Marxist Analysis of How Economic Factors Impact TV Show Cancellations

Marxist Feminism And The Marxist Analysis Of Television Show
Marxist Analysis of Television shows In our society, there are many forms of mediated texts ranging from newspapers and magazines to films and
television shows. Each of these media forms can be seen from different theoretical perspectives and analyzed to understand the different concepts that
may influence them. Television shows are one of the most popular media texts with approximately 400 new shows airing each year (Ryan, 2016).
However, it is often very unlikely for these television shows to strive as 65% are cancelled after their first season (Ocasio, 2012). This then, brings
Marxist scholars into the picture as they are interested in how economic factors affect the production and distribution of media content (Mack & Ott,
2016). The Marxist theoretical perspective allows Marxist scholars to study television shows in order to understand why they were cancelled and how
certain roles in the media lead to this. Marxism is a perspective that was first introduced in the mid 1800's by Karl Marx and is still applied to
situations today. Marxism believes that the mode of production in society determines the social relations of productions (Mack & Ott, 2016). It is
considered to be a materialistic philosophy as it has a strong focus on the material world and how it plays a part in human thought. This helps in
learning more about the product consumption of the media industry and how social institutions such as family structures, religion and education reflect
on different
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Marx's Historical Materialism
Karl Marx is considered to be one of the most influential thinkers of our age. Born in Germany in 1818, he was greatly influenced by philosophers
such as Hegel, Feuerbach & St. Simon. He made an immense contribution to the different areas of sociology– definition of the field of study, analysis
of the economic structure and its relations with other parts of the social structure, theory of social classes, study of religion, theory of ideology,
analysis of the capitalist system etc. In this essay, we will deal with his contribution to the study of social development or the materialist conception of
history.
Marx put forward his conception of historical materialism for the first time in German Ideology in 1845–6. He believed that it was ... Show more
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Marx traces the various stages through which slavery passed in ancient Rome– initially, the slaves assisted small producers but due to their increasing
exploitation through usury, the plebians descended into slavery. This led to the growth of large estates where large–scale production took place. Due to
the continual exploitation and stagnation of trade and commerce these estates eventually became uneconomical. Further taxation and the decay of
towns finally led to their disintegration and the abolishment of slavery. Thus, the internal composition of this type of society prevents its growth
beyond a certain point and small–scale farming again becomes predominant.
Another reason for the decline of ancient Rome was due to the В‘barbarian onslaught' by the Huns. Their system of administration combined both their
own as well as Roman elements. The new social order saw the dominance of the military commander, who became the monarch & a new nobility,
drawn from warriors and an educated, Romanised elite. Peasants, who constituted their armies, became impoverished due to continual warfare. This led
to their enserfment to feudal lords. There existed 2 kinds of groupings in feudal Europe– serfs and lords in villages and craftsmen & journeymen or
apprenti who were part of the guild organization in towns. Common to both was small–scale production.
Marx focused on the factors which led to the transition from feudalism to capitalism.

Historical Materialism : The Concept Of Historical...
The notion of historical materialism is established by Engels in an excerpt from Anti–DГјhring entitled "Theoretical". The conception of historical
materialism is established from "the principle that production, and with production, the exchange of its products, is the basis of social order,"
(Engels, 292). Historical materialism is the study of the general laws governing the functioning and development of society. Historically, the
distribution of products and the division of society into classes and estates is determined by what is produced, how it was produced and how the
product is exchanged (Engels, 292). Engels defines historical materialism as a source of history that seeks the ultimate cause and importance of events
in the modes of production and exchange, the economic improvements of a society, and the division of society into distinct classes and the struggle of
these classes against one another. He further argues that the ultimate causes of all social changes and political revolutions are often sought in the minds
of men but should rather be sought in the changes in the mode of production and exchange (Engels, 292). Engels explains historical materialism as a
concept in which the modes of production and labour belonged to the sole producer. This quickly changed as societies began to adapt to the capitalist
mode of production. With this change came the creation of the present ruling class, the bourgeoisie. Engels explained that "the mode of production
peculiar to

A Philosophical Perspective on the Regulation of Business
A Philosophical Perspective on the Regulation of Business
ABSTRACT: The paper compares the Anglo–American and continental legal systems in parallel with a comparison of the philosophical foundations
for each. The defining philosophical distinction between the two legal traditions (viz., the Anglo–American system is predicated on idealism and the
continental system on materialism) is shown to influence the way in which criminal justice is handled by the two systems as applied to citizens, and
how this influence is carried across to the regulation of business as applied to corporations. The idealistic (possibly theological) worldview inherent in
the Anglo–American legal system explains its moral presumptions regarding human freedom, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2) The Anglo–American theory (as opposed to its philosophical foundation) of political democracy requires such a presumption about persons (i.e.,
citizens), who would otherwise be neither capable, nor worthy, of self–rule. This presumption of reasonableness correlates directly with the
presumption of innocence in the Anglo–American concept of the rule of law. (3)
As a function of this understanding, when universalized in civil society, legal authority in the Anglo–American tradition is grounded in the rule of law,
rather than in those who happen to claim or administer legal authority, and as such (focusing here only on criminal justice, since it is the starkest aspect
of law), is 1) required to presume a person's innocence until s/he is found guilty by a jury of peers, with the burden of proof resting resolutely with the
accuser (i.e., the state); 2) is rigidly restricted to judging actions, rather than persons, and 3) must hold perpetrators of unlawful actions to the same
penal standard, regardless of who they might be, or what position they might hold in society. (4) The moral purpose of punishment with respect to the
criminal is retribution (the deed is expiated through execution of the punishment), while the moral purpose of punishment with respect to society is that
it confirms our collective commitment to the rule of law – even while deterrence is seen as a primary objective (i.e., as an amoral "goal"). (5)
For most of Europe, the continental model of

Property Dualism
This essay assesses property dualism, a theory of mind. It proclaims the existence of a single, physical substance (unlike Cartesian dualism), but argues
that this single substance has two potential properties: physical and mental states that are not reducible. The idea that mental states are non–reducible
properties of brain states is the central tenant of a theory of mind called property dualism. However, before we can assess the theory we must be aware
that the question assumes the existence of mental states and as such we cannot answer this question from some perspectives (e.g. eliminative
materialism) Property dualism proclaims the existence of a single, physical substance (unlike Cartesian dualism), but argues that this single... Show
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A more damaging attack is to question whether property dualism does indeed solve the problem of location associated with substance dualism. Just
because mental properties supervene physical properties does not explain where they are, just how they interact with physical properties. Furthermore if
mental states are properties of physical matter in the same way that physical states are, then how is it so that we can scientifically measure physical
properties, but not the mental sates that they give rise to? It seems highly problematic for property dualism to claim that there are facts that cannot be
measured scientifically; and this issue also renders the theory unfalsifiable. To continue this thread, what is different between physical properties in my
brain that supposedly give rise to mental states and the physical properties in my washing machine that apparently do not? In response to this issue,
complexity has been invoked as this can give rise to emergent properties. However, if complexity is used as differentiating property between systems
with and without mental states, can we not point to other systems with complexity rivalling that of the human mind and ask if they experience mental
states? Maybe the internet experiences mental states, or weather systems? In addition we must be entitled to ask at what point a biological system
becomes sufficiently complex to experience mental states. Would this make a

Why Has Marxism Been Neglected For International Relations?
Why has Marxism been neglected in International Relations?
One of the major reasons why Marxism has generally been neglected in International Relations is due to the scarcity of Marxist writing that is
specifically focused on this subject. However, it can be argued that due to this paucity of material, Marxist theory has nothing of substantial value to
offer with regards to international relations. Non– Marxists argue that the concepts in Marx's analysis of capitalist production; class, labor, exchange
value, surplus value, are not relevant to international relations where the basic subject of analysis is the state. Even the work that is being done in
political science that aims to reassess the relationship between class and state, fails to offer a convincing link between internal developments and
external structures. Much of the debate in Marxism has been conducted in epistemology and has a tendency to veer towards inaccessibility.
The question arises as to what critical historical materialism means for world politics today: realistically, can its ideas from nearly a century and half
ago, be applied to the partly conceived apolitical globalized world of today?3 Some writers have greatly criticized historical materialism in IR,6 with
the perception of it being deterministic, reductionist, a version of historical teleology or simply Eurocentric. Even more serious are the charges that see
historical materialism as being inherently inept to prescribe for the contemporary

The Dualists Essay
The infinite theoretical duel between the duality of our mind and body by philosophers has been one that has been replete with a magnitude of different
philosophical theories that try to posit our existentiality. Consequently, these theorists try to find the answers to the causality of how the mind and the
brain truly interact: Are we our synapses, or are we something more than that? However, one theory that has been of interest to many recent scientists
and philosophers alike is one that has been around since its conception by a famous mathematician and philosopher named Rene Descartes. This theory
is called substance dualism; and accordingly, this theory tries to solve the mystery of how these two complex disparate entities can... Show more content
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However, one theory that I find particularly helpful is one that is from the Cartesian dualistic mentality; however, it branches of into its own direction
and creates a plausible theory that I hope will help open doors to many more answers to the mystery of our experiential existence. According to Dr.
Jeffrey M. Schwartz, Henry P. Stapp, and Mario Beauregard, who are researchers in the field of neuroscience and quantum physics, the mind creates a
causative effect through the brains' neural–mechanism–thus through material matter–and this in turn creates an interaction. Consequently, these
interactions–call it volition if you will–affect the atoms, matter and molecules of our material existence. Consequently, only through quantum physics
can one know how these substances comingle with each other to create a seamless interaction that can either have positive or negative consequences to
our existence. In philosophical terms, this theory also pertains to our experiential existence; thus, it has implications for our day–to–day life (2).
Classical physics mainly deals with formulas and sets of equations that describe our world in macromolecular terms; however, quantum physics is
concerned with the more intimate aspects of casual

John Locke's Person Identity
Identify is needed to determine existence. How to you determine the existence of an object according to John Locke it must be compared in a state
via a determine place and time, to itself at a separate place and time (Locke 367L). An object cannot exist at the same time in two separate places. For
example, a 20 ounce bottle of coke at a gas station in Kentucky and another 20 ounce bottle of coke in an airport in Denver do not share the same
identity. This is because while they may share every single trait, the fact that they exist in separate places at the same time makes them separate objects
that do not share the same identity. From this brief understanding of identity Locke creates his theory of personal identity. Locke first makes the
important distinction between non–living objects and living objects. The identity of a non–living object, a bundle of atoms, changes, "if one of these
atoms is taken away, or one new one added, it is no longer the same mass or the same body." (Locke 368R). In Locke's theory the moment the atoms
change even in the slightest bit with one atom being lost or added the bundle of atoms are no longer the same bundle that existed before the addition
/subtraction of atoms. For example, if a stick of chalk made a line on a blackboard for every time one atom of chalk left stick to form the line a
completely new stick of chalk would exist. This concept of constant changing identity with the slightest modification does not extend to living

The Historical Development Of Capitalism
The most effective system to exist in the world, capitalism, triumphed in uniting the world into a solitary system. Capitalism can be defined as "an
economic system in which employers hire workers to produce goods and services that will be marketed with the intention of making a profit"
(Bowles et al., 2005) (p. 74). Furthermore, the social order is significantly impacted by the relationship between the capitalist mode of production and
the mode of exchange, however, there is a rebuttal in the economic order of this system. The purpose of this essay is to, first explain what Engel's
means by historical materialism, and then to analyze the fundamental contradictions the capitalist mode of production has on the social order, and
examine the social and economic problems that arise from the contradiction. The conclusion of this essay will state the outcome of the historical
development of capitalism, according to Engels. It is very important for one to understand the concept of historical materialism before analyzing Engels'
ideas and critiques of capitalism. Historical materialism examines the material conditions of the society, along with social relations and social structure.
In simple words, this means that material conditions shape the social structure and economy. In his work "Theoretical," Engels establishes what he
means by historical materialism. Engels (1939) states "The materialist conception of history starts from the principle that production, and with

Summary : The Condition Of The Working Class In England
"The very turmoil of the streets has something repulsive, something against which human nature rebels" [Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the
Working Class in England, 36]. In the above quotation, German philosopher, Friedrich Engels, shows his readers how poor the living conditions
were in industrial towns such as London and Manchester. His goal was to showcase how the effects of the Industrial Revolution had made the
working class worse off in comparison to their previous condition in agrarian society. In his nonfiction work, he highlights several of the same and
also differing points concerning the working class as Elizabeth Gaskell does in her novel, Mary Barton. The main difference between their two
analyses is how each author approaches the working class poor, Engels with a more critical eye and Gaskell with a lens of emotion that builds
empathy for the characters. In his book, The Condition of the Working Class in England, Engels gives a much more objective and expansive view of
the conditions facing the working class poor than Gaskell does in Mary Barton. He takes his reader on a journey through the miserable living and
working conditions of the lower classes in what he calls the great towns of England, such as London and Manchester. Engels begins with the great
towns by saying that the city is so impressive that "a man cannot collect himself, but is lost in the marvel of England's greatness before he sets foot
upon English soil" [Friedrich Engels, The Condition

Rene Descartes And Cartesian Dualism
In his Meditations, the 17th Century mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes raised arguments for the possibility of mind–body substance
dualism, the belief that the mind and the body are two separate and distinct entities. So closely associated with Descartes this argument became, that it
is now commonly referred to as Cartesian dualism. However, as many philosophers have noted both during and following Descartes lifetime, Cartesian
dualism raises what is known as the 'mind–body problem', which questions how the mind and body can causally interact. Many philosophers have
attempted to address this problem, either by rejecting dualism altogether for monist views such as physicalism or idealism, or by maintaining that
Cartesian dualism can be compatible with mind–body interaction. This essay will address whether Cartesian dualism can satisfactorily account the
interaction between mind and body, and in doing so will analyse/critique the responses offered by Descartes as well as contemporary substance dualists,
whilst contrasting these views with the monistic views which argue that there is no separation between mental and physical states.
It is at first worth noting that Descartes was not the first to address the issue of dualism. Indeed, dualist philosophy goes back at least as far as Plato,
who argued that there was a distinction between the ephemeral, corporeal physical body and the eternal, ethereal soul which Plato believed to inhabit
the body during life and continue to exist beyond death. Plato regarded the body, along with all things which exist, to be an imperfect copy of what
he called 'Forms', and that the existence of a distinct soul was necessary to acquire innate knowledge. Plato's justification for his arguments seem
reasonable, he recognised that the senses could be deceptive and that for us to understand the real world it must be through reason, therefore for us to
acquire an understanding in the physical world it would make sense that an immaterial part of us has a knowledge of the external forms. Plato's
dualism does have some significant flaws, mostly so is the fact that Plato's idea of a particular soul being bound within a particular body is not
sufficiently explained, how can an

Althusser And Critique Of Marxism Essay
Althusser and Critique Paper
Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser reoriented the study of Marxism in the 1960s and 1970s, shifting it from a humanist interpretation to one
structured around the philosophy of ideology and the philosophy of science. The purpose of this reorientation revolved around the necessity to ground
an understanding of critique. By focusing on the notions of ideology and science, Althusser can provide an accurate explanation for the revolutionary
nature of Marx's thought, specifically the creation of the science, dialectical materialism. This science, according to Althusser, shows that the
production of thought is historically determined and provides the basis for all critique: as being able to discern mere ideas and historically
determined ideologies from true scientific knowledge. By understanding what is truly science and ideology, the proletariat can correctly work to
rectify the practices that impose a false ideology and work for a politics that is not based on exploitation.
To understand Althusser's elucidation of Marx's Philosophy, and by extension his work on critique, one has to specifically focus on the theory of
Marxism as a science, or the unification of two sciences, historical materialism and dialectic materialism. It is within the science of historical
materialism, or the science of history determined by modes of production, that one could understand how ideologies are introduced and constantly
reinforced. Modes of production, or the

Friedrich Engels : An Historical Materialist Approach Essay
In the excerpt from Anti–DГјhring titled "Theoretical" Friedrich Engels criticizes capitalism through an historical materialist approach. Through
declaration of a fundamental contradiction within the capitalist mode of production, Engels characterizes a cascade of economic conflicts that
inevitably paralyze capitalist society. Following critique of contemporary capitalist thought, Engels envisions a future for capitalism in which the
fundamental contradiction will lead to a revolution in capitalism. To understand Engels' declaration of the fundamental contradiction in capitalism, one
must understand the lens through which he views society. Engels views society through a lens of historical materialism, which in his words is that "the
ultimate causes of all social changes and political revolutions are ... changes in the mode of production and exchange" (292). He argues that society's
progress is not driven by the evolution of human insight, but rather the economic conditions of the era in question. Engels also emphasizes that
classifies social hierarchy and overall structure as dictated by the distribution of the means of distribution and exchange.
In medieval society, the modes of production were chiefly controlled by the peasantry and craftspeople; small units based around individuals that
produced enough goods for the survival of their families, along with small amounts of surplus that could be traded for goods or services. Especially
within the system of feudalism, such

Govt200 Worldview Analysis Essay
Worldview Analysis Essay
The institution of family and marriage was at one point one of the strongest institutions between two people that existed in the world. However, due to
process philosophy, we can now see that same institution is being attacked and transformed into something that God objects to. As Christians, the
Bible is our way to better understand and worship God. If we explore the ESV version in Genesis 2, we see God made man and woman and said that
they "shall become one flesh". Karl Marx however, offered up a different approach. Marx was an Atheist and therefore did not believe in God or the
word of God (Martin, 2006). Marx's atheistic teachings created a succession of process philosophers that eventually brought us to our ... Show more
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With that mindset, our nation has come to the position it is in, particularly in regards to homosexual "marriages'. Something that is so clearly stated
that is sinful, our government leaders have decided to legalize. How can we, as God's people, think that we have a right to change one of God's laws?
The answer is Marxism. Once we start disobeying God and start creating our own rules, we begin sinning against God.
The consequences of Marxism can be witnessed everyday if we pay close attention. Marxism teaches that everyone is born into a classless society,
with everyone being the same. Today, you can observe other people that constantly need to be like everyone else and to have the material things that
everyone else has. These basic ideas of conforming are Marxist in nature and are actually mentioned in Ecclesiastes 4:4–7. Eventually, if we follow the
path of Marxism, we see how it goes from Capitalism, to Socialism, to Communism. Socialism though, is what we are dealing with more and more in
our daily lives. We see it happening in our government, work, and if we're not cautious, we will eventually see it in our families.
Socialism is visible at work every day, especially in regards to welfare. If we look at the traditional marriage, God ordered the first man and woman,
Adam and Eve, to reproduce. "And God blessed them. And God said to them, "Be

In Understanding, Idealism And Materialism, It Takes An
In understanding, Idealism and Materialism, it takes an open mind in reading the writings "The Republic," "Materialism," and "Metaphysics" from
both Plato and Aristotle. Materialism, your mind is a product and part of the world, idealism the world is a product of and is just in our minds, and
metaphysics abstract theory or talk with no basis in reality. I consider Idealism to be the best way to understand reality, than anything else. Think
about a chair, what can you do in this chair; sit, touch, and maybe even smell in the wood in the chair. In our brain, we form an image of the 'chair'
the issue in this is whether we can regard the thing that caused the perceptions as real or not. The chair is made from an idea and is formed in our...
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Brunette, short, and stubby are as well given of her, but in a different way in which human is. Human is spoken of Brianna because it shapes her as a
whole, and brunette and other characteristics of Brianna are broken down as being in since you can pick out a feature that is said to be.
In his writing, it seems that certain properties belong to the objects in different ways when part of definition from when they are not. I agree that if
there is not actual substance that there could be nothing to make an idea of, unlike with Plato who says that you can create and eternal truth to exist in
an idea.
In Plato's writing of "Republics" takes a different approach in his arguments about to what he believes to be real. His eternal truths exist in the realm
of Ideas, that idealism equals ideas, rather than in what we would call the real, physical world. These truths can exist in your mind, but they cannot be
looked upon or seen out in the physical world (such as gravity, Newton wondered how the apple fell from the tree, but couldn't prove to people that
gravity exists); truth does not exist in the world that we can see with our senses.
A way of understanding this theory is to fully understand and grasp that it is the opposite of scientific thinking, which idealism is founded on the
assumption that the real or natural, physical world is the true world and the only one that we can truly understand. Here 's a good way of

Weber Vs. Marx : What Drives Historical Development
Weber vs. Marx: What Drives Historical Development
Modern capitalism, an ongoing process involving the continual accumulation and subsequent reinvestment of capital, is an end that both Weber and
Marx reach in their analyses of society and agree on in definition. However, while Marx tells us that phantoms of the brain i.e. morality, religion,
ideology, cannot develop independently of material production or influence it, Weber argues that ideas and religion can indeed determine life and the
processes of life, namely our material production. The key difference between the two is their scope of factors that can cause historical development.
Marx only allows for one factor, productive forces and the economic conditions resulting from them; Weber, on the other hand, acknowledges that
while ideology and religion can support the economic relations as a driving factor, they can also develop independently and become a factor, a force
on its own that can alter production, economic conditions, and thus history. By accounting for the multiple ways in which a society can be altered,
Weber provides a more complete and applicable understanding of historical development and the powerful concept that an idea from an individual or
group of individuals can have a legitimate and significant effect on the direction of society.
Marx' 'The German Ideology' starts from the first premise of human history itself, "the existence of living human individuals", and ends at the current
stage of
historical

The Capitalist Class And The Proletariat Essay
Adam Smith and Karl Marx both examine the capitalist mode of production as an issue of central theoretical concern. I will be addressing many issues
regarding capitalism from both theorists that will demonstrate the general theoretical orientation that each has towards the nature of capitalism and the
roles of the capitalist class and the proletariat. This includes the moral character of the capitalist class, the tendency of capitalism towards crisis, the
effects of the division of labour, and the permanence of the system in a historical context. Further, I will also demonstrate why these issues are relevant
today, and how many of the arguments made by these theorists are still being used.
The first issue surrounding the nature of capitalism I will address is the moral character of the capitalist class as perceived by Adam Smith and Karl
Marx. The overall position that Adam Smith adopts in the Wealth of Nations is that the pursuit of self–interest for personal gain of the capitalist can be
beneficial for the general welfare of society, so long as it is channeled through the market rather than through the interference of the state (Baumol 1976;
McNally 1998). However, this does not imply that the interests of the capitalist class should be the guiding interests of the market. Baumol (1976)
argues that Smith repeatedly attacks the personal morality of the capitalists, arguing that the intentions of the individual should not determine the
economic fate of society. Smith

3 Key Differences between Orthodox and Critical Criminologies
Chapter 1: What are 3 key differences between orthodox and critical criminologies? Use examples of readings that reflect both criminologies to
illustrate your response.
Orthodox criminology refers to the how criminologists accept the states ideas of crime without thinking of power relations. This thinking is shared
by everyone and becomes a universal idea and these ideas are in the interests of everyone. However, certain groups of individuals are targeted and
blamed for crimes based on their class, race, gender, sexuality and more. The theory of Critical criminology as defined in Primer in Radical
Criminology is defined as "a way of doing criminology that frames the problem of crime in terms of the sociological forces of class, race, gender,
culture, and history."(1) In other words it focuses on challenging the state on their traditional, "normal" views of crime by looking at other factors.
Three differences between critical and orthodox criminologists are the following. The first difference is that critical criminologists seek to find the
root of what is behind the crime problem. (14) Rather than saying that the homicide was committed because he was an African American male who is
poor (orthodox criminology), critical criminologists look at a deeper sociological explanation, like the community he grew up in has high rates for
violence. A second difference is that radical criminologists understand that there is no fixed definition of crime and that there is more than one

The Theory Of Capitalism And Capitalism
Studying capitalism is an already difficult subject to focus on by itself. However, what makes this subject more complex is looking at it through a
historical approach. Nevertheless, it is important to study historical materialism in order to fully understand contemporary social structures. The
modes of production, as well as class relations, tie together as they are both important in what Engels was trying to discuss in his paper. He also
discusses the alienation of individuals as well as supply and demand of the market. This paper focuses on Friedrich Engels paper titled Anti–DГјhring
while specifically focusing on the chapter named "Theoretical" that discusses historical materialism and contradictions in capitalism. In this paper, it
will be established what Engels means when he speaks of historical materialism as well as manage to explain the fundamental contradiction in
capitalism and examples of such contradictions.
Historical materialism is a term derived from Marxist ideals. Engels discusses regarding this topic in this paper. He discusses Feudalism in regards to
capitalism as well as capitalism in regards to socialism (PROF). This includes discussing individual and social appropriation in regards to individual
and social production (PROF). Historically, it was considered that the causes of changes in society were based on the changes in production and
exchange. In Engels' perspective, materialism heavily influenced social structure. He states that the basis of every

Humanity 's Fate : Free Will Or Determinism?
Humanity's Fate: Free Will or Determinism?
Is one 's life determined or is it the result of free will? In establishing the answer to this question, it is essential that one understand the difference
between the two representations. When one follows the doctrine of determinism, it is as though one has absolutely no control over the various
occurrences that take place during one 's life. Free will, on the other hand, is the concept of having full authority over one 's aspirations and ultimate
direction, reflecting the exact opposite of those who adhere to determinism. Having adequately grasped the meaning behind these two divergent
perspectives, it can easily be demonstrated that life is one 's own responsibility. Instead of leaving all things up to fate, an individual has a significant
influence upon his or her own ultimate existence.
One may argue that we shape who we are based on every little decision and thing we do. Yes, there are factors that might sway or influence our
decisions and what we do, but we are the ones to choose whether those factors will sway or influence our decisions and actions. The essence or
nature of a person is not fixed in advance and must be created on his or her own. One can think of it as being your own canvas. You are your own
masterpiece. Whether based on what you do and the choices you make, that masterpiece is beautiful or ugly, it is you who created it, and you must be
fully aware of that in order to take full responsibility for who

Historical Materialism Is False
Hi, my name is Stephanie and in this speech today I am going to be defending the claim that Marx's idea of historical materialism is false. I will
defend the claim that Marx's idea is false with the support of Wright Mills and the developments of technology and the counter argument of dominant
classes having control of production and overproduction.
Marx's idea of historical materialism states that material conditions or economic factors affect the structure and development of society. His theory is
the materialistic understanding of the history of societies. To do this Marx traced the evolution of human societies from one stage to another then
interpreted the evolution of societies in relation of their material or economic bases. He discovered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the business owners who own mass production may be part of the higher classes, there are many small businesses out there that also
have high production rates who are not classified as being a part of the higher class. This belief that I hold therefore depends my claim that Marx's
idea of historical materialism is false. I also believe that although the overproduction may be true, people are more educated in today's society and
with the development of technology this overproduction can be decreased. Many people agree that the economic systems of the world need to be
changed in order to become more sustainable in the future. This knowledge is known by many and because of this I believe that the
overproduction will not lead to communism as Marx's idea indicated, instead it will lead to the economic systems of the world changing. Marx's
idea states that for communism to develop it will follow the development of capitalism. Today there is no examples of capitalism in the world as
this means that there would need to be a free market. Due to this I believe that Marx's idea is not true as he states that the process consists of
developing capitalism first. I believe that having no capitalism in the world today defends my claim that Marx's idea of historical materialism is not
true as it is a factor of the process that Marx stated would occur if overproduction

The Pros And Cons Of Historical Materialism
One of the biggest critics, although complicated, of historical materialism was fellow Communist philosopher and cultural critic. He critisised the
common Marxist–Leninist reading of Marx' historical materialism, which he saw as qvasi–religious by articulating an analogy between the historical
materialism of the ''ideologues of the Second and Third Internationals'' (http://www.versobooks.com/books/29–fire–alarm) and The Turk, a
chess–playing machine that could defeat skilled players but actually concealed a human who controlled this machine. (https://www.marxists.org
/reference/archive/benjamin/1940/history.htm) Benjamin writes this: One can envision a corresponding object to this apparatus in philosophy. The
puppet called "historical materialism"... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An important aspect when discussing the commune is the way in which violence was used: the event of the Paris Commune had two equally violent
poles – the National Guard representing the Proletarians and the German army whose country now controlled France. But the driving force behind the
Commune should not be misunderstood as a repressed class fighting for their ideas; instead, one has to emphasize that the political agitation is a result
of the materialistic class struggle that pushes for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. Because of this, examining how or whether the Commune was
sophisticated in its structure is irrelevant as a result. What this paper instead tries to examine how the reversion of the Dictatorship of the Bourgeoise,
i.e. capitalism, affects the both informal and formal structures within a society, in this case Paris. One can not analyse the structures of the Commune,
and it's pre–stages, without emphasizing the violence: the happening that was the Commune was entirely dependent on an armed proletariat, i.e. the
National Guard. The demands of the Commune were unclear and to some extent confused, but in the last resort they came forward on the abolition of
the class antagonism between workers and the bourgeoise. This demand, however unknown it was for it to be brought about, was an threat to the
existing society. As of

Historical Materialism : Marxist Materialism
Historical materialism has been reasonably criticized, especially in the past few decades, regarding it's impractical application to human behavior.
Historical materialism proposes that history is nothing more than the creation and evolution of society through man's own evolution of consciousness.
Society is driven by the economic forces man places on it and inevitably transforms into a higher state of society until it reaches its final stage, which
Marx argues is communism. Most criticism stems from this aspect of the theory and fails to examine how valid most other parts are. There is clear
evidence that historical materialism gives a logical explanation for the past and that it's ideology for the future could well be plausible. Marx's
historical materialism gives logical explanation to the history of society by evaluating the different transitions of political turnover. Marx states that
there are the "Asiastic, ancient, feudal, and modern bourgeois modes of production" that "can be designated as progressive epochs in the economic
formation of society" (5). In every transition, there is the evidence of a 'lord' and 'bondsman' interaction where eventually, as Hegel has theorized, the
'bondsman' overcomes the 'lord' (Hegel 117–119). This is due to the theory that "social character is the general character of the whole movement: just
as society itself produces man as man, so is society produced by him" (85). Society forms the working class and in turn this class, by

Liberty Award Research Paper
I've worked here for 5 years and for my first nomination for the Spirt of Liberty Award, I would like to nominate Leonard Jordan. He is someone
that I feel embodies what this award means, which is someone who shows and includes all of the following characteristics but not limited to
dedication to caring, being supportive of others, demonstration compassion, and focused on achievement. Leonard, "Lenny," "Leonardo," "Papa
Bear," or as one patient call him "Lizard" has been here for quite some time and I'm sure everyone knows him by now and can agree with me that he is
a dedicated employee of Liberty. He is normally the first call you get in the morning and the last call you get in the afternoon. He is someone who
doesn't like to miss a day of work and if he does, you can still get him on his cell phone (if he doesn't get you first.) I... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
You can rest a sure that whatever I give him to get done; he goes above and beyond all measures to get it completed. He works constantly and
through his dedication and hard work, this company is in a better place every day due to his efforts. There have been days that I've tried to get
contact Leonard here at the office and could not, then I walk up front and find him staying in the rain, heat, etc. helping a patient get in or out of
their vehicle or even carrying our own equipment out to patient's so they were able to even get in the store. Not only does he show compassion to
his patient's but also to his fellow employees. My grandmother was a long time patient of ours here at Liberty and when she passed away in October,
he was one of the ones that I remembered that attend her funeral and let me and my family know, he

Marxist Vs Liberal Democratic Models Of Women 's Liberation
Marxist vs Liberal Democratic Models of Women's Liberation Women rights are not a new topic no matter where you travel to in this world, this
is a topic that many others have had approached from many angles on both sides. Where you are located determines the level of oppression a
female may face and even the time of era plays a large role in human opinions of the time. Not all women have the same rights, it all varies on
location, time era, social norms, and religious beliefs. Now a days women have more power than ever before however this has not always been so,
such as the difference in feminism between Marxist and Liberal Democratic ideals and goals. Marxist wanted everyone equal in all fields of social
norms, both women and men working together in factories and offices however this didn't quite fold out as intended. For Karl Marx didn't not
understand the mental aspect of humans and made this ideal socially thinking that humans where robots incapable of emotion. Karl Marx with the help
of Friedrich Engels planned to make a society where everyone was equal and on equal ground, no one higher in power then the next guy or women.
In theory with all people working and giving to the country it will rise Russia to be one of the greatest countries of the world, but the old ways are
still present. People don't change as quickly as the rule of Marxism kicked in, it was introduced so quickly that people went in it with the same mind set
as the past. Women in Marxism were now

Types Of Alienation In Karl Marx's Estranged Labor
In Karl Marx's Estranged Labour, capitalistic societies break down into two groups: the property owners and the propertyless workers. In this
situation, the workers are at an extreme loss. Labor is a commodity that produces a commodity. The worker must put in loads of effort in order to
create a product, yet owns little. Obviously working so hard, yet not having enough money for proper nutrition, can lead to starvation. Because of the
strain caused by the repetitive and enduring nature of creating a product, the worker separates from the capitalistic world; making this estrangement to
the product a worker creates the first type of alienation. His/her mind associates this alienation to the product itself, making the product seem hostile. A
worker puts their life into a product yet doesn't see the fruits of his/her labor, therefore becoming more alienated the more he/she produces. The
products made contribute to a world outside of his/her own and the worker can feel himself or herself shrinking as these products outweigh his/her own
items.
The actual production of an item is the second alienation a worker may feel. The service that a worker provides belongs to someone else (the boss).
He/she is working for someone else, to help increase the boss's profit. Consequently, a worker may feel alienated because he/she creates while being
separated from the work itself, rather than creating with spontaneity. The worker feels this separation and loses part of his/herself, becoming more like
a robot to labor.
The third form of alienation is the worker's separation from human identity. Humans have a need to have a life purpose. Usually this life purpose
comes from work. As for the worker, the work they produce is essential to survive. They do what they do to make it to the next day. Workers lose their
source of identity because what they do benefits someone else, rather than themselves.
The final form of alienation is the separation of man to man. Someone else owns the product a worker creates. Therefore, the worker may feel hostile
and separated from the owner. The worker feel hostile toward all the property owners because they do not create their own work yet prosper at the
expense of the worker. This creates a

The Social Changes And Political Revolutions
To begin with, " The social changes and political revolutions are to be sought, not in men 's brains, not in man 's better insight into eternal truth and
justice, but in changes in the modes of production and exchange" by Engels. Basically what Engels's means by that is the materialist formation of
history starts from the scheme of the production and how exchanges of things are produced, and that is the basis of all social structure. Fundamentally,
as in every society it has emerged in history and it still is happening that the manner in which wealth is distributed and how the society is divided into
classes or estates is dependent upon what is produced, and how it is produce, and how the products are exchanged. And this is what that needs to be
sorted out. Therefore, the mode of production is playing a big role in today's society and also as it did back in the days. Everything is dependent; one
person is dependent on other in this society. Moreover, society is divided into two groups; one group is whom who are ruling over the other group by
taking his/her rights; capitalism is playing its role. Moreover, changes in the productive forces are more powerful cause of revolution. In conclusion,
Engels takes an historical materialist approach. He indicates that the capitalist mode of production is fundamentally contradictory and from this he
traces a series of social and economic conflicts that follow inevitably from this basic contradiction by establishing Historical

Informative Speech On Singaporean Dream
I.Does anybody know what the 5 Cs are? No, I'm not talking about my grades this semester, but what is commonly known as the "Singaporean dream".
a.Cash, credit card, car, country club membership and condominium. (Overy, 2015)
b.The 5 Cs are the hallmark of success in Singapore.
II.Singaporeans are often known for being competitive, materialistic.
III.Many people sell their time, body and souls in order to earn more money quickly so that they can buy a nicer bag, a nicer car, and a nicer house.
IV.But does such a social construct, which prioritises money over everything else, have its consequences?
V.I became curious and decided to read websites, news articles and scientific papers to find out more.
VI.In my speech, I will be expounding on the causes of materialism, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
identify type: Internal preview)
II.Materialism is both socially and self–destructive.
a.It creates a materialistic, consumerist and superficial society.
i.People are buying things they cannot afford to appear rich, landing themselves in debt. ii. Some unscrupulous people go to great lengths to earn more
money, at the expense of the majority.
1.A case in point is the Wells Fargo Scandal
a.In September, Wells Fargo was charged for opening more than 2 million bank accounts or credit cards without customers' knowledge or permission
in order to meet unrealistic sales quotas. (Blake, 2016)
b.5,300 low–level employees were dismissed while the CEO, John Stumpf, who accumulated $137.1 million in company stock while the scam was
ongoing, left the bank and walked away scot–free. (Merie, 2016)
2.The subprime mortgage crisis was caused by the private sector's drive for short–term profit (Denning, 2011).
b.Moreover, we will never be satisfied with what we have.
i.There will always be someone richer than you ii. There will always be something else you want to buy in an attempt to fill the emptiness in your

Examine and Comment on the Claim That the Mind and the...
Examine and comment on the claim that the mind and body are the same, with reference to the topic you have investigated.
The mind and body are the same is the view that hard materialists take. Hard materialists believe that when either the body or soul dies, the other dies
too. This means that they believe there is no after life, no purgatory etc. Ryle and Dawkins are hard materialists; they also think that believing in thesoul
is dangerous to human endeavour. Being a hard materialist, Dawkins and Ryle would believe that the body and soul are purely physical and they are
one.
Scholars such as Plato and Descartes are dualists. Dualists, unlike hard materialists believe that the body and soul are distinct things that are joined ...
'If I am thinking, therefore I am' meaning that no one can deceive him into thinking that he is thinking. But this argument is fallacious. It is criticised
using the masked man fallacy. Lois Lane can doubt her colleague is superman. She can't doubt he's Clarke Kent so Clarke Kent can't be Superman.
Hard materialists do believe that the mind and body are the same. Gilbert Ryle uses the 'ghost in the machine' analogy to describe his belief. The mind
being the ghost and the body being the machine. The idea is that dualism is ridiculous because it doesn't do justice to our experience, whether hard
materialists such as Dawkins and Ryle are rationalists. If dualism were true, we'd have a ghostly inner self controlling a mechanical body. But there is
a problem of interaction. How can a non–physical mind interact with a physical body?
Dualism rests on a category mistake which is why people believe it. This is where you talk about one kind of thing as if it were another kind of thing.
Ryle being a behaviourist can be criticised. Ryle believes that behaviour shows what you're thinking. But there is no evidence in this theory, there are a
huge amount of things he could be doing that we could interpret as signifying what he is feeling/thinking. For example, a toothache.
a. Explain Richard Dawkins' view (with quotes) i. One strength of the hard materialist

Karl Marx 's View Of Contemporary Social Ills
Power is present in every relationship and within each individual. Power is defined as a group's ability to make another group its subject or to make
some desired action either by consensus or force. Within any organization or government, some elite groups make decisions that directly or indirectly
affect the lives of the larger mass. Studies have shown that such decisions in most cases are made to service the elite's value and economic interests;
property ownership or production. Such directions within the society cause resentment and inequality when the larger mass is not included in the
decision making. The inequality makes the elite class to enforce their wishes and will on the less fortunate (Jessop 174). This essay seeks to give a...
Between the two classes are small businesses which Marx calls them 'petty bourgeoisie', a group that is subject to either join the working class or the
capitalists if surplus can be accommodated. In the ongoing industrial revolution the social surplus contributes to conflict where classes exist in the form
of struggle for dominance or control over profits. Marx as a conflict theorist argued that the economy defines and dominates the societal structural
change. He explained that social change and structure is a form of historical materialism that in the history come in two groups: the oppressor and the
oppressed. Marx stated that the society is built on the exploitation of the oppressed. The struggle between the classes was what brought about the
industrial revolution. This division and the struggle in the society have since never stopped, but instead there have been reestablishment of new
classes, new oppression conditions, and new struggles replacing the old ones. The ancient societies e.g. the Roman and the Greek was built on slave
labor and the two classes in conflict during those times were the slaves and patricians. The struggle between these classes resulted in the development
of feudal societies that were developed on serf's labor under their opponent, the lords. The end of feudalism ushered in the capitalism, and Marx called
the opposing forces in capitalist societies the

Self, Culture and Society
In this paper an excerpt titled "Theoretical" from Engels' Anti–DhГјring will be examined in reference to Engels' ideologies regarding materialism, the
social work order, and the fundamental problems confronted in the clash between the social production and capitalist appropriation.
In the chapter titled Theoretical, Engels lays out the basic conflict between what we know as socialism and capitalism, doing so by first examining what
he calls the "Materialist conception of history" (Engels 1939, p. 292). In his materialistic history he claims that the exchange and bartering of
products, and their production is the "basis of every social order" (Engels 1939, p. 292). He states that in every society that has ever appeared in
history, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
294) Thus small workshops slowly became obsolete, being replaced by gargantuan factories where hundreds of peoples would come to produce a
product together. The fundamental issue that arises however is this: in Feudalism, and in earlier times it was clear who the owner of the product
of labor was, "the individual producer had produced it, as a rule from raw material which belonged to him, and often was also produced by
himself..."(Engels 1939, p. 295) As a result of this, there was never any need to appropriate the product to him, as it belonged to him as an absolute.
(Engel 1939, p. 295) The problem here is that this idea continued on even after social production had taken the place of individual producers, and the
"Social products were treated as if they were still...the products of individuals." (Engels 1939, p. 295) "Now the owner of the instruments of labor
continued to appropriate the product, although it was not longer his product, but...the product of other's labor. Thus therefore, the products now socially
produced were not appropriated by those who had really set the means of production in motion and...produced the products, but by the capitalists."
(Engels 1939, p. 295)
Therefore the original contradiction in capitalism can be summed up as such: "The mode of production is subjected to

The Social Origins Of Marxism
DOES EXPLORING THE SOCIAL ORIGINS OF MARXISM ASSIST IN UNDERSTANDING ITS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES?
Marx is credited as being one of the founding fathers of sociology and the social sciences (along with Durkheim and Weber). Marx lived through the
majority of the 19th century (1818–1883), when the Industrial Revolution and capitalism were at their peak, and his work was a critical analysis of
this relatively new form of society. The aim of this essay is to explore the social origins of Marx's theories with a look to assess how useful these
social origins are when it comes to understanding the strengths and weaknesses of his theories. I will first briefly describe some of Marx's most well
known theories of Human Nature, the Proletariat and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The products of human work are the 'objectification' of an individual's human nature; the individual is in what he makes and through this objectification
we ultimately come to understand ourselves (ibid: 92). Furthermore, the application of the human mind's unlimited conceptual abilities to our work
means an unconstrained life with unlimited possibilities, and therefore work is what liberates the human. This is how Marx comes to theorise that
work is the distinctive essence of his human nature that sets us apart from all other species.
However, Marx writes that capitalism has warped this sole idiosyncrasy of humans by placing an individual's work at the center of his/her
survival; it has constrained work to the means by which we survive, just like an animal, hence Marx's assertion that in a capitalist society the
individual erroneously feels most free in the 'animal' aspects of life like eating, sleeping, and propagating: "What is animal becomes human, and
what is human becomes animal" (Marx, 1964; cited from ibid: 95); Marx sees this as problematic for society. 'Free labour' can only be achieved once
the 'animal aspects' of life are satisfied (ibid.), but Marx finds this term ironic; 'free labour' refers to the legal right of the individual to enter a labour

An Analysis of the Article, Two Cheers for Consumerism by...
The chosen article is Two Cheers for Consumerism by James Twitchell. In this article he talks about consumerism, commercialism, and materialism.
He argues the stand point of consumers and the role they live by every day. In other hands the critics, Academy, gives the consumers and overview
description to their consumers. Twitchell's claim is the article is that materialism is highly judge by the consumer especially by the Academy. One of
his questions is "The real interesting question may not be why we are so materialistic buy why are we unwilling to acknowledge and explore what
seems the central characteristic of modern life?"(365 Twichell) It states his claim and the thesis of his argument in this brief question. He wants the
reader to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further in the reading Twitchell states personal opinion on commercialism. How it is wasteful and he would rather not have it. "It is heedless of the
truly poor, who cannot gain access to the loop of meaningful information that is carried through its ceaseless exchange." (366 Twitchell) Twitchell
shares that "Coke has bought the "pouring rights" in his school." He is demonstrating that commercialism slowly takes rights from other marketers
and society. Twitchell uses a combination of both debate and deliberation. He uses deliberation is his article states that "I realize that while you don't
have to like it, it doesn't hurt to understand it and or part in it." Here he is consideration every once stand views not only his. He is debating because
he gives statement that come from secondary sources and not his own thoughts, while adding his opinion. Two example of this would be the following
quotes: "Consumers with dollars in his pocket are not, by any stretch of the imagination, weak" (365 Twithell) and "To the contrary, they are the most
merciless, meanest, toughest marketing disciplinarians I know." (365 Twitchell) By his choose of words one can say that his audience is well educated,
perhaps with a political or philosophical background. People that would like to analyze the situation of commercialism and materialism. In conclusion

Historical Capitalism And The Context Of Historical...
Over time, capitalism has become one of the most dynamic economic systems that have ever existed. Not only has it been successful in bringing the
entire world into a solitary framework, it has also shifted the economic state, primarily focusing on maximizing profits for the owners. This is evident as
presented throughout Frederick Engels' Theoretical. Engels peers deeper into the fundamental context of capitalism; however, in order to do this, he
must develop a better understanding of its inconsistencies and how it has impact the overall development of the world. The notion of historical
materialism is addressed when further analyzing the overall context of capitalism. According to Engels, he argues that historical materialism "starts
from the principle that production, and with production the exchange of its products, is the basis of every social order..." (Engels, 1959: 292). In
simpler terms, historical materialism is a system of production and exchange which have always been the driving forces in social and political
changes. It addresses that in every society, wealth is distributed and divided into classes or orders dependent upon what is produced, how it is
produced, and how the products are exchanged (Engels, 1959: 292). However, Engels does not see historical societal changes independent of the
economic system corresponding to it. He believes that historical materialism is not something that only concerns capitalism, it involves itself with all
economic systems, from

Dumpster Diving Eighner
Eighner chooses to dive into dumpsters not because he needs the material items he finds, but rather because he does not. In the conclusion of his essay
"On Dumpster Diving," Eighner makes it clear that he believes excess material objects are unnecessary and that they do more harm than good for a
person, and this is true. Eighner accurately describes how having large amounts of material goods does nothing to improve the well–being or morality
of the human race because holding onto physical possessions leads to the development of bad habits and traits within society.
Having more material possessions makes people less grateful for what they have and more likely to be wasteful. In his essay, Eighner describes how
college students "throw out many good things, including food." Because the students are accustomed to having so many material possessions, they do
not think twice before throwing a portion of it into the dumpster. On the other hand, Eighner thinks of himself as very non–materialistic, so he only
takes what he needs and is not wasteful because he does not have many remains or unused items to throw away. It might not seem ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
During the 1920s, the middle–class in America embodied Eighner's description of the "rat–race millions" who were constantly racing to get more
material goods. From radios, to the newest appliances, to Henry Ford's automobiles, the people in the middle–class wanted more and more money to
purchase these items, so they turned to the stock market (Garraty 426). The materialistic greed within Americans led them to recklessly buy thousands
of stocks in hopes securing more money, but the greed they had brought about the stock market crash which led America and the rest of the
industrialized world straight into the Great Depression. The poverty and the suffering that came along with the economic depression showed how
harmful greed and materialism can

The Causes Of Capitalism
Capitalism has established what many others were unable to before; it has created a single economic system for the world (Johnston). This essay will
illustrate the flaws in capitalism as viewed by Engels. It will define historical materialism, and will analyze the fundamental and secondary
discrepancies in capitalism as mentioned by Engels. Lastly, the following paper will also demonstrate what Engels believes is the outcome of
capitalism. In Engel's excerpt on "Theoretical", Engel begins by describing historical materialism as a principle of production and exchange of
products, which is the "basis of every social order" (Engels 293). Historical materialism analyzes the material conditions of society, how people produce
and exchange items (Johnston). It is the way in which society is producing and exchanging goods that creates social relations as well as hierarchy
(Johnston). Furthermore, the mode of production conditions social relations and one's consciousness. The way an individual perceives the world
ultimately arises from our social and economic structures (Johnston). Society is further divided into social classes which is determined by what is
produced, how it is produced, and how the product is exchanged (Johnston). The fundamental contradiction in capitalism as laid out by Engels is social
production and individual appropriation. The fundamental contradiction is the idea that the capitalist appropriates the products that the working class
create. The modern

Frederick Engels View Of Historical Materialism
Throughout the excerpt entitled "II. THEORETICAL" from the book Anti–DГјhring published 1877, the author and philosopher Frederick Engels
takes a historical materialistic approach; which is the methodological approach to the study of human societies and their development with time, also
known as the materialistic conception of history. Engels also presents his argument against the capitalist system that dominates at a globalized level. He
shows that the capitalist mode of production is fundamentally contradicting, which will eventually lead to its own demise. Engels also indicates that
many issues surface due to the fundamental contradictions of capitalism; one of which, is "between the organization of production in the individual
factory and the anarchy of production in society as a whole" (Engels, p. 299) and another is "The mode of production rebels against the mode of
exchange; the productive forces rebel against the mode of production, which they have outgrown" (Engels, p. 302). Due to the fundamental
contradictions of the capitalist mode of production, an unavoidable chain of social and economic conflict arises.
As mentioned above, historical materialism also known as the materialistic conception of history is the methodological approach to the study of human
societies and their development with time. Engels states that historical materialism begins with "the principle of production, and with production the
exchange of its product, is the basis of every social order;"

The Twentieth Century : Cannibals And Kings ( 1977 ) By...
Introduction
This essay will discuss two major anthropological works of the twentieth century; Cannibals and Kings (1977) by Marvin Harris and Coming of Age
in Samoa (1928) by Margaret Mead. Each of these works were pioneering in their contribution to anthropology, and both have also been widely
criticized. Margaret Mead (1901–1978) is widely regarded as one of the most renowned, and controversial, anthropologists of her time, and helped
popularize the discipline, especially in the USA where she was born and worked (Geertz 1989: 329). She was a student of Franz Boas and his
teachings of cultural relativism, and was also one of the pioneers of ethnographic fieldwork in the anthropology (ibid: 331). Also an American
anthropologist, Marvin Harris (1927–2001) is considered one of the most prominent and innovative theorists in twentieth century anthropology, and his
work also stimulated much controversy and discussion in anthropological circles (Margolis and Kottak 2003: 685). Both books will be discussed in
terms of what theoretical perspectives the author utilized and how this affected the conclusions drawn in each work. The two approaches will then be
compared and the benefits and disadvantages of each perspective will be evaluated.
Cannibals and Kings
Cannibals and Kings, addresses a broad range of subject matter and data but ultimately seeks to offer, "a more realistic account of cultural evolution",
than, "the old onwards–and–upwards Victorian view of progress" (Harris

Karl Marx 's Influence On Society
Karl Marx emphasized conflict in the society due to consumerism, religion, intersectionality. He saw this conflict and determined that hidden
structures can benefit him and others by using the term of ideology which can rely on true or false consciousness. Marx was a unique sociologist who
expressed his own ideas in various ways. Applying to Marx's Theory towards slavery, it showed how the society use to be and how it impacted the
slaves to be part of their culture to manifest the society. Slavery was based on consumerism through religion, capitalism, culture, and community to
enrich the economy. Slavery had an huge impact towards the society due to their production of goods which were dominated by merchants and were
being paid a certain sum per finished piece, once they had the item they sold to a distant market. For example: During the market Revolution ,
American merchants goals were to think big and risk their money towards the American nationalism which they decided to invest their money in the
"putting–out system." The putting–out system helped merchants to increase wealth by managing the labor cost, numbers of workers, production goals,
and shoe styles to fit certain markets. (Ch. 12 pg 287; Industry and the North) Based on Marx's theory Materialism is exposed to negative outcomes
which distinguished the study of the real economic and social life between humanism and naturalism. In Marx's opinion each individuals were
motivated to gain wealth and

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