Invertebrates colonized terrestrial environments independently of ve.pdf

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Invertebrates colonized terrestrial environments independently of vertebrates. However, they faced similar challenges adapting to land. Compare the adaptations of flatworms, mollusks and arthropods in regards to: i) water conservation, 2) movement/body support and 3) reproduction that allowed them to successfully colonize terrestrial environments. Solution Free-living flatworms are carnivores and scavengers that eat organic matter,which they acquire through their pharynx.Tapeworms attach to their host’s intestine and absorb food through the body wall.Flatworms move by contracting muscles against a hydrostatic skeleton.Flatworms reproduce asexually by pinching in half;they can also reproduce sexually inside a host by producing eggs that are dispersed.The flat body shape of a flatworm maximizes the surface area in contact with the environment. Mollusks have a mantle that secretes a shell in most species,a muscular foot that provides movement,a visceral mass containing the internal organs,and a radula.Mollusks feed by filtering organic particles out of the water;by scraping algae off rocks;or by hunting prey.Mollusks move by contracting muscles against a hydrostatic skeleton.Many mollusks protect themselves with a hard shells,others can evade predators by changing color and darting away,often in a cloud of ink. Arthropods use their jointed appendages for movement,defense,prey capture,sensing the environment,ornaments,weapons,and copulation.Arthropods feed on almost every imaginable inorganic substance,either by chewing or sucking.On land,arthropods exchange gases via tubules called tracheae or via book lungs;arthropods that live in water respire with gills.Arthropods have specialized organs that remove nitrogenous wastes,which are deposited into the end of the digestive tract and ejected though the anus.Arthropods have specialized sense organs that are sensitive to light,sound,scents,chemicals, potential mates,food proximity,touch,air currents,and body position.Arthropods move by contracting muscles attached internally to the exoskeleton.Although there are asexually reproducing species, most arthropods reproduce sexually,using internal fertilization.The exoskeleton offers some protection against predators, but many arthropods defend themselves by fleeing,biting,stinging,pinching,making noises,or giving off foul odors.Camouflage is another defense,as are wing spots that may startle predators.Aquatic arthropods respire with gills.Terrestrial forms rely on diffusion through tiny tubes called trachea.Trachea are cuticle-lined air ducts that branch throughout the body,and open in tiny holes called spiracles,located along the abdomen.Insects can open and close these spiracles,to conserve water that would otherwise be lost to evaporation from the open tubes.Their reliance on diffusion for respiration is one of the reasons that insects are small.Being small,an arthropod has a larger relative surface area than a human, so it loses more water.The exoskele.

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in tiny holes called spiracles,located along the abdomen.Insects can open and close these
spiracles,to conserve water that would otherwise be lost to evaporation from the open tubes.Their
reliance on diffusion for respiration is one of the reasons that insects are small.Being small,an
arthropod has a larger relative surface area than a human, so it loses more water.The exoskeleton
provides a waterproof layer to prevent water loss.Most can adjust their breathing holes in the
exoskeleton to minimise water loss.Many also secrete an additional layer of wax to further
prevent water loss.

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Mandibles refer to the feeding appendages (or jaws) using which food is ingested. Depending on the type of organism and the prey that has to be captured, the structure of the mandible has evolved over the ages. There are evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships to be considered with regard to common features in the development of mandibles in insects and vertebrates too. This is because several insect and crustacean adult mandibles are built in such a way that food is mainly handled with the lower portion of the jaw. Insect mandibles have evolved in accordance with the type of food or prey different species need to catch. Common food sources for insects include algae,other insects, fish, other plants etc. Insects may pierce the surface of their food and suck out fluids,or graze their food to separate it from mud and ingest it. They can even bite off some portions of their food before ingestion or engulf their food as a whole.Some insects chew leaves and other parts of plants. Their mandibles have evolved accordingly. Vertebrates have a variety of food sources and do not depend on any single trophic level for their survival. The muscles that enable mastication of food move the lower jaw of vertebrate mandibles. In humans, the voice box also moves the mandible. Most vertebrates either engulf their food or shred it. Many have teeth for feeding, and can be either herbivores or carnivores. Octopuses are invertebrates having a clever feeding mechanism. They use their long tentacles to explore crevices for their prey. On capturing their prey, they immediately inject their poisonous saliva to immobilize it, after which they use their beaks to crush and ingest their prey. They mostly eat crabs, mollusks, lobsters etc. If the shell of their prey is too tough to break, they use salivary papilla to drill a pinhole and eat the meat of their prey. Thus, the octopus has evolved a feeding mechanism suitable to it. Solution Mandibles refer to the feeding appendages (or jaws) using which food is ingested. Depending on the type of organism and the prey that has to be captured, the structure of the mandible has evolved over the ages. There are evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships to be considered with regard to common features in the development of mandibles in insects and vertebrates too. This is because several insect and crustacean adult mandibles are built in such a way that food is mainly handled with the lower portion of the jaw. Insect mandibles have evolved in accordance with the type of food or prey different species need to catch. Common food sources for insects include algae,other insects, fish, other plants etc. Insects may pierce the surface of their food and suck out fluids,or graze their food to separate it from mud and ingest it. They can even bite off some portions of their food before ingestion or engulf their food as a whole.Some insects chew leaves and other parts of plants. Their mandibles have evolved accordingly. Vertebrates have.

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A 7 year old female with a history of previous UTI’s suddenly develops painful, dark-orange colored urine, with fever and back pain. Her urinalysis reveals dipstick tests that are positive for protein (2+), blood (1+), leukocyte esterase (4+), and nitrate (4+). The microscopic examination yields 20-25 WBC/HPF, 5-10 RBC/HPF, 5-10 WBC Casts/LPF, and numerous bacteria. The patient has been taking Tylenol and vitamin C supplements daily for the past 24 hours, since the condition began. Based on the results 1) what diagnosis/condition would you surmise at this point? 2) what dipstick/microscopic test support this? 3) is the patient’s history significant? 4) can the medication or vitamin supplement have any impact on the test results? Solution Women often experience urinary tract infections that are often marked by pain in the abdomen or lower back. The urine is dark-orange colored due to blood mixing with dark yellow urine. The infection may be due to bacteria E. coli, (MayoClinic). Leukocyte esterase test dipstick that indicates; the presence of white blood cells either as whole cells or as lysed cells; supports this assumption and the microscopic examination yielding 20-25 WBC/HPF also backs this assumption. Yes with all the medical history and the details of the tests done; one can proceed with the treatment. Yes according to researches; Vitamin C spiking of urine has shown to demonstrate false-negative results at various concentrations, (Ko DH, 2015) in case of Dipstick Test Results..

A 7 year old female with a history of previous UTI’s suddenly develo.pdf

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5. Toxco, Inc. emits a noxious gaseous substance as a waste product of its operations. As part of its manufacturing process, it also generates liquid solvent wastes such as toluene. Analyze which if any, of these materials are regulated under RCRA. If there is any additional information that would be needed to answer this question, identify what that is. (15 points) Solution Following the discovery of an illegal meth lab by law enforcement, officers collect samples of the chemicals used in that lab as evidence for prosecution. After all forensic samples are gathered, a Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) Team is summoned to clean up the remaining chemicals and other by-products or wastes. Estimates indicate that for each pound of meth produced, between five and six pounds of highly toxic waste is generated.1 The by-products or wastes removed by the Hazmat Teams are generally treated as RCRA hazardous waste without further analysis, and are sent to a RCRA permitted site for treatment and disposal. State and Federal officials also have found that during the operation of the meth lab, the residue from meth production may enter porous building materials such as wallboard, carpets and furnishings.2 In addition to the potential contamination of the building and its contents, there may be further contamination from the improper disposal of these by-products or wastes by the producers of the meth, which is typically poured into the indoor plumbing drains that flow either into the city sewer or individual sewage treatment systems (e.g., septic systems), or modified to allow drainage directly onto the soil near the meth lab. The other disposal method typically seen at functioning meth labs is a burn or burial pit. The primary environmental concern from drainage of these materials into the soil or from disposal into a burn or burial pit is contamination of ground water by the chemicals, including volatile organic chemicals used in the production of meth, as well as vapor intrusion which involves soil vapor gas from ground water plumes infiltrating, and accumulating in, nearby buildings (residences and nonresidential sites) at dangerous levels.3 In most States, the property owner is responsible for decontamination of the property. In some States, the health department or another agency may evaluate the property for risks from long-term exposure to residual chemicals, including the potential environmental impacts of chemical spills into the environment or improper waste disposal. V. How Does RCRA Regulate Hazardous Waste? The determination of whether a particular waste is a Subtitle C RCRA hazardous waste is a multi-step process that depends on a number of factors, including the chemical character and composition of the waste. The regulations for making the hazardous waste determination are found in 40 CFR part 261.4 The first step is to determine whether the waste in question is a solid waste as defined under RCRA. The RCRA regulations require this determinatio.

5. Toxco, Inc. emits a noxious gaseous substance as a waste product o.pdf

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21. Two fair coins are tossed. Let E be the event not more than one head and F the event at least one of each face. Define the sample space S = {HH, HT, TH, TT) and assign probability ¼ to each simple event. a. Determine the P(E) b. Find the P(F) c. Find the P(E intersection F) d. Are E and F independent or dependent? 23. Three fair coins are tossed. Let E be the event not more than one head and F the event at least one of each face. Define the sample space S = {HHH, HHT, ..., TTT} and assign probability 1/8 to each simple event. a. Determine the P(E) b. Find the P(F) c. Find the P(E intersection F) d. Are E and F independent or dependent? Solution 21. a) E be the Event = { Not more than one Head } = {(H,T) (T,H) (T,T) } b) F be the Event = { atleast one of each face } = { (H,T) (T,H)} = Sample Space = { (H,T) (T,H) (T,T) (H,H) } c. P( E n F) = {(H,T) (T,H)} d. Dependent Note : We are suppose to answer only 1 question in time.

21. Two fair coins are tossed. Let E be the event not more than one h.pdf

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