MBA Notes

1 By Arghadyuti Bhattacharjee
(09434345729) [arghadyuti@gmail.com]
1. Most computer applications require that the computer system meets minimum requirements
in order for the installation to run. One of those requirements is processor speed. Processor
speed measures (in megahertz or gigahertz; MHz or GHz) the number of instructions per
second the computer executes.
2.
3.
Printing MethodThe biggest difference between the two types of printers is the mechanism by which
the ink meets the paper. In a dot matrix printer, a moving head forms a character by extending the
proper pins in a square matrix, and then strikes the paper through an inked ribbon, leaving an
impression. Laser printers charge a spinning drum with intense light, which then attracts dry toner and
fuses it to the paper, producing words and images.
Graphics and ColorDot matrix printers are extremely limited in their graphical range. Because they
form individual characters from a matrix of pins, any graphics are limited to the dots inside these
blocks, and graphics produces this way are often pixelated and have low resolution. Likewise, since a
single inked ribbon provides all the pigment, dot matrix printers are usually monochrome or dual-color
at best. Laser printers, on the other hand, can generate high-resolution images, and can print in
multiple colors using color toner cartridges.
Paper OptionsBecause the print head of a dot matrix printer actually contacts the paper, it is a
suitable printer for any application involving carbon duplication. In addition, dot matrix paper comes in
a long, connected chain, allowing you to print banners that span the length of many individual pieces
of paper. Laser printers use individual sheets, and the lack of any pressure by a print head prevents
the use of mechanical duplication methods.
MaintenanceAny printer can jam, but the specific mechanism involved in dot matrix printers is
especially prone to problems. The printer draws the paper through the print mechanism using toothed
wheels that fit into a series of holes on either side of the paper chain. Perforations allow you to
remove these holes, as well as separate the paper into individual sheets, but can also separate during
the printing process and cause misfeeds and jams. Clearing a jam in a laser printer merely involves
removing the affected sheet, while clearing a dot matrix jam often involves tearing off several sheets
of paper, re-feeding it through the mechanism, and then re-aligning the holes with the teeth before
you can resume printing.
4. RAM is an acronym for random access memory,a type of computer memorythatcan be accessed randomly;
that is, any byte of memorycan be accessed withouttouching the preceding bytes.
5. 1 0. The Luna UI—In XP, Microsoft continues its unabashed Macintosh copycatting.Thenew Luna interface
uses a featurecalledWebViews todisplay a task-oriented UI. Although the XPUIlooks a bit different from
Win2K's UI, the new interface is similar enough sothat your retraining costs should be minimal.It y ou don't l ike
the Luna UI, y ou can restore the "classic"Win2K-style interface.

9. Improved hardwaresupport—As you would expect,XPsupports the latest and greatest hardware devices. XP
giv es you IDE support for ATA-100, CD-RW, DVD-RAM,and multiple IEEE 1 394 (FireWire)ports.In addition,
Microsoft willoffer a 64-bit version of XP.
8. Application Compatibility mode—Tobetter enable support for older applications, XP's Application
Compatibility mode uses a database of known application settings. In Application Compatibility mode,you can
specify which OS v ersion toreport toan application,and you can adjust various runtimememory -management
settings.You'll be able todownloadupdates from Microsoft's Web site.
7 . Windows Image Acquisition—WIA brings toXPsome of Windows Me's management and processing tools for
digital imaging acquisition.You can use WIA toselect and import images from most digital cameras.In addition,
Microsoft Paint can use WIA toimport images directly intoits graphicaleditor.
6. Windows Media Player (WMP) 8.0—The new WMPsupports CD-ROM and DVD playback and offers improved
audioand visual performanceandquality.You can use Group Policies tomanage WMP8.0.
5. Dev ice Driver Rollback—XP's ability toroll back device drivers lets you uninstallany new devicedrivers that
cause the system tobecome unstable. ToactivateDevice Driver Rollback,select Rollbackfrom the Device
Manager.
4. Built-in CD burner—One of XP's nicest features is its built-in ability toburn CDs. You can simply drag sound
files ontoy our CD-ROM drive's desktop icon. An added benefit is that XP's built-in backuputility can now use
CD-R and CD-RW media.
3. Internet Connection Firewall—The new Internet Connection Firewall is a terrificenhancement for small
office/home office(SOHO) and Internet-connected home users. Toprevent intruders from accessing your XP
sy stem,this feature uses packet filtering toblock LAN, Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE), VPN, and
dial-up network traffic.The Internet Connection Firewallalsosupports port mapping and can dynamically open
and close ports as necessary.
2. Remote Desktop—An extension of Win2KServer Terminal Services,Remote Desktop lets you control your
sy stem from a remote system.Also, XPprovides a Re-mote Desktop Web Connection,an ActiveXcontrol that
prov ides remote control capabilities ov er a Web connection.
1 . Remote Assistance—This feature willbe indispensable tocorporate Help desks that handle remote
troubleshooting. Remote Assistance, which works in conjunction with Remote Desktop,lets a user fillout a
Request for Help form and email it tothe Help desk.The form prompts the user for an activation period and a
password. The emailmessage then enables thesupport personneltoconnect totheuser's PC todiagnose and fix
the problem.
6. Windows Explorer is the file management application in Windows. Windows Explorer can be
used to navigate your hard drive and display the contents of the folders and subfolders you use to
organize your files on your hard drive. Windows Explorer is automatically launched any time you
open a folder in Windows XP.
7. There are two steps in each of the five elements,for a total of ten steps. These steps are:
Audience: Identify the communication preferences ofthe different personalitytypes
Objectives: Set specific objectives for whatyou want your audience to think and do differently after your
presentation
Problem/Solution:Identify a problem your audience has thatyour presentation will contribute to solving
Evidence: Listall the information that you think you may need to include in your presentation
Anecdotes:Identify brief anecdotes thathighlightyour mostimportantpoints
Sequencing:Sequence your information so thatit tells a compelling story
Graphics:Identify the mosteffective graphical elements to use in your presentation
Layout: Create slides thatcommunicate your information conciselyand effectively
Stakeholders:Identify any potential roadblocks to achieving your objectives,and make a plan to deal with each
Measurement:Decide how you will measure the success ofyour presentation

8. The words "data" and "information" are often used as if they are synonyms. Nevertheless, they
have different meanings.
Data: Raw material, from which you can draw conclusions. Facts from which you can deduce new
facts.
Information: knowledge, intelligence, a particular piece of data with a special meaning or function.
Information is often the result of combining, comparing and performing calculations on data.
9.
"Card reader" is the generic term for an input device that reads flash memory cards. It can be a
standalone device that connects to a computer via USB or it may be integrated into a computer, printer,
or multifunction device. In fact, most multifunction printer/scanner/copiers now have built-in card
readers.
Most card readers accept multiple memory card formats, including compact flash (CF), secure
digital (SD), and Sony's Memory Stick. Some card readers accept various other formats such as XD,
SmartMedia, Microdrive, and Memory Stick Pro Duo cards.
The purpose of a card reader is, not surprisingly, to read the data from a memory card. When you place
a memory card into a card reader, it will often show up on your computer as a mounted disk. You can
then view the contents of the memory card by double-clicking the card's icon. This icon typically appears
on the desktop of Macintosh computers or inside "My Computer" on Windowsmachines.
Since memory cards most often contain pictures from digital cameras, a photo organization program
may automatically open when you insert a memory card into you card reader. This provides an easy way
of importing your pictures into your photo album. If you don't want to import photos using the program,
you can simply close the program and the card will still be mounted on your computer.
Once you decide to remove the card, make sure you unmount or "eject" the disk before physically
removing the card. This will help prevent the data on the card from becoming corrupted.
10.
the time taken for a disk drive to locate the area on the disk where the data to be
read is stored.
11.
The term memory hierarchy is used in computer architecture when discussing
performance
issues in
computer
architectural
design, algorithm
predictions, and
the lower level
programming
constructs such
as involving
locality of
reference.

12. an electronic document in which data is arranged in the rows and columns of a grid and
can be manipulated and used in calculations.
Example of spreadsheet application :- Excel
13. The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system, and
uses the digits 0 to 7. Octal numerals can be made from binary numerals by
grouping consecutive binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right).
14. binary number system. A method of representing numbers that has 2 as its base and
uses only the digits 0 and 1. Each successive digit represents a power of 2. For example,
10011 represents (1 × 2 4
) + (0 × 2 3
) + (0 × 2 2
) + (1 × 2 1
) + (1 × 2 0
), or 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1,
or 19.
15.
a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways.
16.
a device for examining, reading, or monitoring something, in particular: a device that scans
documents and converts them into digital data.
17. Auxiliary memory, also known as auxiliarystorage, secondary
storage, secondarymemory or external memory, is a non-volatile memory (does not
lose stored data when thedevice is powered down) that is not directly accessible by
the CPU, because it is not accessed via the input/output channels (it is an
external device).
18. a GUI operating system for personal computers,developed by Microsoft.
19.
A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually
within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high speed and relatively inexpensive
(e.g., token ring orEthernet). Most Indiana University Bloomington departments are on LANs.
A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a larger network that usually spans several buildings in the
same city or town. The IUB network is an example of a MAN.
A WAN (wide area network), in comparison to a MAN, is not restricted to a geographical location,
although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or country. A WAN connects several LANs,
and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or accessible to the public. The
technology is high speed and relatively expensive. The Internet is an example of a worldwide public
WAN.
20.Management information system, or MIS, broadly refers to a computer-based system that provides
managers with the tools to organize, evaluate and efficiently manage departments within an
organization. In order to provide past, present and prediction information, a management information
system can include software that helps in decision making, data resources such as databases, the
hardware resources of a system, decision support systems, people management and project

management applications, and any computerized processes that enable the department to run
efficiently.
21. The buying and selling of products and services by businesses and consumers through an
electronic medium, without using any paper documents. E-commerce is widely considered the buying
and selling of products over the internet, but any transaction that is completed solely through
electronic measures can be considered e-commerce. E-commerce is subdivided into three
categories: business to business or B2B (Cisco), business to consumer or B2C (Amazon), and
consumer to consumer or C2C (eBay). also called electronic commerce.
22. a piece of code which is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect,
such as corrupting the system or destroying data.
.
23. the process of dealing with or controlling things or people.
To manage is to forecastand to plan, to organise,to command,to co-ordinate and to control.
24. Managementin all business and organizational activities is the actof getting people together to accomplish
desired goals and objectives using available resources efficientlyand effectively.
25.
MANAGEMENT
SCHOOLS
Beginning
Dates
Emphasis
CLASSICAL SCHOOL Managing workers and organizations more efficiently.
Scientific
Management
1880s
Administrative
Management
1940s
Bureaucratic
Management 1920s
BEHAVIORAL SCHOOL Understanding human behavior in the organization.
Human Relations 1930s
Behavioral Science
1950s
QUANTITATIVE
SCHOOL
Increasing quality of managerial decision-making through
the application of mathematical and statistical methods.
Management Science 1940s
Operations
Management
1940s
Management
Information Systems
1950s—
1970s
SYSTEMS SCHOOL 1950s Understanding the organization as a system that
transforms inputs into outputs while in constant interaction
with its' environment.
CONTINGENCY
SCHOOL
1960s Applying management principlesand processes as
dictated by the unique characteristics of each situation.
26.
Planning, Organizing, Leading & Controlling.

27.Social responsibility is an ethical framework which suggests that an entity, be it
an organization or individual, has an obligation to act for the benefit of society at
large. Social responsibility is a duty every individual has to perform so as to
maintain a balance between the economy and the ecosystems.
28. Management known as management by results (MBR), is a process ofdefining
objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to
the objectives and understand what they need to do in the organization in order to
achieve them.
29. A group of people with a full set of complementary skills required to complete a task, job,
or project.
30. a system of management based on the principle that every member of staff must
be committed to maintaining high standards of work in every aspect of a company's
operations.
31. the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses.
32. Organizational behavior is the study of both group and individual performance
and activity within an organization. Internal and external perspectives are two
theories of how organizational behavior can be viewed by companies.
33. a reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular way.
34. the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive
character.
35. the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught.
36. a settled way of thinking or feeling about something.
37. Job satisfaction or employee satisfaction has been defined in many different
ways. Some believe it is simply how content an individual is with his or her job, in
other words, whether or not they like the job or individual aspects or facets of jobs,
such as nature of work or supervision.
38. a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding
circumstances.
39. the action of leading a group of people or an organization, or the ability to do this.
40. Many leaders are competentbutfew qualify as remarkable.If you want to join the ranks of the bestof the
best,make sure you embodyall these qualities all the time.It isn'teasy, but the rewards can be truly
phenomenal.
1. Awareness There is a difference between managementand employees,bosses and workers.Leaders
understand the nature of this difference and acceptit; it informs their image,their actions,and their
communication.Theyconduct themselves in a way that sets them apartfrom their employees --notin a manner
that suggests theyare better than others,but in a way that permits them to retain an objective perspective on
everything that's going on in their organization.
2. Decisiveness All leaders must make tough decisions It goes with the job.They understand thatin certain
situations,difficultand timelydecisions mustbe made in the bestinterests ofthe entire organization,decisions
that require a firmness,authority, and finality that will not please everyone. Extraordinary leaders don'thesitate in
such situations.They also know when not to act unilaterallybutinstead foster collaborative decision-making.
3. Empathy Extraordinary leaders praise in public and address problems in private. a genuine concern The best
leaders guide employees through challenges,always on the lookoutfor solutions to foster the long -term success
of the organization.Rather than making things personal when theyencounter problems,or assigning blame to
individuals,leaders look for constructive solutions and focus on moving forward.
4. Accountability Extraordinary leaders take responsibilityfor everyone's performance,including their own.They
follow up on all outstanding issues,check in on employees,and monitor the effectiveness ofcompanypolicies
and procedures.When things are going well,they praise.When problems arise,theyidentify them quickly, seek
solutions,and getthings back on track.

5. Confidence Not only are the bestleaders confident,buttheir confidence is contagious.Employees are
naturally drawn to them,seek their advice, and feel more confidentas a result.When challenged,they don’tgive
in too easily,because they know their ideas,opinions and strategies are well-informed and the resultof much
hard work. But when proven wrong they take responsibilityand quickly act to improve the situations within their
authority.
6. Optimism The very bestleaders are source of positiveenergy. They communicate easily.They are intrinsically
helpful and genuinelyconcerned for other people’s welfare.They always seem to have a solution and always
know what to say to inspire and reassure.Theyavoid personal criticism and pessimistic thinking,and look for
ways to gain consensus and getpeople to work together efficiently and effectively as a team.
7. Honesty Strong leaders treatpeople how they wantto be treated. They are extremely ethical and believe that
honesty, effort, and reliabilityform the foundation ofsuccess.Theyembodythese values so overtly that no
employee doubts their integrity for a minute.They share information openlyand avoid spin control.
MORE:
8. Focus Extraordinary leaders plan ahead and they are supremelyorganized.They think through multiple
scenarios and the possible impacts oftheir decisions,while considering viable alternatives and making plans and
strategies--all targeted toward success.Once prepared,they establish strategies,processes,and routines so that
high performance is tangible,easilydefined,and monitored.They communicate their plans to key players and
have contingency plans in the event last-minute changes require a new direction (which they often do).
9. Inspiration Put it all together and what emerges is a picture ofthe truly inspiring leader:someone who
communicates clearly,concisely,and often, and by doing so motivates everyone to give their bestall the time.
They challenge their people by setting high but attainable standards and expectations,and then giving them the
support,tools,training,and latitude to pursue those goals and become the bestemployees theycan possiblybe.
41. The thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options while
making important decisions.
42. The decision‐making process involves the following steps:
1.Define the problem.
2.Identify limiting factors.
3.Develop potential alternatives.
4.Analyze the alternatives.
5.Select the best alternative.
6.Implement the decision.
7.Establish a control and evaluation system.
43. Managerial economics is the science of directing scarce resources to manage
cost effectively. It consists of three branches: competitive markets, market power,
and imperfect markets. A market consists of buyers and sellers that communicate
with each other for voluntary exchange.
44. the part of economics concerned with single factors and the effects of individual
decisions.
45. the branch of economics concerned with large-scale or general economic factors,
such as interest rates and national productivity.
46,47, - In Notes
48. In economics & business, specifically cost accounting, the break-even point (BEP) is
the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal: there is no net loss or gain, and
one has "broken even."
49. The shutdown point is the combination of output and price where a firm earns
just enough revenue to cover its total variable costs.
50. In management accounting, fixed costs aredefined as expenses that do not
change as a function of the activity of a business, within the relevant period. For
example, a retailer must pay rent and utility bills irrespective of sales. In marketing, it
is necessary to know how costsdivide between variable and fixed.
51. a cost that varies with the level of output.

52. In economics, average cost and or unit cost is equal to total cost divided by the
number of goods produced (the output quantity, Q). It is also equal to the sum
of averagevariable costs (total variable costs divided by Q) plus
average fixed costs (total fixed costs divided by Q).
53. Demand forecasting is the activity of estimating the quantity of a product or
service that consumers will purchase. Demand forecasting involves techniques
including both informal methods, such as educated guesses, and quantitative
methods, such as the use of historical sales data or current data from test markets.
Demand forecasting may be used in making pricing decisions, in assessing future
capacity requirements, or in making decisions on whether to enter a new market.
54. an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something.
In business, cost is usually a monetary valuation of (1) effort, (2) material, (3)
resources, (4) time and utilities consumed, (5) risks incurred, and (6) opportunity
forgone in production and delivery of a good or service. All expenses are costs, but not
all costs (such as those incurred in acquisition of an income-generating asset) are
expenses.
55 in notes
56. The net domestic product (NDP) equals the gross domestic product(GDP)
minus depreciation on a country's capital goods. Net domestic product accounts for
capital that has been consumed over the year in the form of housing, vehicle, or
machinery deterioration.
57. Economies go through a regular pattern of ups and downs in the value of GDP. This is known as
the“business cycle” (sometimes you also see it referred to as the “economic cycle”).The business cycle
is characterised by four main phases
 Boom: high levels of consumer spending, business confidence, profits and investment. Prices
and costs also tend to rise faster. Unemployment tends to be low as growth in the economy
creates new jobs
 Recession: falling levels of consumer spending and confidence mean lower profits for
businesses – which start to cut back on investment. Spare capacity increases + rising
unemployment as businesses cut back and reduce stocks
 Slump / depression: a prolonged period of declining GDP - very weak consumer spending and
business investment; many business failures; rapidly rising unemployment; prices may start
falling (deflation)
 Recovery: things start to get better; consumers begin to increase spending; businesses feel a
little more confident and start to invest again and build stocks; but it takes time for
unemployment to stop growing

The stages of the classic business cycle can be illustrated as follows:
58. a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business
keep the price of a commodity or service low.
59. the total amount of money earned within a country.
60. a factor by which an increment of income exceeds the resulting increment of saving or
investment.
61. Factor income is income derived from selling the services of factors of
production. In the case of labour, this means wages, plus the part of the incomes of
the self-employed which is a reward for their own labour.
62. The production function is one of the key concepts of mainstream neoclassical
theories, used to definemarginal product and to distinguish allocative efficiency, the
defining focus of economics.
63. a written or spoken agreement, especially one concerning employment, sales, or
tenancy, that is intended to be enforceable by law.
64. An illegal agreement, under the common law of contract, is one that the courts
will not enforce because the purpose of the agreement is to achieve an illegal end.
The illegal end must result from performance of the contract itself.
65. A explicit proposal to contract which, if accepted, completes the contract and binds both
the person that made the offerand the person accepting the offer to the terms of the
contract. Related Terms: Contract, Acceptance, Counter Offer, Invitation to Treat.
66. the action of consenting to receive or undertake something offered.
67. a payment or reward.Consideration must be of value (at least to the parties), and
is exchanged for the performance or promise of performance by the other party
(such performance itself is consideration). In a contract, one consideration (thing
given) is exchanged for another consideration.
68. a person under the age of full legal responsibility.
69. A negotiable instrument is a document guaranteeing the payment of a specific
amount of money, either on demand, or at a set time, with the payer named on the
document.
70. a cheque drawn by a bank on its own funds
71. a written order to a person requiring them to make a specified payment to the
signatory or to a named payee; a promissory note.
72. a signed document containing a written promise to pay a stated sum to a
specified person or the bearer at a specified date or on demand.
73. The words show that the cheque must be paid only into the account of the person to
whom it is written: Crossing a cheque with a/c payeemeans that the cheque cannot be
used by someone else.

74. a government authority or licence conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the
sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention.
75. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted
in 1986 to protect interests of consumers in India. It makes provision for the
establishment of consumer councils and other authorities for the settlement
of consumers' disputes and for matters connected therewith.
76. Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that
seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by
offering better tradingconditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and
workers
77. A condition is a major term of the contract which goes to the root of the contract. If
a condition is breached the innocent party is entitled to repudiate (end) the contract and
claim damages:
Warranties are minor terms of a contract which are not central to the existence of the
contract. If a warranty is breached the innocent party may claim damages but can not
end the contract.
78. A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document prepared in the
formation and registration process of a limited liability company todefine its
relationship with shareholders.
79. The Articles of Association is a document that contains the purpose of the
company as well as the duties and responsibilities of its membersdefined and
recorded clearly. It is an important document which needs to be filed with the
Registrar of Companies.
80. The smallest number of securities which may be applied for in any new issue. The
Companies Act of 1956 created a legal precedent for this, stating that a company can
only offer a certain number of shares to the public that the company can actually pay
for, in the event that the shares are cashed in by the buyer.
81. Consumer Court is the special purpose court, mainly in India, that deals with
cases regarding consumer disputes and grievances. These are judiciary set ups by
the government to protect the consumer rights. Its main function is to maintain the
fair practices by the sellers towards consumers.
82. Cyber Law is a rapidly evolving area of civil and criminal law as applicable to the use of
computers, and activities performed and transactions conducted over internet and other networks.
This area of law also deals with the exchange of communications and information thereon,
including related issues concerning such communications and information as the protection of
intellectual property rights, freedom of speech, and public access to information. In the U.S. Cyber
Law includes rules and regulations established by Congress, legislatures, courts, and international
conventions to govern, prevent and resolve disputes that arise from the use of computers and the
Internet.
83. a tax on the amount by which the value of an article has been increased at each
stage of its production or distribution.
84. a market in which securities are bought and sold.
Organizedandregulatedfinancial marketwheresecurities(bonds,notes,shares) are boughtand
soldat pricesgovernedbythe forcesof demandandsupply.Stockexchangesbasicallyserveas(1)
primarymarketswhere corporations,governments,municipalities,andotherincorporatedbodies
can raise capital by channelingsavingsof the investorsintoproductive ventures;and(2) secondary
marketswhere investorscansell theirsecuritiestootherinvestorsforcash,thusreducingthe riskof
investmentandmaintainingliquidityinthe system.Stockexchangesimpose stringentrules,listing
requirements,andstatutoryrequirementsthatare bindingonall listedandtradingparties.Tradesin
the olderexchangesare conductedonthe floor(calledthe 'tradingfloor') of the exchange itself,by
shoutingordersandinstructions(calledopenoutcrysystem).Onmodernexchanges,tradesare
conductedovertelephone oronline.Almost all exchangesare 'auctionexchanges'wherebuyers

entercompetitivebidsandsellersentercompetitiveordersthroughatradingday.Some European
exchanges,however,use 'periodicauction'methodinwhichround-robincallsare made once a
tradingday.The firststockexchange wasopenedinAmsterdamin1602; the three largestexchanges
inthe worldare (inthe descendingorder) New YorkStockExchange (NYSE),LondonStockExchange
(LSE),and the TokyoStock Exchange (TSE).
85. an item of property owned by a person or company, regarded as having value and
available to meet debts, commitments, or legacies.
86. In financial accounting, a liability is defined as the future sacrifices of economic
benefits that the entity is presently obliged to make to other entities as a result of past
transactions or other past events, the settlement of which may result in the transfer or use of
assets, provision of services or other yielding .
87. The systematic and comprehensive recording of financial transactions pertaining to a
business. Accountingalso refers to the process of summarizing, analyzing and reporting
these transactions.
88. A trial balance is a worksheet listing the debit or credit balances of all the
ledger accounts for an entity. Under accounting theory, the total of all the debits
must equal the total of all ..
89. an account in the books of an organization to which incomes and gains are
credited and expenses and losses debited, so as to show the net profit or loss over a
given period.
a financial statement showing a company's net profit or loss in a given period.
90. A statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital of a business or other
organization at a particular point in time, detailing the balance of income and
expenditure over the preceding period.
91. An accounting standard is a guideline for financial accounting, such as how a
firm prepares and presents its business income and expense, assets and liabilities.
The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is comprised of a large group of
individual accounting standards.
92. A cash flow statement is the financial statement that measures
thecash generated or used by a company in a given period.
93. Such a shareholder has to share the profits and also bear the losses incurred by
the company. On the other hand, preference shares earn their holders only
dividends, which are fixed, giving no voting rights.Equity shareholders are regarded
as the real owners of the company.
94. a share which entitles the holder to a fixed dividend, whose payment takes
priority over that of ordinary share dividends.
95. a long-term security yielding a fixed rate of interest, issued by a company and secured
against assets.
96. Bull :-He is a speculator who purchases various types of shares. He purchases to sell them on higher
prices in future. He may sell the shares and securities before coming in possession. If the price falls then
he suffers a loss.
Bear :-He is always in a position to dispose of securities which he does not possess. He makes profit on
each transaction. He sells the various securities for the objective of taking advantages of an expected fall in
prices.
Lame Duck :-When bear fails to meet his obligations he struggles to meet finance like the Lame Duck.
This may happen when he has been concerned. Generally a bear agrees to dispose off certain shares on
specific date. But sometimes he fails to deliver due to non availability of shares in the market. If the other
party refuses to postpone the delivery them lame duck suffers heavy losses.

Stag :-He is also a speculator. He purchases the shares of newly floated company and shown himself a
genuine investor. He is not willing to become an actual shareholder of the company. He purchases the
shares to sell them above the par value to earn premium. A stag also suffer a loss.
97. Cash Book' A financial journal that contains all cashreceipts and payments, including
bank deposits and withdrawals. Entries in the cash book are then posted into the general
ledger. The cash book is periodically reconciled with the bank statements as an internal
method of auditing.
98. Refer to ques. 54
99. Direct costs refer to materials, labor and expenses related to the production of a
product. Other costs, such as depreciation or administrative expenses, are more
difficult to assign to a specific product, and therefore are considered indirect costs.
100.accounting format by mca.[DOUBT]
101. An annual report is a comprehensive report on a company's activities
throughout the preceding year. Annual reports are intended to give shareholders
and other interested people information about the company's activities
and financial performance.
102. Basel I norms was introduced in 1998, focused almost entirely on credit risk.
It defined capital requirement and structure of risk weights for banks. Basel II was
introduced in 2004, laid down guidelines for capital adequacy, risk management and
disclosure requirements.
103. The system of rules, practices and processes by which a company is directed
and controlled.Corporate governance essentially involves balancing the interests of
the many stakeholders in a company - these include its shareholders, management,
customers, suppliers, financiers, government and the community.
104. More specifically, the bottom line is a company's income after all expenses
have been deducted from revenues. These expenses include interest charges paid
on loans, general and administrative costs and income taxes. A company's bottom
line can also be referred to as net earnings or net profits.
105. A company's main accounting records. A general ledger is a complete record
of financial transactions over the life of a company. The ledgerholds account
information that is needed to prepare financial statements, and
includes accounts for assets, liabilities, owners' equity, revenues and expenses.
106. the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other
medium.
107. Nonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending
and receiving wordless cues between people.
108. read (printer's proofs or other written or printed material) and mark any errors.
109. Public speaking (sometimes termed oratory or oration) is the process or act of
performing a presentation (a speech) focused around an individual
directly speaking to a live audience in a structured, deliberate manner in order to
inform, influence, or entertain them.
110. information about reactions to a product, a person's performance of a task, etc. which
is used as a basis for improvement.
111. take notice of and act on what someone says; respond to advice or a request.
112. give a spoken or written account of something that one has observed, heard, done, or
investigated.
113. Generally business reports are categorized into two ways. They are oral and written. An oral
report is a piece of fact-to-face communication about something seen or observed. Though it saves
the reporter’s time, it is more time-consuming for the receiver as he has to listen to every word of the

report.
Reports:
----------
Oral
Written
Formal
Informal
Informational
Interpretive
Routine
Formal report.
1. Informational.
2. Interpretive.
3. Routine.
· Informal report.
Progress Report, Laboratory Report,Inventory report
114. notification or warning of something, especially to allow preparations to be made.
115. a letter or advertisement which is distributed to a large number of people.
116. Minutes are the official records of the proceedings of meeting
117. a list of items to be discussed at a formal meeting.
118. an official statement issued to newspapers giving information on a particular
matter.
119. a report in a newspaper, magazine, etc
120. the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God
or gods.
121. the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded
collectively.
122. A caste system is a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it
means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too.
Same goes for being rich, if you're a glass-half-full person.
123. Other Backward Class (OBC) is a collective term used by the Government of
India to classify castes which are socially and educationally disadvantaged. It is one
of several official classifications of the population of India, along with Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs).
124. the estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life.
125. the inability to read or write.
126. the standard of health, comfort, and happiness experienced by an individual or group.
127. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens'
group which is organized on a local, national or international level.
128. Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of
people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas.[1] Rural development has traditionally
centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry.
However, changes in global production networks and increased urbanization have changed the
character of rural areas. Increasingly tourism, niche manufacturers, and recreation have replaced
resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers.
129. the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of
something.

130. Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or
professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral orethical problems
that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct
and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.
131. Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby
companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations
and interactions with their stakeholders.
132. Corporate excellence is often described as the outstanding practices in managing
the organization and achieving results, all based on a set of fundamental concepts and
values. The essence is to be better and have a competitive advantage over others in the
industry. In such doing an organization needs to have a clear vision of what they are
aiming at. Excellence has to deal with a lot of skills such as leadership, organizational,
communication, motivational interpersonal, etc.
133. A code of ethics issued by a business is a particular kind of policy statement. A
properly framed code is, in effect, a form of legislation within the company binding
on its employees, with specific sanctions for violation of the code.
134. For example, we might say a function f is surjective on the set of real numbers.
If a function is defined as a set of ordered pairs with no specific codomain,
then f: X → Y indicates that f is a function whose domain is X and whose image is a
subset of Y.
135. a quantity expressing by how much the members of a group differ from the
mean value for the group.
.
.

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