Throughout Earth’s history, we have had long periods of innovation a.pdf

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Throughout Earth’s history, we have had long periods of innovation and radiation of new species which have been interrupted periodically by five major extinction events that eliminated large percentages of the life on Earth. The last of these appears to have involved a collision with a large asteroid resulting in the loss of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous. Each of these events has been followed by a new period of radiation of new species and innovation. As Wilson states, we are now in the midst of a sixth major extinction event that has been brought on by the actions of humans. Describe the common pattern of alternating extinctions and radiations. Consider Wilson’s statement. What evidence can you find to support or refute that statement? Do you agree with Wilson? Explain why you do or don’t agree and present the evidence supporting your opinion. Solution The common pattern include rise of a higher taxon by eradication of other higher taxon. Extinction of dinosaurs made the radiation of mammals. After cretaceous period mass extinction, which was for dinosaurs, we are at sixth mass extinction. The order of extinction is Ordovician- Silurian extinction, Late Devonian, the Permian, Triassic-Jurassic and the Cretaceous-Tertiary. In addition, the sixth extinction is Holocene extinction or also called as Anthropocene extinction, which is ongoing extinction from 10,000 BC. We have already lost many plant and animals’ species and that extinction is 1000 times more than previous. The present extinction rate is 140,000 species per year. The sixth extinction is occurring by human activity; the dominance of human..

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While the biosphere is always in flux, there have been notable instances of dramatic changes in the biosphere, the most extreme examples being five mass extinction events. In this resource, Cynthia Stokes Brown defines mass extinction, discusses that K-T extinction in detail, describes the other four major extinctions in Earth history, and ends by describing some of the proposed causes of mass extinction. Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017

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Number the ideas about extinction to show the chronological order in which they were popular, with 1 being the first idea about extinction up to 5 being the most recent idea: There are no catastrophes in the history of life on Earth. Each species goes extinct at its own time, the result of its struggle for existence with new, more improved. All species have existed forever, and all still exist. There was a terrible catastrophe at the end of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago. The iridium layer, shocked quartz, and the Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico shows that a massive asteroid hit the Earth, resulting in the extinction of 3/4 of plant and animal species over a relatively short period of time. Life on Earth has a history. Species go extinct, the result of terrible catastrophes. At first, only a few extinct species were known, and only a few catastrophes needed to have occurred to cause these extinctions. However, over time more and more extinct species were discovered, requiring more and more catastrophes until just too many catastrophes were needed to explain the fossil record. Conditions on Earth usually change slowly, but once in a while catastrophes do occur. These catastrophes, although rare, are extremely important because they determine the pattern of life on Earth. Number the ideas about extinction to show the chronological order in which they were popular, with 1 heine the firct idea ahnut extinction up to 5 being the most recent idea: [ Select 1 There are no catastrophes in the history of life on Earth. Each time, the result of its struggle for existence with new, more All species have existed forever, and all still exist. There was a terrible catastrophe at the end of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago. The iridium layer, shocked quartz, and the Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico shows that a massive asteroid hit the Earth, resulting in the extinction of 3/4 of plant and animal species over a relatively short period of time. Life on Earth has a history. Species go extinct, the result of terrible catastrophes. At first, only a few extinct species were known, and only a few catastrophes needed to have occurred to cause these extinctions. However, over time more and more extinct species were discovered, requiring more and more catastrophes until just too many catastrophes were needed to explain the fossil record. Conditions on Earth usually change slowly, but once in a while catastrophes do occur. These catastrophes, although rare, are extremely important because they determine the pattern of life on Earth..

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The age of the Earth is estimated from the amount of uranium isotope 238 remaining. Radioisotopes like U^238 slowly decay over time turning into either another isotope or another element when they release radiation. Estimates are that only half of the U^238 that was originally present in the Earth still exists. Since the half life (time it takes a radioisotope to lose 1/2 its material) is 4 5 times 10^9 that puts the age of the Earth at 4 5 billion years U^238 decays into Th^234, which decays into Pa^234, which decays into U^234. The earliest fossil evidence of bacteria is 3 5 billion years old. Vascular plants began to appear 400 million years ago. Modern humans are estimated to have appeared about 200,000 years ago. At which of these times would the most original U^238 remain? The time bacteria first became fossilized The time vascular plants appeared The time modem humans appeared At which of these times would the least original U^238 remain? The time bacteria first became fossilized The time vascular plants appeared The time modem humans appeared Fossils found in rock suggest that: Compare these time spans by changing the scale from YEARS to SECOND: let 1 year = 1 sec. Thus, in this scale the average biology student is 20 seconds old. At this scale, how many days ago did humans appear? 1.7 hours 1 day 1.7 days 2 days 2.7 days How many years ago did the dinosaurs vanish? 2 years 2.1 years 2.2 days 2.3 days 2.4 days How many years ago did flowering plants begin to dominate? 1.5 years 2 years 2.5 years 3 years 3.5 years How many years ago did plants start to live on land? 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years How many years ago did cells first fossilize? 91 years 111 years 121 years 131 years 141 years Solution a) Most U238 existed when the bacteria first bacame fossilised. The earliest fossil evidence of bacteria is 3.5 billion years ago b) Least U238 remains at time when first modern human appeared 200,000 years ago 2a) 180,000 years = 180,000 sec = 2.08 days or 2 days. Ans iv b) 2.06 years c)2.5 years d) 12.6 years e)111 years.

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Suppose Michael creates an RSA cryptosystem with a very large mod ulus n for which the factorization of n cannot be found in a reasonable amount of time. Suppose that Nikita sends messages to Michael by representing each alphabetic character as an integer between 0 and 26 (A corresponds to 1, B to 2, etc., and a space to 0), then encrypts each number separately using Michael\'s RSA cryptosystem. Is this method secure? Explain your answer. Solution This method is not secure, it is just equal to a \"Ceaser Cipher\", that is a permutation of letters of alphabet, which is well-known to be easily broken using a frequency analysis..

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Sand, Mell, and Rand are partners who share incomes and losses in a 1:4:5 ratio. After lengthy disagreements among the partners and several unprofitable periods, the partners decided to liquidate the partnership. Before the liquidation, the partnership balance sheet showed the following: Cash $10,000 Total “other assets,” $106,000 Total liabilities, $88,000 Sand, Capital, $1,200 Mell, Capital, $11,700 Rand, Capital, $15,100 The “other assets” were sold for $ 85,000. Proceeds from the sale of other assets were used to payoff existing liabilities. Determine the following: 1)The gain (or loss) realized on the sale of the assets and recording of liabilities’ payment. 2)The balances in the partners’ capital accounts after the distribution of this gain or loss to the capital accounts. 3)Assume that if any capital deficits exist, they are not made up and the deficient partner pays down his or her deficit to zero. How much cash will each of the partners receive in the final liquidation? Solution Balance Sheet Assets Amount Liabilities Amount Cash $ 10,000.00 Total liabilities $ 88,000.00 Other Assets $ 106,000.00 Partner\'s Capital A/c Sand $ 1,200.00 Mell $ 11,700.00 RAND $ 15,100.00 Total $ 116,000.00 Total $ 116,000.00 Journal Entries Particular Amount(DR) Amount(CR) 1) Cash A/c $ 85,000.00 Loss on realization $ 21,000.00 To Other Assets $ 106,000.00 (Being amount realized on sale of assets) Sand=($21000*1/10) $ 2,100.00 Mell=($21000*4/10) $ 8,400.00 Rand=($21000*5/10) $ 10,500.00 To Loss on realization $ 21,000.00 (Being loss on realization distribute to partner\'s in their profit sharing ratio) Total Liabilities $ 88,000.00 To Cash $ 88,000.00 (Being amount paid to total liabilities) 2) Sand\'s Capital A/c Particular Amount(Dr) Particular Amount(Cr) To Loss on realization $ 2,100.00 By Balance B/d $ 1,200.00 By Cash A/c $ 900.00 Total $ 2,100.00 Total $ 2,100.00 Mell\'s Capital A/c Particular Amount(Dr) Particular Amount(Cr) To Loss on realization $ 8,400.00 By Balance B/d $ 11,700.00 To Cash $ 3,300.00 Total $ 11,700.00 Total $ 11,700.00 Rand\'s Capital A/c Particular Amount(Dr) Particular Amount(Cr) To Loss on realization $ 10,500.00 By Balance B/d $ 15,100.00 To Cash $ 4,600.00 Total $ 15,100.00 Total $ 15,100.00 3) Cash A/c Particular Amount(Dr) Particular Amount(Cr) To Balance b/d $ 10,000.00 By Total Liabilities $ 88,000.00 To Other assets $ 85,000.00 By Mell\'s Capital A/c $ 3,300.00 To Sand\'s Capital A/c $ 900.00 By Rand\'s Capital A/c $ 4,600.00 Total $ 95,900.00 Total $ 95,900.00.

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Livingstone is a marble freak and loves to paly at school. During the first break, he doubled the number of marbles he had. During the second break, he lost 4 marbles. During the third break, he increased his stock of marbles by one-third. During lunch, however, he lost half of his marbles. After school, livingston played again and tripled what he had. He went home with 72 marbles. How much did he start with? work backword to answer this question. Solution consider he had x marblles During the first break, he doubled the number of marbles he had. = 2x During the second break, he lost 4 marbles =2x-4 During the third break, he increased his stock of marbles by one-third =2x-4 +1/3 (2x-4) During lunch, however, he lost half of his marbles. = (2x-4 +1/3 (2x-4))/2 After school, livingston played again and tripled what he had = 3(2x-4 +1/3 (2x-4))/2 He went home with 72 marbles 3(2x-4 +1/3 (2x-4))/2 = 72 (3/2)(4/3)(2x-4) = 72 4x-8 =72 4x = 80 x=20 he start with 20 marbles.

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Discuss the outcomes and challenges surrounding shortages in various markets. Below are a few examples from NBC learn. Pick one of these to discuss: Bees Tamiflu Workers Rice Solution The report notes that the record population can be viewed as a success because it means people are living longer — average life expectancy has increased from about 48 years in the early 1950s to about 68 in the first decade of the 21st century — and more children are surviving worldwide. But not everyone has benefited from a higher quality of life. In some of the poorest countries women are having more babies, stymieing development and perpetuating poverty; in some of the wealthier countries low fertility rates and a shortage of workers are raising concerns about the sustainability of economic growth and social programs. World population by the billions 1 billion - 1804 2 billion - 1927 3 billion - 1959 4 billion - 1974 5 billion - 1987 6 billion - 1999* 7 billion - 2011 *Year when the milestone was observed by the United Nations. Source: United Nations Population Fund \"This report makes the case that with planning and the right investments in people now — to empower them to make choices that are not only good for themselves but for our global commons — our world of 7 billion can have thriving, sustainable cities, productive labor forces that can fuel economic growth, youth populations that contribute to the well-being of economies and societies, and a generation of older people who are healthy and actively engaged in the social and economic affairs of their communities,\" writes Babatunde Osotimehin, executive director of the UNFPA..

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Case Study 1Hotel worker Danny Ruiz was living with his wife and f.pdf

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Assignment Submission Assignment, you submit answers by question by question parts. The number of submissions remaining for each question part only changes if you submit or change the answer. Assignment Scoring Assignment submission is used for your score. The complex number z = -1 + i in polar form is z =. The complex number z = 2(cos(pi/6) + i sin(pi/6)) in rectangular form is z = ___________. The complex number graphed below can be expressed in rectangular form as z = or in polar form as z = _________. Solution a)given z =-1+ 1i r =[(-1)2+12] r=2 =tan-1(1/-1) =-tan-1(1/1) =-(/4) =(3/4) z=2 [cos(3/4) +i sin(3/4)] ==================================== b)z=2 [cos(/6) +i sin(/6)] z=2 [(3 /2) +i(1/2)] z=3 +i1 z=3 +i c) z =(1+ 1i) z=2 [cos(/4) +i sin(/4)].

Assignment Submission Assignment, you submit answers by question by .pdf

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A linear dynamical system can be created for two masses connected by.pdf

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A 7 year old female with a history of previous UTI’s suddenly develops painful, dark-orange colored urine, with fever and back pain. Her urinalysis reveals dipstick tests that are positive for protein (2+), blood (1+), leukocyte esterase (4+), and nitrate (4+). The microscopic examination yields 20-25 WBC/HPF, 5-10 RBC/HPF, 5-10 WBC Casts/LPF, and numerous bacteria. The patient has been taking Tylenol and vitamin C supplements daily for the past 24 hours, since the condition began. Based on the results 1) what diagnosis/condition would you surmise at this point? 2) what dipstick/microscopic test support this? 3) is the patient’s history significant? 4) can the medication or vitamin supplement have any impact on the test results? Solution Women often experience urinary tract infections that are often marked by pain in the abdomen or lower back. The urine is dark-orange colored due to blood mixing with dark yellow urine. The infection may be due to bacteria E. coli, (MayoClinic). Leukocyte esterase test dipstick that indicates; the presence of white blood cells either as whole cells or as lysed cells; supports this assumption and the microscopic examination yielding 20-25 WBC/HPF also backs this assumption. Yes with all the medical history and the details of the tests done; one can proceed with the treatment. Yes according to researches; Vitamin C spiking of urine has shown to demonstrate false-negative results at various concentrations, (Ko DH, 2015) in case of Dipstick Test Results..

A 7 year old female with a history of previous UTI’s suddenly develo.pdf

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5. Toxco, Inc. emits a noxious gaseous substance as a waste product of its operations. As part of its manufacturing process, it also generates liquid solvent wastes such as toluene. Analyze which if any, of these materials are regulated under RCRA. If there is any additional information that would be needed to answer this question, identify what that is. (15 points) Solution Following the discovery of an illegal meth lab by law enforcement, officers collect samples of the chemicals used in that lab as evidence for prosecution. After all forensic samples are gathered, a Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) Team is summoned to clean up the remaining chemicals and other by-products or wastes. Estimates indicate that for each pound of meth produced, between five and six pounds of highly toxic waste is generated.1 The by-products or wastes removed by the Hazmat Teams are generally treated as RCRA hazardous waste without further analysis, and are sent to a RCRA permitted site for treatment and disposal. State and Federal officials also have found that during the operation of the meth lab, the residue from meth production may enter porous building materials such as wallboard, carpets and furnishings.2 In addition to the potential contamination of the building and its contents, there may be further contamination from the improper disposal of these by-products or wastes by the producers of the meth, which is typically poured into the indoor plumbing drains that flow either into the city sewer or individual sewage treatment systems (e.g., septic systems), or modified to allow drainage directly onto the soil near the meth lab. The other disposal method typically seen at functioning meth labs is a burn or burial pit. The primary environmental concern from drainage of these materials into the soil or from disposal into a burn or burial pit is contamination of ground water by the chemicals, including volatile organic chemicals used in the production of meth, as well as vapor intrusion which involves soil vapor gas from ground water plumes infiltrating, and accumulating in, nearby buildings (residences and nonresidential sites) at dangerous levels.3 In most States, the property owner is responsible for decontamination of the property. In some States, the health department or another agency may evaluate the property for risks from long-term exposure to residual chemicals, including the potential environmental impacts of chemical spills into the environment or improper waste disposal. V. How Does RCRA Regulate Hazardous Waste? The determination of whether a particular waste is a Subtitle C RCRA hazardous waste is a multi-step process that depends on a number of factors, including the chemical character and composition of the waste. The regulations for making the hazardous waste determination are found in 40 CFR part 261.4 The first step is to determine whether the waste in question is a solid waste as defined under RCRA. The RCRA regulations require this determinatio.

5. Toxco, Inc. emits a noxious gaseous substance as a waste product o.pdf

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