The Correlation Between Pair Bonding And Mother Infant...

The Correlation Between Pair Bonding And Mother Infant...
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) has been studied extensively over the past 60 years, and in the past 10 years, there
has been a dramatic rise in research due to interest in the many functions of oxytocin. Through
biological mechanisms involving oxytocin, pair–bonding, as well as mother infant relationships are
better understood. The intent of this paper is to establish the correlation between pair–bonding and
mother infant relationships and oxytocin. Primate oxytocin research provides groundwork for
human research, and provides greater understanding of human social behavior.
Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide that consists of 9 amino acids. Oxytocin is synthesized in the
hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary where, under specific circumstances it is
delivered to various regions of the brain including the hypothalamus, hippocampus amygdala, and
nucleus accombens. Functions of oxytocin vary depending upon the location of delivery within the
brain, as well as quantity and circumstance (Ishak, Kahloon, & Fakhry, 2011). Oxytocin has been
gaining the attention of many researchers over the past 60 years due to its behavioral implications.
The body of previous research establishes that the peptide is vital to many aspects of social behavior
from maternal care to social behavior. Oxytocin was first identified in its effect in child birth.
Oxytocin promotes uterine contractions during labor and has been used extensively to induce labor
(Nathanielsz, 1998).
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Persuasive Essay On Cosmetic Testing
These animal experiments are not only preformed in scientific labs but also in hospitals and
colleges. Although we may not think of animals as having the same feelings and human, they do
indeed share very similar traits. Animals feel a sense of hopelessness, terror, pain, and torture much
like humans. This makes it inhumane to even consider using these animals as test subjects for our
own benefits. These animals have no say in what we do to them or even how they feel. This to me
plays a major role in why we use animals. These animals have no voice to tell that they are hurting
from these experiments. To make the condition of this practice worse, these experiments are not
only used to find medical solutions that can save human lives but they are widely used in cosmetics
testing (Food and Drug Administration 47). After the animals have served their main purpose they
are left senselessly to die. We cannot overlook the factor that this process of using animals in
experiments against their will subjects them to a lot of stress which in hindsight could tamper with
the results making them less accurate and unreliable. As found on the Food and Drug
Administration, Non–human creatures cannot contract the HIV virus yet it is considered deadly in
humans. A medication that appeared promising in treating rhesus macaques in animals was also
ineffective in humans. Animal experiments should stop because alternatives have been widely
discovered (Christopher 40). In addition to this, scientists have developed a lot more in the
campaign to terminate use of animals in experiments (Hackmann 40). Plastic models and computers
can effectively substitute use of animals in experiments. In vitro examination: IC50 assesses how
much chemicals can be to cells hence can replace LC50 examination that oversees a chemical given
to a number of animals to determine what amount is able to kill more than half of the all population
of the animals. Another method is the FDA, which is a technique that provides credible information
on how humans can be widely affected by new drugs (Food and Drug Administration 77). Despite
the many negative effects of animal experiments mentioned above, the proponents of this method
argue that there have been very

Animal Testing Should Be Banned
When using cosmetics or common house cleaning products many do not realize that they are
supporting animal cruelty. Animal testing is among the most disturbing experiments being done
today. Vivisection is the practice of animal experimentation. It can include administering drugs,
infecting animals with diseases, poisoning for toxicity testing, brain damaging, maiming, blinding,
and other painful invasive procedures. Animal testing has protocols that cause severe suffering such
as long–term social isolation, full–body restraint, electric shocks, withholding of food and water, or
repeated breeding and separating infants from mothers. It is using millions of animals in ways that
cause distress or death to test the safety of drugs and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Animal research facilities require total fresh air exchanges for ventilation, using large volumes of
air, resulting in a high consumption of energy and carbon emissions (Cubitt and Sharp). Energy
demands are due to the environmental and space needs of the animals, barrier protection from
outside pathogens, indoor air quality, lighting, and the requirement for power intensive equipment in
research (Reynolds). A plethora of chemicals are used in every step of animal testing. They include
chemicals for sanitation, disinfection, sterilization, animal care, and research and testing procedures.
The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA) helps protect laboratory workers by regulating the
handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals, as well as other toxic infectious, mutagenic, and
carcinogenic agents (National et al.). Similar to any other testing methods, animal testing and
research involves the use of many toxic substances, including irritants, corrosive substances,
asphyxiates (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, helium, ethane, nitrogen, methane), neurotoxins
(mercury and carbon disulfide), reproductive and developmental toxins, and carcinogens. In
addition, flammable, reactive, and explosive chemicals are used in research (Batton et al.). These
chemicals that are used for animal testing can affect the environment by interrupting the growth
cycle for plants. Since millions of animals are used for research, that means millions of chemicals
are being disposed of in the

How Human Beings Can Conserve Primate As Valuable Species
Animals and human beings come into contact with each other in the different environment across
the world. This has been fostered by human settlement in most regions that were delegated for
animals. Whenever there is a contact between human and animals, there is a chance for the
development of a relationship. Although human beings are familiar with the interaction of
companion animals like cats, human–animal interaction also occurs in the context of farms,
laboratories and in the wilderness (Davis, Schaffner, Smith 2005). Repeated relationship can lead to
developing long term friendly relationship between animals and human beings involved. Various
studies have been developed in an attempt of developing the most critical and rational measures that
can be utilized to enhance and develop a human–animal relationship (Campbell, Shideler, Todd,
Lasley 2001). These research studies have in majority concentrated on domesticated species. This
research paper is developed to critically analyze the human– primate relationship. The study
critically is developed to show how human beings can conserve primate as valuable species. The
primate is used to refer to the group of mammals that are intelligent and most developed in
comparison to other animals. In the animal kingdom they are the beings that are closest related to
humans. Primate conservation has been one of the major concerns of animal experts. The animals
are intelligent and required great attention with a critical understanding

Animal Emotions Essay
Animal Emotions
Do animals feel joy, love, fear, anguish or despair? What ere emotions, and perhaps more
importantly, how do scientists prove animals are capable of emotion? Sea lion mothers have often
been seen wailing painfully and squealing eerily as they watch their babies being eaten by killer
whales. Buffaloes have also been observed sliding playfully across ice, excitedly screaming
"Gwaaa." Emotions are defined broadly as psychological phenomena that help in behavioral
management and control. This is a challenging question to researchers who are trying to determine
the answer to this question. Through current research by close observation combined with
neurobiological research, evidence that animals exhibit fear, joy ... Show more content on
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However many skeptics argue that this is not enough evidence to determine whether animals have
emotions or if they are just exhibiting primary instincts. Nevertheless many researchers studying
animal emotions believe that humans are not the only animals to experience emotion.
In 1988 at the University of Zurich, Eduard Stammbach set up an experiment with long tailed
macaque monkeys to determine if they were able to rein aggressive behavior and act cooperatively.
Subgroups of monkeys were created, and the lowest ranking monkey was taught to press a set of
levers in a specific sequence that caused a machine to deliver popcorn. The high–ranking monkeys
noticed the low ranking monkeys' unique skills. The high–ranking monkeys soon began grabbing all
the popcorn. Before long the low ranking monkeys stopped operating the machine. This did not last
long because the higher–ranking monkeys began to change their behavior. The higher–ranking
monkeys began to approach the lower ranking monkeys more peacefully, and allowed the lower
ranking monkeys a share of the popcorn. Furthermore some higher–ranking monkeys began to
groom the lower monkeys even when the machine was inoperative.
Another experiment by psychologist Robert Miller and his colleagues was designed to see if a
monkey was able to interpret another monkey's facial expression. The researchers trained rhesus
monkeys to pull a lever to avoid getting shocked after a

Essay on The Japanese Macaque
The animal I have chosen to study is the Japanese macaque, more commonly known as the Japanese
snow monkey. Sir David Attenborough recently described the macaque as "one of the most
successful and versatile of all primates", commending its capacity to be "versatile, resilient,
enterprising, tough and capable of surviving in extreme conditions". This essay will continue by
examining the Japanese macaque in a number of ways. Firstly, I will describe the physical
characteristics of the animal, paying particular attention to the way in which their appearance has
adapted to enable them to dominate in their habitat. Secondly, I will discuss the environment in
which the macaques live in and the unique capabilities they maximise to develop a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The macaque does not have a prehensile tail which allows for handling objects. Instead they have a
smaller tail referred to as a stump. Their inability to use their tails is compensated by the fact that the
macaque's fingers and thumbs share a level of dexterity that is only rivalled by humans. This skill is
developed by mothers at a young age; appendix 2 shows an image of a young macaque making and
carrying snowballs to practice using their opposable thumbs. Hays (2009) found that macaques can
survive in climates with temperatures as low as –14oC. This is due to the difference in the texture
and thickness of their fur. They are covered in a thick layer of soft fur onto which lies a layer of
short, dense, courser hair. It is the thick layer which provides the heat to enable the macaque survive
in such subtropical climates. The macaques live further north than any other primate excluding
humans, something which has proved a barrier to survival of numerous other species throughout
history. Hays (2009) describes how this is possible through a case seen in northern Honshu, where
macaques bath in volcanic springs where the temperature had been previously moderated and used
by humans. (Appendix 3)
Hanya (2004) describes the species as omnivores. However, similar to the climate of their
environment, their diet is also cyclical. Throughout the summer and autumn, the macaque will

Do Primates Posses Culture? Essays
Writing Assignment One––Do primates posses culture?
I think that if culture is defined as learned behavior, than it is reasonable to say that primates posses
a form of culture. Primates have been observed making tools to aid in collecting food and
developing communication system, both of which are learned behaviors.
It is common in monkeys, apes and humans that behavior and social organization aren't necessarily
programmed into the genes. There have been several cases where an entire troop has learned from
the experiences of just a few. In a group of Japanese macaques, for example, a three–year–old
female female developed the habit of washing dirt of of sweet potatoes before she ... Show more
This kind of practice goes beyond animal instinct.
Another highly developed practice is 'terminating'. Chimps carefully choose the right kind of twig to
probe the termite hills with. They modify the twig by peeling off the bark to expose the sticky
surface. Then they dig holes with their fingers, stick the twig in and fish around until the have
enough termites on their twig to have a meal.
Terminating takes time, and their are many Gombe chimps that have never mastered it. Only certain
types of twigs will work for the job. Also, once the twig is in the hill and the chimp judges that the
termites are crawling on its surface, the chimp has to quickly flip the twig as he pulls it out so that
the termites are on top, otherwise they would all fall off.
The cultural transmission of a communication system through learning is a fundamental attribute of
language. Trained chimpanzee's Washoe and Lucy have tried to teach Ameslan to other animals,
including their own offspring. Washoe has taught gestures to other chimps at the institute where she
is, including her son, Sequoia, who died when he was very young. There has been other cases of
cultural transmission from chimp to chimp.
Chimps and gorillas have at least a simple capacity for langueage. They may never have invented a

When Is Animal Testing Wrong
Every year, ten to one hundred million animals are tested on. Rats and mice were two–thirds of that
total. In addition to that there are one hundred and eighty thousand dogs, fifty five thousand cats,
five hundred thousand rabbits, a similar number of guinea pigs, and sixty thousand primates. With
these numbers why still test on animals? Animal testing needs to stop. It is wrong. These animals are
dying from neglect and harsh conditions. Animal testing is not even one hundred percent accurate!
People have talked about the pain and the conditions they had lived in during the breeding
experiments during World War Two. Again, why is animal testing still a thing?
In just one case of animal testing over 30 primates are dead. The primates ... Show more content on
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However, people can. During World War Two Nazi physician Josef Mengele did experiments on
twins. These twins were interviewed and talked about what they endured. "Giving blood and
submitting to X–rays and injections were daily options to death, even though most, if the twins
would eventually die painful deaths." These people can talk about what it was like to be poked,
prodded, and used. They felt shame that they had survived "not because they were strong, but
because they were all freaks of nature" One survivor said that after all these years he cannot
reconcile his experiences. Animals are in the same predicament except, they can't tell us their pain or
talk about what happens. These people were in the same place as the animals. If we won't do it to
people why are we doing it to animals?
In conclusion, animal testing is wrong and it needs to stop. These animals are dying from things that
can easily be avoided. The animals that are tested on don't always bring accurate results. People
have talked about their experience with being tested on, yet we continue to use animals. These
animals are innocent and most of them only know life I'm the testing facility. That is no way the

Animal Experimentation at New York University Essay example
Animal Experimentation at New York University
Using animals for medical experimentation and education is a controversial subject that often leads
to a heated debate. The issues are complex, but the suffering and waste involved in animal
experimentation are painfully obvious. Vivisection, the act of cutting into a live animal, has led the
nation down countless scientific dead ends, while detracting funds and attention from more
applicable scientific research. The practice of animal experimentation at NYU continues, not
because it has been proven to be an accurate and reliable means of research (which it has not) but
rather, because of tradition and promotion from those with strong vested interests (i.e. Lynne
Kiorpes). These values have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vision of infant monkeys, ranging from ten days to two months old, is surgically damaged and
altered. As Lauren Gazzola, writer for the Washington Square News, stated, "Lynne Kiorpes'
strabismus experiments are a prime example of the unnecessary, cruel experiments being conducted
on 50,000 animals in hidden laboratories every year at NYU." (Animal rights and the University 1).
The federal government for over a decade has in part, funded the research project. Lynne Kiorpes
has spent over $1.5 million on her experiments, paving the way for weak claims and insignificant
research. Edward Taub, director of the Natural Science department at New York University, acquired
his advanced degree from NYU and now conducts studies at the Laboratory for Experimental
Research and
Surgery in Primates (Guillermo 38). Taub began experimentation on monkeys before they were
born. The pregnant monkeys were anesthetized and the infants were cut from the uterus. The nerves
were cut out, a plastic prosthesis was inserted to replace removed vertebrae, and they were placed
back into the womb. Eighty percent of the infants died (37). The experiments conducted in New
York University's research laboratories are cruel and the details are horrendously graphic.
Researchers intentionally mutilate the eyes of the baby Macaque monkeys,

Animal Testing Is A Catastrophe
"Animal testing is a catastrophe. Do you agree?" Animals play a significant role in our existence,
they involve in food chain and help in the sustainability of bio diversity. Unfortunately they entered
the scientific field through the experiments of new drugs. The utilization of creatures in exploratory
investigations in the UK can be followed back at any rate similarly as the seventeenth Century with
Harvey 's analyses on various creature species intending to show blood flow. Crosswise over
Europe, the utilization of creatures in experimental examination started to grow over the nineteenth
Century, to some degree upheld by the improvement of analgesics which had already made creature
research incomprehensible. In 1876, parliament passed the Cruelty to Animals Act, the principal
enactment went for directing creature tests. Over the late nineteenth and the twentieth hundreds of
years, the extension of restorative science implied that the quantities of creatures utilized as a part of
examination extended relentlessly, quickened by the Medicines Act, 1968, which gave a clearer
manual for the utilization of creatures in wellbeing testing in the wake of the Thalidomide
catastrophe. The quantity of creatures utilized rose to more than 5.5 million in 1970 after which
indicate the numbers started decrease quickly. This extensive development mirrored a developing
therapeutic field; creatures had impact in most medicinal advances of the twentieth century
including

A Research Analysis Of MERS-COV Mice
An experimental study done on Six–to eight–week–old specific pathogen–free female BALB/c mice
to test if DNA vaccine encoding MERS–COV S protein can induce immunity against MERS–COV
infection. The study generated 3 recombinant plasmids expressing MERS–CoV spike protein:
pcDNA3.1–S, pcDNA3.1–SDCD, and pcDNA3.1–S1 which dissolved into Phosphate–buffered
saline (PBS) with final concertation of 1 µg / µl. Mice were divide randomly to experimental group
which injected intramuscularly with 100 µg recombinant plasmid in 100µL PBS on week 0, 3, 6 and
control group which received either the same volume of PBS or pcDNA3.1 empty vector at the
same time points. Of the three DNA vaccine pcDNA3.1–S1 showed the highest antibody titer
reaching end point ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three animal model mice, camel and rhesus masques were vaccinated with a synthetic DNA vaccine
encoding the MERS spike protein. The vaccine had induced potent cellular immunity and
neutralizing antibodies against Spike protein in all animal models. However, rhesus masques
seroconverted rapidly after only single immunization and thery demonstrate high levels of
neutralizing antibodies. To assess protective immunity of the MERS–COV vaccine, vaccinated
rhesus masques was challenged with MERS–COV infection after 4 weeks of immunization. To
compare the control group was vaccinated with pVax1. The control group have demonstrated
progressive symptoms of pneumonia with radiographic changes of varying severity, in the other
hand vaccinated group had failed to develop neither symptom of pneumonia nor radiographic
changes. Concluding that synthetic consensus anti–spike protein DNA vaccine can induce immunity
against MERS–COV.(5)
An in–silico study used immunoinformatic approach to find the heights antigenic MERS–COV
protein, found that N protein pose the highest antigenic score and vaccine against the N protien can
elicit both neutralizing antibody and cellular immunity against MERS–COV infection while vaccine
against the S protein of MERS–COV can elicit only a neutralizing antibody, the study mapped T–
cell epitopes, B–cell epitopes and CTLs epitopes to N protein to find putative epitope vaccine
candidates. B–cell epitope was excluded due it's lower

Animals Are Dogs And Cats
Most people are families with domesticated animals as pets. The most common pets are dogs and
cats. However, some people want to own exotic animals instead of normal animals. They pick what
they want, but they actually don't pay attention to an outcome later. There have three outcomes that
people should not own exotic animals which are bad for animals, bad for owners, and bad for
environment. In the Steps to Writing Well textbook by Jean Wyrick, there has an article that supports
people who adopt wild animals and the name is Zuana Kukol's Opposing View: Let People Own
Exotic Animals. Based on that, the author gives a message that people should be allowed to adopt
any animals because it helps animals stay away from extinction, everybody should have freedom to
pick any species of wild, and exotic animals have low numbers of harmful per year. This is also a
way to eliminate extinction because exotic animals are captive animals, so they will be backup when
animals go extinct. Moreover, the article shows the record of fatalities per year by captive animals
only around four people per year. Meanwhile, traffic accidents are around one hundred per day. The
writer also supports with emphasis sentences at the end on why people have the freedom to pick
their favorite car but not animals. To sum up, the author writes this article because of supporting
people who want to own exotic animals as pets. First of all, owning wild animals as pets is a bad
decision for animals' life later on.

Nt-Probph Case Study
Introduction
N–terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT–proBNP) is an inactive byproduct of brain
natriuretic peptide (BNP). They are released from myocytes after the prohormone BNP (ProBNP) is
cleaved into the NT–proBNP and the BNP. The synthesis of ProBNP and the release of NT–proBNP
and BNP are caused by cardiac wall stress including stretching, ischemic and/or hypoxic stimuli of
myocytes. Although NT–proBNP is not the active polypeptide product, it is less labile and possesses
a longer plasma half–life compared to active BNP. Therefore, NT–proBNP has been used as a stable
marker of BNP. Measuring the plasma concentration of NT–proBNP has been used to assist
diagnosing various cardiac diseases in humans and other species ... Show more content on
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Pathological and echocardiographic examination of the LVH–affected rhesus macaques revealed the
similar characteristics shared between HCM in humans and LVH in rhesus macaques. Plasma
Troponin I concentration was measured in some of the LVH–affected and normal rhesus macaques,
and the study failed to show the association between an elevation of Troponin I concentration and
the presence of LVH. However, no study has been performed to compare the plasma concentration
of NT–proBNP in the rhesus macaques with LVH and controls. The purpose of the present study is
to compare the concentrations of NT–proBNP in rhesus macaques with LVH and controls using
commercially available ELISA kit. Associatin between the NT–proBNP concentration and various
features of LVH including left ventricular wall thickness will be also be evaluated. We hypothesized
that rhesus macaques with LVH show higher concentrations of NT–proBNP attributed to the
hypertrophied ventricular walls with diastolic dysfunction, and the severity of left ventricular wall
thickness is associated with the plasma NT–proBNP concentration.
Material and Methods
Subject and Housing
All study procedures were conducted at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC).
The study methods were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the
University of California–Davis. All rhesus macaques were

Squirrel Monkeys And Its Impact On The Body Size
Additionally, the attainable range of shoulder mobility relative to over–all body size has an impact
upon the fore–limb reaching that occurs over the course of a diagonal sequence gait. Squirrel
monkeys, which display a more upright limb posture relative to other arboreal quadrupeds, do not
have the ability to achieve extensive shoulder mobility (Schmidt 2005; Whitehead and Larson
1994). Compared to Cercopithecids, including rhesus macaques, however, squirrel monkeys possess
an increasingly mobile proximal humerus joint, for they must create torque and movement around
limited support axes (Nakatsukasa 1994; Schmidt 2005:366). The articular proportions between
species (see Appendix IV), however, do not initially appear to reflect that difference in shoulder
mobility, for the rhesus macaque specimens possess a greater mass / humeral head surface area
compared to the squirrel monkey (see Figure 4). This initial variation reflects Cheng and Scott's
(2000) investigation, which highlighted a larger proximal humerus in terrestrial macaques necessary
for the ability to reach forward, to the extent that Cercopthecids are able, and subsequently move the
body across a flat surface (Cheng and Scott 2000). There remains, however, the fact that the larger
mass / humeral head ratios of the rhesus macaques does not correspond to similarly greater stature
proportions (see Figure 6, Table III). In order to explain that difference, it is useful to examine the
stature / humeral head

Macaque Research Paper
Introduction Macaque species constitute a family Macaca that is a gathering of old world monkeys
of the cercopithecinae subfamily. The species has twenty–two individuals all living in distinctive
environmental specialties. The principle engages that researchers have with the species is the social
structures that the species display. Inside their groups, there is a reasonable chain of command
complete with obligations and obligations. In this way, the species does show an expanded
discernment remainder. Wild peaked dark macaques are discovered just on two islands in Indonesia.
They are confined to the tip of the northeastern–most landmass of Sulawesi and on an island 345
miles from Sulawesi, Pulau Bacan, where they were presented by people ... Show more content on
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1998a). In spite of the fact that they are found in effectively logged backwoods, they are found in
lower densities in these very bothered regions (Rosenbaum et al. 1998a). Peaked dark macaques
spend their days voyaging, bolstering, scrounging, standardizing, and resting. Of these exercises,
they invest 59% of their time traveling, scavenging, and nourishing and the remaining piece of their
day is spent resting and standardizing (O'Brien & Kinnaird 1997). Socialization happens in the
morning and noontime, and resting happens in the mid to late evening. Voyaging, bolstering, and
scavenging are conveyed uniformly for the duration of the day (O'Brien & Kinnaird 1997). They are
fundamentally physical, spending more than 60% of their day on the ground scavenging and
standardizing. Peaked dark macaques are chiefly frugivorous, investing 70% of their time
encouraging on organic products, however they devour an immense mixed bag of nourishments
including seeds, leaves, blossoms, essence, herbs, grass seeds, parasite, flying creature eggs,
fledglings, and little vertebrates, for example, reptiles and frogs (O'Brien & Kinnaird 1997). They
are not seen over 1250 m

Examples Of Nature Vs Nurture Debate
Nature vs. Nurture Debate Research Notes 1. The Boy Who was Raised a Girl – Pg. 96 David
Reimer was circumcised at 8 months old and the surgery went horribly wrong. His penis was
destroyed. From then on his parents decided to raise him as a girl. Nature: Even though David's
parents gave him sex pills, treated him like he was a girl, dressed him like one etc. He couldn't
believe them and he naturally felt like a boy, not a girl. They couldn't train him how to pee sitting
down. When his parents approached him about genital surgery he refused it. ~ His taste in toys was
all boy style. His manner of play was like a boy. The way he walked differed from girls. His
appearance was not like a girl. 2. Your Child's Personality – Pg. 99 This article is about how
important a mother acts towards her infant for example if she is happy and reacts to the same level
of excitement as the baby, the baby will be happy and outgoing, if the mom doesn't react or doesn't
show any emotion, the baby will be shy and awkward. This is important since it shapes the baby's
personality. Nurture: If the mother shows the baby the same level of excitement the baby will grow
up happy. If the mother shows no interest or no emotion, the baby will grow up shy and awkward.
Little shakes, and gestures can promote positive sense of self in her child and a confidence. 3. Major
Personality Study Finds – Pg. 100 This article shows how twins act even though being separated
from birth.

Margay Research Paper
The Margay, or Leopardus wiedii, is a cat that is native to Central and South America. It is
sometimes called the tree ocelot. It is in the phylum of chordata, and the genus of Leopardus. They
are near threatened because more than 14,000 are killed for their fur. There are many species
variations, including the ocelot, the leopard, and the clouded leopard. The Margay looks like an
ocelot, but is a bit larger. It weighs about 5.7 to 8.8 pounds and is 19 to 31 inches long. Their fur is
brown with dark brown spots. The tail is brown also but with black rings and a black tip. They have
a four chamber heart. One unique thing about this animal is that their ankles can twist one hundred
eighty degrees. They can also hang on a branch by one foot.

Essay on Save the Animals: Say No to Animal Experimentation!
Most of the medications that we in market today have been tested and proven effective for animals
before prescribing them to human beings. However, would it feel good to know that every year,
hundreds of thousands of animals are captured from the wild and die just because of these said
experiments? For many years now, scientists have been using animals for their laboratory
experiments to produce new medicines. Although scientists have been using this process for many
decades in the field of medicine, it is still a controversial issue for those who are pro animal
experimentation and against animal experimentation. Both sides have been arguing about the
necessity of these procedures of the medical field. Carl Cohen, a vocal animal ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, the public who are pro animal experimentation claims that most of these
experiments are done with rodents (Gaughen 3). However, a research proved that a lot of non–
human primates, which are more similar to human beings that any other animals, are taken away
from the wild and are sold to research laboratories (Mur 2). For instance, up to 2,000 macaque
monkeys, which are already listed endangered in the international Union for the Conservation of
Nature are stolen from the wild and sold to Japanese laboratories every year (2). Note that these
monkeys are already endangered and yet, thousands of them are sold in Japan alone. Many people
put a lot of effort in saving endangered animals' lives, yet other laboratories and animal traffickers
are quick to make these animals extinct. Second, non–human primates and other animals are poor
subjects for experimentation. Conversely, most people have been blinded by the claims of scientists,
and are now believers that animal experimentation can save lives of human beings. People who are
pro animal experimentation believe that if not for this mentioned procedure, we wouldn't have great
medicines that we now use. Carl Cohen for example, believes that "if not for animal
experimentation, vaccines for diseases such as polio and malaria would not have been discovered:
(Gaughen 1). They claim that more people might have died if a product of animal experimentation

To Kill A Mockingbird Presence Of Animals Essay
With a lightning strike, the long, lance–like bill of a white stork jabs through the marsh grass and
snatches up the singing frog. In an instant, the tireless music–maker becomes the dinner of a spy.
White storks are master eavesdroppers. They rely on the songs of moor frogs to guide them when
they're hunting. The birds are so skillful that they can stealthily follow frog sounds to within two or
three strides of an unsuspecting singer. Some spies can intercept signals sent by plants. Bright
flowers invite bees and other animals to come for a meal of pollen or nectar (and to pollinate the
plants at the same time). Scientists believe that the most symmetrical flowers–where each half
mirrors the other like two sides of a face–help ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can tell the alarm from other songs and calls and will dash for cover when they hear it. Some
animal snoops are born recognizing the warning signals of different creatures; others, such as bonnet
macaques, have to learn. These monkeys of southern India often pal around with langur monkeys.
Langurs are good lookouts, and macaques will quickly scramble up a tree when they overhear a
langur warning cry–as long as the macaques have learned the correct langur language. Scientists say
bonnet macaques at one animal reserve[9] respond to recorded Nilgiri langur alarm shrieks but are
slower to flee after a similar cry by Hanuman langurs–which would rarely be seen there. Farther
north, only Hanuman langurs are common and bonnet macaques there have learned the opposite
langur language. They jump at the sound of Hanuman warnings but are less bothered by Nilgiri
cries. Eavesdropping on the alarm signals of other animals is useful, but spying on predators directly
also has advantages. Geometrid moths, for instance, are slow, night–flying moths that can be easily
overtaken by hunting bats. To make up for their sluggish speed, the moths have espionage

Animal Model Pharmacology
The use of experimental animal models is imperative to advance our understandings of the disease
pathophysiology and pharmacology. Small animal models are often used as experimental animal
models for studying these human diseases including cardiovascular diseases. However, these animal
models possess various problems to make the direct translational approach difficult. These factors
include the small body size and their different cardiovascular physiology and kinetic. Large animal
models including dogs, cats and pigs are also used for studying various diseases, but they still
possess inherited physiological, biochemical and genetic differences from humans. Non–human
primate model of cardiovascular diseases has great advantages for the translational ... Show more
It has been used for assessing cardiac conditions of animals for cardiovascular and other research.
For cardiovascular research, it is essential to fully assess the cardiac conditions using
echocardiographic examination. For non–cardiovascualr research, it is still imperative to assess their
cardiac condition using echocardiography before enrolling these animals because their
cardiovascular condition can affect other organ systems and pharmacological assessment. A few
previous studies reported echocardiographic parameters of adult and geriatric rhesus macaques.
However, the reference intervals established in these study does not have sufficient power due to
small sample sizes. The availability of reference intervals for echocardiographic parameters in a
large population of adult rhesus macaques is fundamental to assess their cardiovascular conditions
and abnormalities. Decisions in regard with medical, interventional and surgical treatment are often
dependent on echocardiographic finding. Therefore, knowing the normal reference values is of
upomost importance to know the presence and severity of cardiovascular abnormalities. In addition,
it is important to know if the reference values for rhesus macaques are comparable to those in
humans in respect of translational

Green Iguana
Zotti (2004?) realized when doing a study to find a new tool to use for pathophysiology; that Green
iguanas affected with MBD had very low density for their bones. This was found in the femur, head,
spine. Significant differences between the affected and unaffected iguanas could be seen when doing
X–rays. It is not uncommon to see reptiles that have weakened bones, and this will ultimately result
in reluctance to move, reluctance to hold the head upright, discomfort, and laziness. These signs can
all be seen early on in the stages of Metabolic Bone Disease in all reptiles. This is different from
Rhesus Macaques, who have bowed tibia, fibula, ladius and ulna. They have enlarged bone
structures and have trouble moving (Wolfensohn, 2003). This ... Show more content on
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However, reptiles and primates are not the only animals that MBD is seen in. All of these were
factors in two Dromedary camel from an Exotic Animal Breeding Facility in Florida. A four year old
female camel was noticed to have some jaw swelling, hinting at a common symptom of MBD. She
was taken to get a radiograph taken, and blood was drawn. The diet of this camel consisted of
Florida grown Coastal Bermudagrass hay, commercial pelleted horse diet, and a sweet feed/grain
mixture (Caligiuri et al., 1989). The owner explained that the exact amounts of the Florida grown
Coastal Bermudagrass was unknown, however the camel did prefer the sweet diet over anything
else.
The results of the radiograph and blood samples came back showing loss of bone density in the jaw
bone (known as the maxilla). The calcium level was at 8.6 mg/dl when the normal calcium level was
10.0 mg/dl. Glucose was also at extremely high levels reaching 254 mg/dl; normally placed at 173
mg/dl. Phosphorus was low as well (Caligiuri et al., 1989). To correct this, the camel was discharged
and sent back to the facility and was told to eat alfalfa or oat hay to increase both the protein and
calcium intake. (Caligiuri et al., 1989). Since she was not a working camel, it was also prescribed
that the amount of grain concentrate be decreased or eliminated.

Power Of Conflict
Conflict is a confrontation between two or more people who are trying to attain different goals,
however it is possible for both parties to have compatible goals, but only perceive their goals to be
incompatible. Conflict will then result in some kind of tension between the parties, oftentimes due to
each party perceiving some sort of resource to be scarce. Conflict and resources are semi–
interdependent because the if someone believes a specific resource to be scarce, they will engage in
conflict with another party whom they believe to possess that resource. Power is something
intangible that someone holds that gives them authority over someone or something. Power is
present in every relationship; between friends it is usually equal, between ... Show more content on
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Many people use their own resource currency to their advantage to manipulate other people, for
example by threatening to kick your child out of the house and thus denying them shelter. On a
much larger scale, resource currency has been the cause of the majority of wars in our world's
history. Reaching as far back as around 2700 BCE, King Gilgamesh of Uruk marched on his
neighbors in an attempt to procure cedarwood, a resource which he needed in order to build a
temple. In present day, many wars are fought specifically over the resource of oil, between nations
that have oil and the nations that want it. In fact, humans are by far not the only species to initiate
conflict because of resources. It is common knowledge that animals across the world fight each
other for food and water. Many animals even hunt one another. However, there are more advanced
examples of resource warfare in the animal kingdom. Macaque monkeys, who largely reside in Asia
and the Middle East, live in tribes that have an inner hierarchy, similar to some human tribal
societies. Oftentimes, if one macaque tribe finds an area that would be beneficial to inhabit, with
plentiful food sources, but another macaque tribe is already inhabiting the area, the two tribes will
then engage in a turf war in which one

The Fertility Of Their Female Subjects
Literature Review
Studies of (Red) Clothing Beall and Tracy (2013) studied whether women were more likely to wear
reddish clothing (red or pink) when they were ovulating – at high risk of conception, or at peak
fertility. The researchers built off of prior research which revealed that women are adaptively
motivated to appear more attractive when they are most likely to become pregnant, and that the
color red acts as an attractive color when seen worn by a member of the opposite sex (and the
subject viewing the member of the opposite sex is, presumably, heterosexual) (Beall & Tracy, 2013).
To determine the fertility of their female subjects, the researchers relied on self–report methods of
asking when the women's last menses had begun, and excluded any women from the study who
seemed to have atypical menstrual cycles (Beall & Tracy, 2013). The researchers found that women
at peak fertility were more likely to wear reddish clothing than women at relatively lower fertility. A
year later, Beall and Tracy (2014) returned to this topic to include climate context in their
assessment of the relation between female fertility and the color red. The researchers replicated their
original 2013 study, this time controlling for the confound of weather. Again, Beall and Tracy (2014)
referred to prior research which indicated that women are adaptively motivated to appear more
attractive when they are at peak fertility, and that the color red is an attractive color between
heterosexual

Animal Testing and Researching Essay
Animal Testing and Researching
Animal testing is supported by some, but opposed to others. The growing number of animals used in
research differs among the different countries. The fruit fly and nematode are the most used animal
in testing. However, the most common mammals used in animal research are mice and rats. Shaved
albino rabbits and guinea pigs suffer severe testing for skin irritancy and eye irritancy. Though the
usage of non–human primates are outlawed in some countries, the U.S. still finds the need to use
them. The U.S. government uses tax dollars for testing pesticides and flourine products on animals.
Animal testing has been a subject of controversy throughout the years. Though it may seem like a ?
cruel and unusual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These small rodents are easy to handle and raise, thus used in large proportions. Mice and rats can
be tested for various results. Since mice share ninety–nine percent of their genes with humans,
believe it or not, they are considered the ?prime model of inherited human disease?. In addition to
genetics, rats and mice are used to understand how different organisms interact with each other in
the same environment. (Wikipedia) They are used for the study of human cancers and testing of new
treatments because of its immunodeficiency status, allowing human tumors to be grafted on without
rejection. (UCCA) Some rats are even used for studies of brain function, commonly memory and
social behavior. The safety of drugs, vaccines, chemicals, and products are also tested on mice.
(Wikipedia)
Though rats may seem like the most popular lab animal, the most animals used in testing are
actually invertebrates, especially the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the nematode,
Caeharbabditis elegans. These, like rats, are very cost efficient and can be studied in a large number.
Their short life cycle also makes it convenient for genetic studies. Many invertebrate species are not
protected under animal research legislation, so the number of invertebrates used in research is
unknown. (Wikipedia)
Shaved albino rabbits and guinea pigs are generally used for skin irritancy testing. Though test tests

Communication Between Rhesus Infants And Their Non...
Using the phrase "instinct" very liberally creates many issues when discussing the behaviors of non–
human primates, and in this case mothering rhesus macaques. To determine the source of the
disturbed agonistic behavior of the mother rhesus toward her offspring, one must first look at the
environmental conditions in which the mother rhesus was reared as an infant. The correlation
between environmental conditions and behavioral tendencies of the mother rhesus can be observed
in the behavioral differences of the mother rhesus and related members of the group, owing to
differencing environmental conditions. In addition, one must consider exactly how certain behaviors
are used as a means of communication and socialization between individuals, as various gestures,
vocalizations, and facial expressions are a common means of communication between members of a
social group. Observing the various signal–response communication between rhesus infants and
their non–agonistic mothers, and comparing that communication to that of infants and the rhesus
agonistic mothers, could give possible insight in the cues that infants give to their mothers for
interactions, such as feeding. Collected social observations from these agonistic mothers may
suggest that "maternal instincts" are not genetically determined, but instead greatly influenced by
the social structure and environment that the mother, as an infant, was reared in. One of the
variables that should be considered to have a heavy

A Research Study On Zika Virus
Recently the Zika Virus has been a big epidemic in various cities.In my research paper I will be
focusing on the places it has been too, causing severe cases of birth defects in babies. This caused
many governments to clean up their city and take precaution. For example, making sure the sewers
were clean and eliminating mosquitoes. But before we get into this topic we must know what Zika
is.
What is Zika
The Zika is a extremely rare disease. it is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitos, the Genus Aedes,
which was discovered in 1947 in Uganda. Despite that it is maly seen in the Aedes, it was first seen
in rhesus monkeys located in the forest also known as Zika forest. Many that are bit by the mosquito
experience symptoms allowing doctors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inadequate sanitation reaches children between zero and five years and older. In any country basic
sanitation is an essential factor for preventing diseases and improving the quality of life of a
population.In cities with low income and without any health care,the development of diseases is
increasing. Which means the Zika virus has a high level of causing an epidemic in these cities . This
is why governments should make people aware and do everything to eliminate the mosquitoes. Not
only should the governments maintain the mosquitoes citizens should help as well. They could clean
up areas where mosquitoes might live in, and doctors/ scientist could do more research on the virus
to create a vaccine. After they do all this, I do believe an epidemic could be avoided.
Where has it been?
The zika virus had caused many epidemics through the world. It has basically been almost
EVERYWHERE! In 1952, Uganda Republic had its first human cases. From1960–2010, various
places such as Kenya, Somalia, Nigeria, Angola, Senegal, etc, had blood samples that contained
Zika antibodies. In 1964, it was the year that they reported that the virus causes diseases. In 2007,
the federate states of Micronesia had its first large outbreak. In 2008, Senegal, reported the first
human case that was transmitted through sexual contact.

Attachment Theory And Its Impact On Our Lives
New born babies are the future of mankind and how we treat them has a great impact on our lives.
Each new born baby is shaped by the culture they are around and no one baby is raised the exact
same as another baby. Early interactions with one's mother shape the way a baby will be throughout
its life. Depriving a baby of different motherly actions can have a profound impact on the baby's
livelihood. The attachment theory should continue to be researched because there is still much to
learn about the development of young infants. This is displayed in, an experiment by Harry Harlow,
chapter 6 of Opening Skinner's Box titled "Monkey Love". Harlow designed an experiment to use
fake monkey mothers in order to solve how this affected the life of ... Show more content on
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The sample size for Bowlby was much too small and not analyzed for a period of time.
Furthermore, from the time we are born, we need a being to help guide and shape us to keep the
natural cycle of life going. As humans, we are often called advanced descendants of a common
ancestor we share with present day apes and monkeys. This is showcases by the fact that 94% of
Rhesus Macaque Monkey's genetic heritage is the same as humans (136). Losing a loved one or any
traumatic experience can be one of the hardest things to deal with in life. These events often make
us appreciate the people in our life and help us cherish the ones close to us. Affection from another
human being can be one of the greatest things in life. A hug has so much more meaning behind it
than simply wrapping your arms around the person, it makes us feel safe and loved. A hug from a
parent is one of the greatest things in the world because of the love behind it. Harry Harlow
completed his undergraduate and graduate studies at Stanford University before taking a job at the
University of Wisconsin A wire object with one nipple on it made from steel would not fool an adult
monkey or human, but could fool someone

Factors That Affect The Nervous System ( Sns ) And...
Abstract
Adverse early life experience affects physiological and behavioral development, leading to
differences in life–history outcomes. One key component is the relationship between the developing
sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent studies
have suggested an association between early life adversity (ELA) and asymmetry in cortisol (a
measure of HPA axis activation) and salivary alpha–amylase (a correlate of SNS activation)
responses to stress among human children, but to my knowledge there have been no studies of such
a relationship in nonhumans. Here, I investigate the responses of these analytes to non–stressful and
stressful events in a cohort of free–ranging juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo
Santiago, Puerto Rico. Behavioral data collected on maternal rejection and abuse during each
juvenile's first three months of life was used to determine individual ELA categories. Saliva samples
were collected from juveniles during both "low stress" and "high stress" states. High ELA juveniles
were found to exhibit blunted cortisol responsiveness during "high stress" situations compared to
moderate and low ELA juveniles. These juveniles were also found to have the highest "low stress"
cortisol levels of the three groups. Further, sAA output was higher overall during "high stress" states
than during "low stress" states, but did not significantly differ among the three ELA categories.
Cortisol and sAA values

Essay on Varying Patterns of Speciation
Varying Patterns of Speciation
Wallace's line, located in the Malay–Archipelago, is one of the best known and most studied
boundaries of zoogeography in the world. It is a transition zone between the islands of Borneo and
Sulawesi and the islands of Bali and Lombork, which marks both the convergence and division of
the diverse flora and fauna found in the Asian (Borneo, The Philippines, and Western Indonesia),
and the Australian regions (Sulawesi, Eastern Indonesia, Australia, and New Guinea) (Schulte
2003). The hypothetical line was first proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858 after observing
many morphological differences of various bird species in the Asian and Australian regions (Raven
1935). In the past, to confirm the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Around 140 million years ago India separated from the still connected South America–African and
Antarctica–Australian landmasses and drifted northward until it collided with Eurasia (Europe and
Asia). This collision created a continental block which caused a separation of the Antarctica–
Australia landmass and caused the individual landmasses to shift in opposite directions (Whitmore
1981). This separation formed an underwater ocean ridge, which caused Australia to drift
northwestward. Around 15 million years ago, Australia converged with Asia, uniting the diverse
flora and fauna of both regions (Schulte 2003; Whitmore 1981). It was then the continuous
separation of these two landmasses that has dynamically shaped the present–day distribution of
unique ecosystems and species found on the Asian and Australian continents, as well as on the
islands in the Malay–Archipelago.
When Wallace drew his hypothetical line to define the boundary between Asian and Australian
zoology, he had an incomplete understanding of continental drift and plate tectonics. He only used
morphological observations of cockatoos found on Lombork and Bali, and of parrots found on
Borneo and Sulawesi, to support the placement of his line

The Effects Of Animal Testing During The Space Race
If you have a pet, would you want to send them up to space to be apart of an experiment? During the
Space Race, Russia sent up a dog, named Laika, to see if it is safe for humans to go into space. Do
you agree with the decision to send animals into space? I believe that animal testing was necessary
during the Space Race in order to save human lives. Animals that were used in during this
experiment was necessary to save human lives. If they wouldn't have animals tested during the
space race, how would they have known that it would be safe? Think about it, would the Space Race
have happened if they never animal tested? Russia was first known to send a dog named Laika to
space, but America has also done animal testing. According to Amplify, they stated that "A week
later a bear named Oscar was knocked out with anesthetics, strapped into the chair of a high–speed
sled, and sent on a ride that subjected him to twenty times the force of gravity. 'We wanted to prove
that a person could withstand rapid deceleration with no ill effects,' said a military spokesman. A
thorough examination being necessary to prove the absence of ill effects, Oscar was killed and then
autopsied." In that piece of evidence, they stated that Oscar, the bear, was killed. Yes, that's tragic,
but it is better an animal rather than a human life being sacrificed. Just think, would you rather risk
your parents or your pet? It is a hard decision but animals are easier to let go than another human
being. There is

Importance Of Human Interaction In The Novel 'The Fault In...
In today's society, human interaction is a must. People crave relationships to fill a void in life,
feeding off of others in order to succeed as well as develop the social skills needed to persevere in
the world. Human interaction (such as building relationships with loved ones) is a very critical and
crucial part in life. In 1932, an experiment by Harry Frederick Harlow– a well known psychologist–
involving rhesus monkeys was conducted. In this experiment, Harlow and his colleagues separated
newborn rhesus monkeys from their mothers, holding each one in isolation chambers. The study
showed that when placed in total isolation for the first eights months of life, denying all contact with
other infants or with either type of surrogate mother, they were permanently damaged. The need to
be accepted and cared for by another person (or in this case primate) is inevitable. In the novel, "The
Fault In Our Stars", a theme surrounding relationships is present and plays a major role in
developing the story. John Green not only shows the effects of cancer and its side effects, he also
shows how those detriments on the one fighting the battle can affect friends and family around them,
as well as the importance of building relationships while you still can. The protagonist, Hazel Grace
Lancaster, closes out the world and everyone in it, in hopes of minimizing her path of destruction
that will be made after she dies. On the other hand, Augustus Waters is the light at the end of her

Endangered Species Essay
Richard Nixon once said, "Nothing is more priceless and worthy of preservation than the rich array
of animal life with which our country has been blessed." The world is full of a wide variety of
animal and plants. On the other hand, some of that variety is endangered. The definition of an
endangered species is a species that is at a critical risk of extinction. Not only can different species
be endangered, they can also be categorized into six major categories which are; vulnerable,
endangered, critically endangered, and extinct in the wild. The IUCN (International Union for
Conservation of Nature) is one of the main resources for the categorization of these species. The
Genus name is Macaca silenus and it is a part of the endangered species category. This lion tailed
macaque is endangered because of deforestation of their habitat. It is estimated that there are less
than one thousand individuals remaining in their habitats in India. During the last few decades there
has been a dramatic decrease. This species has declined due to habitat fragmentation (Singh). This
form of deforestation is caused because of the major increase in agriculture in the Indian mountains.
While deforestation is the leading cause in their endangered status, it is not the only reason. Over the
years there has been an increase in shelters and safe zones for this species, but will their population
continue to decrease? lion tailed macaque is also called the Wanderoo, which is the common name,
is a primate that spends most of their lifespan in the trees of the Western Ghats mountain range in
three southern states in India. Which are, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. This species can weigh
up to twenty–two pounds and can reach the length of twenty–four inches long when in adulthood
(IUCN). They have a dark black slim body with a lighter area with a grey silvery fur that hangs
down surrounding the face. They receive the name "the lion tailed macaque" because of their tail,
which is long tuft and slender. The lion tailed macaque is considered the most endangered and
smallest group of the species the macaque monkey. Monkeys of this species type only live in small
family groups of three to four which usually are composed of a female, her

Community Is The Goal Oriented Community
A community is an interacting group of various species and abiotic things that live within the same
location. Each community is different due to being comprised of unique organisms and inanimate
objects. The basic unit of community relies on survival. As stated by de Waal, the primate
community is a prime example which displays how we perform innate behaviors to ensure our
survival. The next level of community is the goal–oriented community. Goal–oriented communities
strive to bring about change in their communities whether it be for better or worse. The goal–
oriented community can be allotted into different categories. One type of an ambitious community is
that of associations as described by Tocqueville. The other goal–oriented community is that of the
revolutionary community. This community attempts to raise awareness about injustice found in a
community and urges that members of the community fight to make injustice cease to exist. The
final stage of community ends with the community that cares for the environment as a whole. Not
only does it care for the living things that reside in the community, but it appreciates the nonliving
things that are found in the community as well. The nature–loving community recognizes that
everything within the community is necessary to have and to care for. Each of these communities
start with having the need for survival but become more complex until they are able to incorporate
love in their communities. The foundation for most

Animal Cruelty: The Practice Of Animal Testing
Is a mouse's life worth more than yours? Treatments for cancers and diseases are first done on
animals such as mice, monkeys, and bunnies to confirm whether the treatment will harm people.
While some think it is necessary to have medicine tested on animals, other despise this kind of
research and call it "animal cruelty." However, these animals are trustworthy due to their body
structure being similar to ours. Additionally, almost everyone's life depends on the usage of these
animals to ensure treatments are safe for humans. Therefore, the practice of animal testing should
not be banned in order for humans to have a healthy life. To begin with, animal testing benefits
humans due to their similar body structure. Mice and monkeys used in labs have the following
similar characteristics: "They share many human–like attributes, including language, tool–use,
reasoning, emotions, improvisation, planning, empathy, and the capacity to feel both physical and
psychological pain." (Source 2) Animals can help scientists and researchers understand if the
medicine is having a positive or negative effect on them, which will then do so on humans. Their
similar body structure will keep helping humans with treatments in the future. In addition, The Wall
Street Journal quotes, "But humans and animals still have much in common. Primates share
fundamental similarities – from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to their similar body structure and improved medicines, animal research must be continued in
order for humans to be benefited from cancers and diseases. Even though the cost of these animals is
very high, the government must aid scientists for a positive result in people's health. Without mice,
monkeys, bunnies, etc. assisting researchers, people would be suffering or dying from terrible
illnesses. Almost the whole world has benefited from animal research, and it would be a shame to
end it

Argumentative Essay On Exotic Animals
While domesticated pets like dogs and cats make good pets many people want to own exotic
animals that belong in the wild. These animals range from tigers to pythons, but should not be
owned as they need special care most people cannot provide. Not only this, but exotic animals
release is harmful for everyone, the exotic animal, humans, and native animals. Lastly, many exotic
animals carry diseases that are harmless to them, but fatal to humans. Exotic "pets" are harmful for
everyone, not just the pet. This is why people should not be able to own exotic pets.
Although it may be different and fun to own an exotic animal, they require special care that most
people just cannot provide. Many supporters claim they are just like other pets, but they require care
that is very difficult to provide. This includes, a special diet, housing, and maintenance. These
standards cannot be met by an average person, so Instead of trying to meet these animals needs,
owners use cruel methods to make them more "pet like," and domesticated. These methods include
bleak or lifeless enclosures, and even chaining and beating. It's thought people can domesticate these
animals but that's not the case. This would take several years of breeding. The problems go even
further after this. Animals also often have things like claw and tooth removal, which are extremely
painful. If a person cannot take care of the animal they turn to zoos, however zoos cannot take care
of all the exotic pets handed over to

Animals in Medical Experiments Essay
Animal experimentation has been credited for the medicines made to assist diabetes, vaccines for
smallpox, deep brain stimulation for parkinson's disease, and many more along with millions of
dollars spent on failed experiments, millions of animal deaths a year, misleading data and an overall
bigger loss than gain. The main point of animal testing is to benefit the safety and overall health of
humans, but testing on non humans to learn about humans doesn't contribute to the cause. Humans
have the voice protective of their own lives and demand rights, though every living creature
deserves the right to life and to safety. The way these animals are being treated is heinous and
insulting to the human race, as it subsides our morals and some ... Show more content on
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Rats show us that they are of senses and are similar to humans, if they weren't we wouldn't be
testing on them, rats aren't less intelligence to other animals; So they deserve rights just as other
animals.
Animal testing models live generally deplorable and very restricted. These animals are deprived of
social interaction and proper living environments their entire lives. This often causes odd behaviors
that could very well interfere with every experiment. For example large Rhesus monkeys are kept in
two feet by three feet cages and they developed abnormal "neurotic" behavior, such extreme
conditions make the animal's text results very questionable. (Fox) Scientists ignore the animal's
stuffing and call it "adaptive" because it is due to their unfitting environments. Scientists also put
aside their mental, emotional, psychological and social suffering and it's significance on their
projects.There are laws against the cruelty against animals that live in our homes but an animal bred
to test on has almost no safety rights; rats and mice have none at all. These specimens are burned,
cut open, shocked, poisoned, socially isolated, starved, dehydrated, forcibly restrained, addicted to
drugs, brain damaged, given birth defects, and killed in various pointless experiments(Chanda). Not
many humans can even imagine having any of those things being done to them, yet everyday we
take the power over a

Analysis Of 10 Second 6-Lead ECG And Holter Monitoring
In the present study, Analysis of 10 second 6–lead ECG and Holter monitoring over 24 hours were
successfully performed in all rhesus macaques enrolled to the present study. HR, ECG patterns, the
frequency and complexity of arrhythmias, and HRV parameters obtained from the 10 second 6–lead
ECG and 24–hour Holter monitoring were compared between the rhesus macaques with and without
LVH. In the standard 10 seconds 6–lead ECG, the duration of a QRS complex was significantly
longer in rhesus macaques with LVH compared to control macaques, but no other ECG patterns
were significantly different between these two groups (Table 1). This finding can be attributable to
slower conduction time through the left ventricular walls due to the presence of ... Show more
However, identifications of HCM patients with high risk of SD are challenging even in human
patients unless they are known to have a family history of HCM. In rhesus macaques, the early
identification of LVH is crucial for the management of the disease in individual animals as well as in
the colony. Ante–mortem evaluations of these rhesus macaques using echocardiographic and ECG
examinations as well as Holter monitoring could be thus useful tools to identify the rhesus macaques
in the early stages of the disease. In addition, evaluations of short–term and continuous ECG
patterns including HRV analysis might help establish the non–human primate model of HCM for
future direct translational approach to the study of human HCM.
The standard short–term ECG monitoring often shows abnormal ECG patterns and morphologies in
human HCM patients20. These common ECG changes with HCM include ST segment and T–wave
change, and large and prolonged QRS complexes, as well as deep narrow Q–waves20; 31; 45
Importantly, these abnormalities can be present even in human patients who do not have
echocardiographically detectable hypertrophy of left ventricular walls23; 45. In the present

Ruthless Or Progressive Animal Testing
Veronica Peiffer
Ms. Sharon Graham
ENG 102 VF
08 October 2015
Ruthless or Progressive Animal Testing Curious minds since the beginning of time have used
animals to explore deeper into the realms of science, whether behavioral or biomedical. Despite
many medical advances since, people have developed a division between what they feel is beneficial
or not to the modernizing world as to whether animal cruelty is acceptable and humane or not.
Animal testing is research science, typically regarding chemical exposures, drug overdoses, genetic
manipulation, and surgical procedures that result in prolonged suffering and eventual death.
According to Bernard E. Rollin's journal entry from the Hastings Center Report, The Moral Status
of Invasive Animal Research, "Science is 'value free' in general and 'ethics free' in particular" which
indicates scientists are not concerned with the ethical matters but more so the results. Throughout
the world, there are over 115 million animals tested in laboratories per year, ranging from farm
animals to non–human primates (such as chimpanzees, monkeys, etc.) Many people are aware that
animal testing exists, but not to the extent of what it is, such as how an eyeliner from L'Oreal has
been tested on an animal. However, it's not the finished product that is tested on an animal but rather
so the breakdown of the chemical composition within the product. There are ongoing experiments to
this day where hazardous chemicals are rubbed into the shaved

Harry Harlow
Harry Israel was born in Fairfield, a small town in Iowa. He was the third of four boys and grew up
in a family that placed a top quality on the value of education. When he completed his bachelor and
doctoral degrees at Stanford University, his advisor convinced Harry to change his surname from
Israel to Harlow because of the concern of possible discrimination of his last name. In 1930, Harlow
began work as a comparative psychologist at the University of Wisconsin in Madison and remained
there for his entire career. Among many honors, Harlow was a member of the National Academy of
Sciences, was elected president of the American Psychological Association, and received the
National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. ... Show more content on
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(Suomi)
Harlow led psychology away from the paradigm of clinical sterility that had misguided a century of
research into child–rearing. Given the tragic state of children in "scientifically informed"
institutions, there can be no doubt that a great many lives were saved by the work of Harlow and his
colleagues. The life–saving revelations came with a price: Harlow's primate subjects were treated
with extreme cruelty––not gratuitously, but by the very design of his experiments. (Karl Giberson)
Apart from Harlow's work his personal life consisted of two marriages and four children. His first
marriage was with one of his students, Clara Mears. They were married in 1932 and had two
children, Robert and Richard. Harlow and Mears divorced in 1946. That same year, Harlow married
child psychologist Margaret Kuenne.
Margaret died in 1970 after a prolonged struggle with cancer. In 1971, Harlow remarried Clara
Mears. The couple lived together in Tucson, Arizona until Harlow's death in 1981.

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