Thousands of repeating units called nephrons will form a kidney and these organs are useful in extracting the waste from blood and provides a balance in body fluids and same basic design of kidneys will be found in all vertebrate kidneys. It is believed that it is the fresh water teleost or bony fish which had the kidneys first as to tackle the problem of living in water as their body fluid is of high osmotic concentration. These kidneys helped them to prevent water from outside to inside and to prevent the solutes leaving the body. The nephrons in these animals use to absorb the ions across the nephron tubules. The primitive form of vertebrate kidney (archinephros) was known to have a segmental series of tubules which was restricted to the trunk region of their body and each tubule was found to be opened medially into the mesomeral coelom and these will be joined the hypomeral coelom using a short canal. Later on these tubules curved posteriorly so that they can be united into a common duct called archinephric duct and it has opened in cloaca. The bulging of spherical cluster of capillaries in the nephrocoel of each segment was seen, in later stages the glomerulus, nephrocoel and tubule will joined together to from a functional unit known as archinephron-this is known as primitive vertebrate kidney. During the course of evolution the nephrocoel lost its connect with that of hypomeral coelom and slowly it became specialized as Bowman\'s capsule and like this bowman’s capsule was able to form a union between glomerulus and renal tubule-it formed a functional unit called nephron. Malpighian body was formed by the combination of glomerulus and Bowman\'s capsule and in vertebrates the excretory organs are derived from mesoderm and vertebrates got unique adaptation by having glomerulus which is water permeable capillaries and its suitability for free water clearance gave them extra advantage for vertebrates for the evolution radiation in the physiologically fresh water hostile environment. Solution Thousands of repeating units called nephrons will form a kidney and these organs are useful in extracting the waste from blood and provides a balance in body fluids and same basic design of kidneys will be found in all vertebrate kidneys. It is believed that it is the fresh water teleost or bony fish which had the kidneys first as to tackle the problem of living in water as their body fluid is of high osmotic concentration. These kidneys helped them to prevent water from outside to inside and to prevent the solutes leaving the body. The nephrons in these animals use to absorb the ions across the nephron tubules. The primitive form of vertebrate kidney (archinephros) was known to have a segmental series of tubules which was restricted to the trunk region of their body and each tubule was found to be opened medially into the mesomeral coelom and these will be joined the hypomeral coelom using a short canal. Later on these tubules curved posteriorly so tha.

1. Thousands of repeating units called nephrons will form a kidney and these organs are useful in
extracting the waste from blood and provides a balance in body fluids and same basic design of
kidneys will be found in all vertebrate kidneys.
It is believed that it is the fresh water teleost or bony fish which had the kidneys first as to tackle
the problem of living in water as their body fluid is of high osmotic concentration. These kidneys
helped them to prevent water from outside to inside and to prevent the solutes leaving the body.
The nephrons in these animals use to absorb the ions across the nephron tubules.
The primitive form of vertebrate kidney (archinephros) was known to have a segmental series of
tubules which was restricted to the trunk region of their body and each tubule was found to be
opened medially into the mesomeral coelom and these will be joined the hypomeral coelom
using a short canal. Later on these tubules curved posteriorly so that they can be united into a
common duct called archinephric duct and it has opened in cloaca.
The bulging of spherical cluster of capillaries in the nephrocoel of each segment was seen, in
later stages the glomerulus, nephrocoel and tubule will joined together to from a functional unit
known as archinephron-this is known as primitive vertebrate kidney.
During the course of evolution the nephrocoel lost its connect with that of hypomeral coelom and
slowly it became specialized as Bowman's capsule and like this bowman’s capsule was able to
form a union between glomerulus and renal tubule-it formed a functional unit called nephron.
Malpighian body was formed by the combination of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule and in
vertebrates the excretory organs are derived from mesoderm and vertebrates got unique
adaptation by having glomerulus which is water permeable capillaries and its suitability for free
water clearance gave them extra advantage for vertebrates for the evolution radiation in the
physiologically fresh water hostile environment.
Solution
Thousands of repeating units called nephrons will form a kidney and these organs are useful in
extracting the waste from blood and provides a balance in body fluids and same basic design of
kidneys will be found in all vertebrate kidneys.
It is believed that it is the fresh water teleost or bony fish which had the kidneys first as to tackle
the problem of living in water as their body fluid is of high osmotic concentration. These kidneys
helped them to prevent water from outside to inside and to prevent the solutes leaving the body.
The nephrons in these animals use to absorb the ions across the nephron tubules.
The primitive form of vertebrate kidney (archinephros) was known to have a segmental series of
tubules which was restricted to the trunk region of their body and each tubule was found to be

2. opened medially into the mesomeral coelom and these will be joined the hypomeral coelom
using a short canal. Later on these tubules curved posteriorly so that they can be united into a
common duct called archinephric duct and it has opened in cloaca.
The bulging of spherical cluster of capillaries in the nephrocoel of each segment was seen, in
later stages the glomerulus, nephrocoel and tubule will joined together to from a functional unit
known as archinephron-this is known as primitive vertebrate kidney.
During the course of evolution the nephrocoel lost its connect with that of hypomeral coelom and
slowly it became specialized as Bowman's capsule and like this bowman’s capsule was able to
form a union between glomerulus and renal tubule-it formed a functional unit called nephron.
Malpighian body was formed by the combination of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule and in
vertebrates the excretory organs are derived from mesoderm and vertebrates got unique
adaptation by having glomerulus which is water permeable capillaries and its suitability for free
water clearance gave them extra advantage for vertebrates for the evolution radiation in the
physiologically fresh water hostile environment.