Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Conjunctions Preposition

1. PARTS OF SPEECH
QURAT UL AIN

2. Parts of Speech
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The parts of speech are eight in number:
Noun Adjective Pronoun Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection
Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts
of Speech, according to their use; that is, according to the
work they do in a sentence.

3. Work they DO:
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As words are divided into different
classes according to the work they
do in sentences, it is clear that we
cannot say to which part of speech
a word belongs unless we see it
used in a sentence.
They arrived soon after. (Adverb)
They arrived after us. (Preposition)
They arrived after we had left.
(Conjunction)

4. Noun
• A Noun is a word used as the name of a
person, place, or thing.
• Akbar was a great King.
• Kolkata is on the Hooghly.
• The rose smells sweet.
• The sun shines bright.
• His courage won him honour.
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5. KINDS OF NOUNS
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Common
Noun
Proper Noun
Abstract
Noun
Collective
Noun
Countable
Noun
Uncountable
Noun
Compound
Noun

6. Common
Noun
• A Common Noun is a name given in
common to every person or thing of the
same class or kind.
• Common here means shared by all.
• The word girl is a Common Noun,
because it is a name common to all
girls.
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7. Proper Noun
• A Proper Noun is the name of some
particular person or place.
• Proper means one's own. Hence a
Proper Name is a person's own name.
• Proper Nouns are always written with
a capital letter at the beginning.
• Sita is a Proper Noun because it is the
name of a particular girl.
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8. Collective
Noun
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A Collective Noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things
taken together and spoken of as one whole; as, Crowd, mob, team, flock,
herd, army, fleet, jury, family, nation, parliament, committee.
A fleet = a collection of ships or vessels.
An army = a collection of soldiers.
A crowd = a collection of people.
The police dispersed the crowd.
The French army was defeated at Waterloo.
The jury found the prisoner guilty.
A herd of cattle is passing.

9. Abstract
Noun
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The names of the Arts and Science (e.g., grammar, music,
chemistry, etc.) are also Abstract Nouns.
State - Childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness,
death, poverty.
Action - Laughter, theft, movement, judgment, hatred.
Quality - Goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness,
brightness, honesty, wisdom, bravery.
An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or
state considered apart from the object to which it belongs; as,

10. Countable nouns
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Countable nouns (or countables) are the names of objects,
people, etc. that we can count, e.g., book, pen, apple, boy,
sister, doctor, horse.
Countable nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns
do not. For example, we say “books” but we cannot say
“milks”.

11. Uncountable/Mass nouns
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Uncountable nouns (or uncountables) are
the names of things which we cannot
count, e.g., milk, oil, sugar, gold, honesty.
They mainly denote substances and
abstract things.

12. Compound Nouns
A compound noun
is a noun that is
made with two or
more words.
A compound noun
is usually [noun +
noun] or [adjective
+ noun], but there
are other
combinations as
well.
It is important to
understand and
recognize
compound nouns.
Each compound
noun acts as a
single unit and can
be modified by
adjectives and
other nouns.
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13. Contd.
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OPEN OR SPACED - SPACE
BETWEEN WORDS (TENNIS
SHOE)
HYPHENATED - HYPHEN
BETWEEN WORDS (SIX-PACK)
CLOSED OR SOLID - NO SPACE
OR HYPHEN BETWEEN
WORDS (BEDROOM)

14. Pronoun
• A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
• John is absent, because he is ill.
• The book are where you left them
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15. Kinds of Pronoun
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Personal
Pronouns
Demonstrative
Pronouns
Interrogative
Pronouns
Distributive
Pronouns
Reflexive
Pronouns
Relative
Pronouns
Indefinite
Pronouns
Possessive
Pronouns
Emphatic
Pronouns

16. Personal Pronouns
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First person
pronouns ‘I’, ‘me’,
‘mine’, ‘us’, ‘ours’
Second person
pronouns
‘You’, ‘Yours’
Third person
pronouns
‘he’, ‘she’, ‘they’,
‘them’, ‘theirs’, ‘it’, ‘its’,
‘him’, ‘his’, ‘hers’, ‘her’

17. Note:
• The forms ‘my’, ‘our’, ‘your’, ‘her’, ‘their’ are
called possessive adjectives as they are used
with nouns and do the work of adjectives.
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18. Demonstrative Pronouns
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Demonstrative pronouns are used for pointing out something.
For example, ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, ‘those’.

19. Interrogative Pronouns
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INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
ARE USED FOR ASKING
QUESTIONS.
FOR EXAMPLE, ‘WHAT’, ‘WHICH’,
‘HOW’, ‘WHO’, ‘WHOSE’, ‘WHOM’.

20. Distributive Pronouns
Distributive
pronouns denote
persons or things
taken as single or in
groups.
For Example, ‘each’,
‘either, ‘neither’.
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21. Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject. For example, ‘myself’, ‘yourself’,
‘themselves’, ‘herself’, ‘ourselves’, ‘himself’.
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22. Relative Pronoun
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Relative pronouns refer to the noun or pronoun mentioned
before. They also join two sentences together.
For example, ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘which’, ‘whose’, and ‘what’

23. Indefinite
Pronouns
• Pronouns like ‘someone’, ‘something’, ‘one’,
‘none’, ‘all’, ‘some’, ‘somebody’, ‘few’, ‘many’,
‘other’, ‘anyone’, ‘anybody’, ‘nobody’ are called
indefinite pronouns.
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24. Possessive Pronoun
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Possessive pronouns
indicate possession.
They are ‘mine’, ‘ours’,
‘yours’, ‘his’, ‘hers’ and
‘theirs’.

25. Emphatic Pronouns
Emphatic pronouns are used for putting
emphasis on the subject.
Their form is the same as reflexive
pronouns. E.g. myself, herself, himself etc.
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26. Adjective
• An Adjective is a word used to add
something to the meaning of a noun.
• He is a brave boy.
• There are twenty boys in this class.
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27. Kinds of adjectives
Adjectives of Quality (or
Descriptive Adjective)
Adjectives of Quantity Adjectives of Number
(or Numeral Adjectives)
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28. Adjectives of Quality (or Descriptive Adjective)
It show the
kind or
quality of a
person or
thing.
Adjectives of
Quality
answer the
question : Of
what kind ?
Kolkata is a
large city.
He is an
honest man.
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29. Adjectives of Quantity
Adjectives of Quantity
show how much of a
thing is meant.
I ate some rice. He showed much
patience.
He has little
intelligence.
Adjectives of Quantity
answer the question:
How much?
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30. Adjectives of
Number (or Numeral
Adjectives)
• Adjectives of Number (or Numeral
Adjectives) show how many persons
or things are meant, or in what order
a person or thing stands.
• Adjectives of Number (or Numeral
Adjectives) are of three kinds.
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31. 1. Definite Numeral Adjectives
Adjectives of Number (or
Numeral Adjectives) are of three
kinds:-
Definite Numeral Adjectives,
which denote an exact number;
as, One, two, three, etc. -- These
are called Cardinals.
First, second, third, etc. -- These
are called Ordinals.
A Cardinal denotes how many,
and an Ordinal the order of
things in a series.
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32. 2. Indefinite Numeral Adjectives
Indefinite Numeral
Adjectives, which
do not denote an
exact number.
All, no; many, few;
some, any; certain,
several, sundry
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33. 3. Distributive Numeral Adjectives
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Distributive Numeral Adjectives, which refer to
each one of a number.
Each boy must take his turn.
India expects every man to do his duty.
Every word of it is false.

34. Verb
• A Verb is a word used to express an
action or state.
• The girl wrote a letter to her
cousin.
• Kolkata is a big city.
• Iron and copper are useful metals.
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35. Kinds of Verb
Transitive
Verb
Intransitive
Verb
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36. Transitive Verb
Transitive Verb is a Verb that denotes an action
which passes over from the doer or Subject to
an object.
He ran a long distance. (Action)
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37. Intransitive Verb
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AN INTRANSITIVE VERB IS A VERB THAT
DENOTES AN ACTION WHICH DOES NOT
PASS OVER TO AN OBJECT, OR WHICH
EXPRESSES A STATE OR BEING.
THE BABY SLEEPS. (STATE) THERE IS A FLAW IN THIS DIAMOND.
(BEING)

38. Adverb
• An Adverb is a word used to add
something to the meaning of a verb,
an adjective, or another adverb.
• He worked the sum quickly.
• This flower is very beautiful.
• She pronounced the word quite
correctly.
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39. Kinds of Adverb
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Adverbs of Time (which show when): I have heard this
before.
Adverbs of Frequency (which show how often): I have told
you twice.
Adverbs of Place (which show where): Stand here.
Adverbs of Manner (which show how or in what manner).
The Sikhs fought bravely.
Adverbs of Degree or Quantity (which show how much, or
in what degree or to what extent). He was too careless.

40. Contd.
Adverbs of Degree or Quantity (which show how much, or in
what degree or to what extent). He was too careless.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation: Surely you are
mistaken. He certainly went.
Adverbs of Reason: He is hence unable to refute the charge.
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41. Preposition
• A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a
pronoun to show how the person or thing
denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in
relation to something else.
• There is a cow in the garden.
• The girl is fond of music.
• A fair little girl sat under a tree.
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42. Conjunction
• A Conjunction is a word used to join words or
sentences.
• Rama and Hari are cousins.
• Two and two make four.
• I ran fast, but missed the train.
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43. Interjection
• An Interjection is a word which expresses
some sudden feeling.
• Hurrah! We have won the game.
• Alas! She is dead.
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44. Determiners
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Some modern grammars include determiners among the parts of
speech.
Determiners are words like a, an, the, this, that, these, those,
every, each, some, any, my, his, one, two, etc., which determine
or limit the meaning of the nouns that follow.
In many traditional grammars, all determiners except a, an and
the are classed among adjectives.