The age of the Earth is estimated from the amount of uranium isotope .pdf

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The age of the Earth is estimated from the amount of uranium isotope 238 remaining. Radioisotopes like U^238 slowly decay over time turning into either another isotope or another element when they release radiation. Estimates are that only half of the U^238 that was originally present in the Earth still exists. Since the half life (time it takes a radioisotope to lose 1/2 its material) is 4 5 times 10^9 that puts the age of the Earth at 4 5 billion years U^238 decays into Th^234, which decays into Pa^234, which decays into U^234. The earliest fossil evidence of bacteria is 3 5 billion years old. Vascular plants began to appear 400 million years ago. Modern humans are estimated to have appeared about 200,000 years ago. At which of these times would the most original U^238 remain? The time bacteria first became fossilized The time vascular plants appeared The time modem humans appeared At which of these times would the least original U^238 remain? The time bacteria first became fossilized The time vascular plants appeared The time modem humans appeared Fossils found in rock suggest that: Compare these time spans by changing the scale from YEARS to SECOND: let 1 year = 1 sec. Thus, in this scale the average biology student is 20 seconds old. At this scale, how many days ago did humans appear? 1.7 hours 1 day 1.7 days 2 days 2.7 days How many years ago did the dinosaurs vanish? 2 years 2.1 years 2.2 days 2.3 days 2.4 days How many years ago did flowering plants begin to dominate? 1.5 years 2 years 2.5 years 3 years 3.5 years How many years ago did plants start to live on land? 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years How many years ago did cells first fossilize? 91 years 111 years 121 years 131 years 141 years Solution a) Most U238 existed when the bacteria first bacame fossilised. The earliest fossil evidence of bacteria is 3.5 billion years ago b) Least U238 remains at time when first modern human appeared 200,000 years ago 2a) 180,000 years = 180,000 sec = 2.08 days or 2 days. Ans iv b) 2.06 years c)2.5 years d) 12.6 years e)111 years.

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5. Toxco, Inc. emits a noxious gaseous substance as a waste product of its operations. As part of its manufacturing process, it also generates liquid solvent wastes such as toluene. Analyze which if any, of these materials are regulated under RCRA. If there is any additional information that would be needed to answer this question, identify what that is. (15 points) Solution Following the discovery of an illegal meth lab by law enforcement, officers collect samples of the chemicals used in that lab as evidence for prosecution. After all forensic samples are gathered, a Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) Team is summoned to clean up the remaining chemicals and other by-products or wastes. Estimates indicate that for each pound of meth produced, between five and six pounds of highly toxic waste is generated.1 The by-products or wastes removed by the Hazmat Teams are generally treated as RCRA hazardous waste without further analysis, and are sent to a RCRA permitted site for treatment and disposal. State and Federal officials also have found that during the operation of the meth lab, the residue from meth production may enter porous building materials such as wallboard, carpets and furnishings.2 In addition to the potential contamination of the building and its contents, there may be further contamination from the improper disposal of these by-products or wastes by the producers of the meth, which is typically poured into the indoor plumbing drains that flow either into the city sewer or individual sewage treatment systems (e.g., septic systems), or modified to allow drainage directly onto the soil near the meth lab. The other disposal method typically seen at functioning meth labs is a burn or burial pit. The primary environmental concern from drainage of these materials into the soil or from disposal into a burn or burial pit is contamination of ground water by the chemicals, including volatile organic chemicals used in the production of meth, as well as vapor intrusion which involves soil vapor gas from ground water plumes infiltrating, and accumulating in, nearby buildings (residences and nonresidential sites) at dangerous levels.3 In most States, the property owner is responsible for decontamination of the property. In some States, the health department or another agency may evaluate the property for risks from long-term exposure to residual chemicals, including the potential environmental impacts of chemical spills into the environment or improper waste disposal. V. How Does RCRA Regulate Hazardous Waste? The determination of whether a particular waste is a Subtitle C RCRA hazardous waste is a multi-step process that depends on a number of factors, including the chemical character and composition of the waste. The regulations for making the hazardous waste determination are found in 40 CFR part 261.4 The first step is to determine whether the waste in question is a solid waste as defined under RCRA. The RCRA regulations require this determinatio.

5. Toxco, Inc. emits a noxious gaseous substance as a waste product o.pdf

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21. Two fair coins are tossed. Let E be the event not more than one head and F the event at least one of each face. Define the sample space S = {HH, HT, TH, TT) and assign probability ¼ to each simple event. a. Determine the P(E) b. Find the P(F) c. Find the P(E intersection F) d. Are E and F independent or dependent? 23. Three fair coins are tossed. Let E be the event not more than one head and F the event at least one of each face. Define the sample space S = {HHH, HHT, ..., TTT} and assign probability 1/8 to each simple event. a. Determine the P(E) b. Find the P(F) c. Find the P(E intersection F) d. Are E and F independent or dependent? Solution 21. a) E be the Event = { Not more than one Head } = {(H,T) (T,H) (T,T) } b) F be the Event = { atleast one of each face } = { (H,T) (T,H)} = Sample Space = { (H,T) (T,H) (T,T) (H,H) } c. P( E n F) = {(H,T) (T,H)} d. Dependent Note : We are suppose to answer only 1 question in time.

21. Two fair coins are tossed. Let E be the event not more than one h.pdf

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