This document summarizes a study investigating code-mixing patterns in Indonesian tweets. The study analyzed over 500 tweets to classify instances of code-mixing between Indonesian and English according to Muysken's typology. The most common patterns were insertion, found in 12% of tweets, and alternation, found in 4% of tweets. The study aims to contribute to understanding code-mixing in expanding circles and its implications for language contact.
3. WHY THIS STUDY
•
•
•
•
•
•
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
7. MUYSKEN’S (2000) CODE-MIXING PATTERNS
•
•
•
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
8. INSERTION
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
Lexical node (b) from a language (B) is inserted
to a base language’s (A) lexical nodes (a).
9. ALTERNATION
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
Two languages in two clauses that are independent from each
other’s grammar.
10. CONGRUENT LEXICALIZATION
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
Each language involved contributes to the sentence’s
grammatical structure (Muysken 2000, p.127).
The lexis involved may seem like insertional, but words of any
categories could switch between languages.
12. RESULTS
•
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
14. Code-mixing Pattern % of all tweets
Insertion 12%
Alternation 4%
Congruent Lexicalization 2%
Total 18%
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
N = 576
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
15. INSERTION
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
(what) a forceful couple
forceful
couple/a yg maksa ˜/b‚ (loc) (link)
N Adj
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
16. INSERTION (CONT’D)
•
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
park bike change car continue ‘on the way’
Parking (the) bike, change to the car, let’s continue (on the way)…
Parkir motor,/a ganti mobil /b Lanjutttt/c otww/d
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
17. ALTERNATION
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
Kereeen./a Love this expressionism!/b
Good night /c
*rontok badan karena belum tidur dari kemaren*/d
Broken body because NEG sleep since yesterday
Good night *(feels like) my body is broken because of not having any sleep since yesterday*
1
2
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
18. CONGRUENT LEXICALIZATION
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
miss see the center JKT48 on
@username get well really soon ve… miss to see the center of JKT48 on stage.
@username get well really soon ve.../a
kangen liat/b centernya/c jeketi di/d stage/e
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
19. CONGRUENT LEXICALIZATION (CONT’D)
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
Favorite very, less if
Q.time.. Sushi time./a Its/b paporit bgt/c. Kurang/d mainstream/e klo
gg difoto¦/e
NEG PASSIVE- photographed
Quality time, Sushi time. It’s very favorite, (it will be) less mainstream if it didn’t get
photographed
22. ONGOING STUDY
•
Abdurahman, Nur Hafiz
14th Asia TEFL International Conference
The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
June 30 – July 2 2016
Editor's Notes
privacy
an English noun (/a) is inserted into Indonesian clause (/b). It is common for Indonesian to use a borrowed noun such as in (10) to replace an Indonesian noun
One of the reason for the borrowing to happen might be caused by the status of the English word which is seen as cooler than its Indonesian synonym.
Ongoing research, insertion of English borrowed noun receives a more positive attitude by Indonesians
In contrast to tweet (10), tweet (11) shows an example of an Indonesian-English variation. ‘otw’ (/f) is an abbreviation of ‘on the way’, a variation of ‘on my way’ in common English. The word ‘otw’ is commonly used by Indonesian not only in virtual world, but also real life. This case is an example of ‘localized vocabularies of English usage’ (Bolton & Butler 2008 cited Martin 2010, p.253).
there are two English words in the next Indonesian clause (see (/c) and (/e)). The word ‘center’ (/c) is an N-insertion in which English noun is inserted and adapted to follow the Indonesian grammar (noun-suffix) as opposed to English (determiner-noun). In (/e), an English noun is borrowed to replace the Indonesian noun.
In (14), (/a), (/b) and (/c) are English-based clauses although (/c) are Indonesian words. However, (/c) are not a suitable part of speech if literally translated into English; it is better to use the adjective (e.g favourable or famous) instead of the noun (‘favorit’ is Indonesian noun). On the other hand, (/d), (/e), and (/f) are Indonesian-based with (/e) being borrowed English noun.