromosome 21 material may likewise happen due to a
Robertsonian translocation in 2–4% of cases. In this circumstance, the long arm of chromosome
21 is joined to another chromosome, regularly chromosome 14.
In a male influenced with Down disorder, it brings about a karyotype of 46XY,t(14q21q). This
might be another transformation or already display in one of the guardians.
The parent with such a translocation i.
Consider a population of lizards living on the coast of Africa. A sto.pdfarjuncp10
Consider a population of lizards living on the coast of Africa. A storm creates piles of debris
that the lizards use to raft to a faraway uninhabited island. Which evolutionary process is
happening? mutation selection balance the founder effect frequency-dependent selection
coalescence
Solution
Answer is. \"Founder effect\".
The lizards completely moved to new place where they never I habited before, and hence they
found new environment to adjust, which will create some environmental difference. This is
known as founder effect..
Can “discovery science” (for example, the discovery of a new species.pdfarjuncp10
Can “discovery science” (for example, the discovery of a new species of fossil, or a new species
of organism that is alive today) contribute to our understanding of evolution? Give examples.
Solution
Scientists seek natural causes for natural phenomena. This is the most basic description of what a
scientist aims to do every day. Their focus is limited to what they can physically observe and
measure directly, sometimes with the help of tools such as a microscope. They do not seek to
explain the supernatural as it is outside the bounds of science, but instead what is all around
them. There are basic methods of gaining knowledge that are common to all of science.
Biology uses discovery science , and hypothesis-based science . While discovery science is
mostly about describing nature, hypothesis-based science attempts to explain nature. The pair of
inquiries are widely used together in research. Observations that can be measured and verified
are the data of discovery science. In the study of life, discovery science is used to describe both
the simplest of life, and the most complex. From the building blocks of atoms and molecules all
the way up to the ecosystems and biosphere, discovery science describes it all. Discovery
science is based on the logic of inductive reasoning . Inductive reasoning uses numerous specific
observations to make a general statement.
For example: all living things are made of cells. This comes after the numerous discoveries of
cells in every specimen observed by biologists over two centuries. another example we can take
\"humans\". today we found most of the fossils of human lives who lived thousands of years
back and with help of that fossils we can understand growth and evolution human life..
C++Write a function void headEnqueue(Queue q, int key) which enqu.pdfarjuncp10
C++
Write a function void headEnqueue(Queue *q, int key) which enqueues the key such that, at
function exit, it is positioned at the head of the queue rather than the tail; and the order and
integrity of the queue is otherwise maintained.
Solution
struct node
{
int data;
node* next;
};
class Queue //linked_list class
{
private:
node* front;
node* rear;
public:
Queue();
void insert(int);
headEnqueue(Queue *q, int key);
};
Queue::Queue()
{
front = rear = NULL;
}
void Queue::insert(int val)
{
node* temp = new node;
temp->data = val;
temp->next = NULL;
if (front == NULL)
front= rear = temp;
else {
node* temp1 = front;
while (temp1->next)
temp1 = temp1->next;
temp1->next = temp;
}
}
void Queue::headEnqueue(Queue *q, int key)
{
node* temp = new node;
temp->data = key;
temp->next=q->front;
q->front=temp;
}.
All of the following are features or functions of nanobodies except _.pdfarjuncp10
All of the following are features or functions of nanobodies except ______________. small,
monomeric, lack disulfide bonds, and resistance to denaturation high affinity to the antigen
recognize protruding and recessed paratopes cannot be humanized consist of only the VHH
domain of heavy chain antibodies
Solution
d)cannot be humanized
because we have many humanized antibodies that are available .example-CyaA-Hly specific
humanized antibody.
A girl running at a constant speed of 1.4ms in a straight line thro.pdfarjuncp10
A girl running at a constant speed of 1.4m/s in a straight line throw a ball directly upward at 4.7
m/s. How far will she travel before the ball drops back into her hand? Ignore air fiction.
Solution
First find out how long the ball will be in the air,
t = seconds
Gravitational constant: -4.9 m/sec^2
Upward velocity: +4.7 m/s
:
-4.9t^2 + 4.7t = 0
t(-4.9t + 4.7) = 0.
You have a rural dial-up customer who complains that a large number .pdfarjuncp10
You have a rural dial-up customer who complains that a large number of phone calls have been
made to “dangerous” sites on the Internet from his computer but he didn’t make these calls. You
investigate his computer and discover what type of malware?
A. Adware
B. Dialer
C. Keystroke logger
D. Spim
Solution
B. Dialers are types of malicious programs installed on computers that cause the dialup modem
to call dangerous or pay-per-call locations on the Internet, often resulting in extremely high
phone bills for the customer..
You are given a mixed culture containing a anaerobic thermophile, ae.pdfarjuncp10
You are given a mixed culture containing a anaerobic thermophile, aerobic thermophile and
anaerobic hyperthermophile bacteria. How will you separate these into pure cultures?
Solution
In natural environments, microorganisms usually exist as mixed populations. A pure culture is
one by which all organisms are descendants of the exact same organism. A sterile medium is the
one which is free of all life forms. It is often sterilized by heating it to a temperature at which all
contaminating microorganisms are destroyed. Eventually, in functioning with microorganisms,
we ought to have a way of transferring growing organisms from a pure culture to a sterile
medium without introducing any undesirable outside contaminants. This approach of stopping
unwanted microorganisms from developing accessibility is termed aseptic technique.
Microorganisms whose optimal temperature for development is near 0oC are called
psychrophiles. The ones that grow optimally between 20oC and 45eC are called mesophiles.
These growing most useful at large conditions, 55oC to ~ 70oC and larger, are called
thermophiles. Prokaryotes that live at quite high conditions (up to 113oC ) are
hyperthermophiles. An organism that will require air for development is called aerobic. An
organism whose development can\'t arise in the presence of air is anaerobic. An organism that
may grow under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions is a facultative anaerobe. Microaerophilic
organisms involve free air but at a limited concentration. Based on this, the plates are incubated
at different temperatures with aerobic and anerobic conditions for enhancing the growth of
thermophiles and hyperthermophilc bacteria..
Woyld removing phenylethyl alcohol from PEA alter the mediumsS.pdfarjuncp10
Woyld removing phenylethyl alcohol from PEA alter the medium\'s
Solution
Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA) medium is a selective media that inhibit the growth of gram-
negative bacteria and allows the growth of gram-positive bacteria only. The phenyl ethyl alcohol
is responsible for preventing the growth of gram-negative bacteria. So, removing phenyl ethyl
alcohol from PEA alter the medium\'s specificity againstgram positivebacteria..
Which abstraction uses slates, state transitions, inputs and outputs .pdfarjuncp10
Which abstraction uses slates, state transitions, inputs and outputs to model a complex system?
How is the order of the entries in a linked list determined?
Solution
7)
State Machines are used states, state transistion diagrams, and inpuit & output systems. State
Machines outputs are depending on the entire history if theire inputs..
What is the target cell for the hormone AngiotensionogenSolut.pdfarjuncp10
What is the target cell for the hormone Angiotensionogen?
Solution
Answer: zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland on kidney
Reason:
Primarily low blood pressure trigger the release of precursor, angiotensinogen peptide, a serpin
family from the liver cells followed by formation of angiotensin I finally to angiotensin II in the
presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This angiotensin II active form is going to
act on the \"zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland on kidney\" to
trigger release of aldosterone to act on kidney cells finally to the reabsorption of sodium.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
what are the security requirements and challenges of VANETsSolu.pdf
1. what are the security requirements and challenges of VANETs?
Solution
CHALLENGING ISSUE IN VANET :
Although the characteristics of VANET distinguishes it a different network but some
characteristics imposes some challenges to deploy the VANET. These are the following
categories:
Technical Challenges
:
The technical challenges deals with the technical obstacles which should be resolved before the
deployment of VANET. Some challenges are given below:
• Network Management:
Due to high mobility, the network topology and channel
condition change rapidly. Due to this, we can’t use structures like tree because these
structures can’t be set up and maintained as rapidly as the topology changed.
• Congestion and collision Control:
The unbounded network size also creates a
challenge. The traffic load is low in rural areas and night in even urban areas. Due to this,
the network partitions frequently occurs while in rush hours the traffic load is very high
and hence network is congested and collision occurs in the network.
• Environmental Impact:
VANETs use the electromagnetic waves for communication.
These waves are affected by the environment. Hence to deploy the VANET the
environmental impact must be considered.
• MAC Design:
VANET generally use the shared medium to communicate hence the
MAC design is the key issue. Many approaches have been given like TDMA, SDMA,
and CSMA etc. IEEE 802.11 adopted the CSMA based Mac for VANET.
• Security: As VANET provides the road safety applications which are life critical
therefore security of these messages must be satisfied
SECURITY ISSUES IN VANET
:
Among all the challenges of the VANET, security got less attention so far. VANET packets
contains life critical information hence it is necessary to make sure that these packets are not
2. inserted or modified by the attacker; likewise the liability of drivers should also be established
that they inform the traffic environment correctly and within time.
Real time Constraint:
VANET is time critical where safety related message should be
delivered with 100ms transmission delay. So to achieve real time constraint, fast cryptographic
algorithm should be used. Message and entity authentication must be done
in time.
• Data Consistency Liability:
In VANET even authenticate node can perform malicious
activities that can cause accidents or disturb the network. Hence a mechanism should be
designed to avoid this inconsistency. Correlation among the received data from different node
on particular information may avoid this type of inconsistency.
• Low tolerance for error:
Some protocols are designed on the basis of probability.
VANET uses life critical information on which action is performed in very short time. A
small error in probabilistic algorithm may cause harm.
Security requirements in VANET
:
VANET must satisfy some security requirements before they are deployed. A security system in
VANET should satisfy the following requirements:
• Authentication:
Authentication ensures that the message is generated by the legitimate
user. In VANET a vehicle reacts upon the information came from the other vehicle hence
authentication must be satisfied.
• Availability:
Availability requires that the information must be available to the legitimate
users. DoS Attacks can bring down the network and hence information cannot be shared.
• Non-Repudiation: Non-repudiation means a node cannot deny that he/she does not
transmit the message. It may be crucial to determine the correct sequence in crash
reconstruction.
