IndexESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 2019 FROM THE INTERNA.docx

IndexESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
2019 FROM THE INTERNATIONAL VISITOR
SURVEYINTERNATIONAL VISITOR TRIPS - ANNUALTable
1aINTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR NIGHTS AND
TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE
- ORIGINAL DATATable 1bINTERNATIONAL VISITORS,
VISITOR NIGHTS AND TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY
COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE - AVERAGESTable
1cINTERNATIONAL VISITORS BY FIRST/RETURN VISIT,
COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE AND MAIN PURPOSE -
ANNUAL ESTIMATESTable 2aINTERNATIONAL VISITORS,
VISITOR NIGHTS AND TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY
MAIN REASON FOR VISITING AUSTRALIA - ORIGINAL
DATATable 2bINTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR
NIGHTS AND TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY MAIN
REASON FOR VISITING AUSTRALIA - AVERAGESTable
REGIONAL EXPENDITURE BY STATE/TERRITORY
VISITED - ALL ACCOMMODATIONTable
3bINTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR NIGHTS AND
VISITED - COMMERCIAL ACCOMMODATION ONLYTable
3cINTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR NIGHTS AND
VISITED - BACKPACKERS ONLYTable 4INTERNATIONAL
VISITORS, VISITOR NIGHTS AND REGIONAL
EXPENDITURE BY STATE/TERRITORY VISITED AND
REASON FOR VISITTable 5aTOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE
BY ITEM OF EXPENDITURE FOR INTERNATIONAL
VISITORS - TOP 5 COUNTRIES OF RESIDENCE - TOTAL
EXPENDITURE ESTIMATESTable 5bTOTAL TRIP
EXPENDITURE BY ITEM OF EXPENDITURE FOR
INTERNATIONAL VISITORS - TOP 5 COUNTRIES OF
RESIDENCE - AVERAGE EXPENDITURETable 6aTOTAL

TRIP EXPENDITURE BY ITEM OF EXPENDITURE FOR
INTERNATIONAL VISITORS BY PURPOSE FOR VISITING
AUSTRALIA - TOTAL EXPENDITURE ESTIMATESTable
6bTOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY ITEM OF EXPENDITURE
FOR INTERNATIONAL VISITORS BY PURPOSE FOR
VISITING AUSTRALIA - AVERAGE EXPENDITURETable
7TOTAL EXPENDITURE BY ITEM, FOR INTERNATIONAL
VISITORS - BACKPACKERS AND NON-
BACKPACKERSTable 8INTERNATIONAL VISITOR NIGHTS
BY TYPE OF ACCOMMODATION USEDTable
REGIONAL EXPENDITURE FOR TOP 50 REGIONS - ALL
VISITORSTable 9bINTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR
NIGHTS AND REGIONAL EXPENDITURE BY TOP 30
REGIONS - BACKPACKERS ONLYTable
REGIONAL EXPENDITURE BY CAPITAL/REGIONAL - ALL
VISITORSTable 10bINTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR
NIGHTS AND REGIONAL EXPENDITURE BY
CAPITAL/REGIONAL - BACKPACKERS ONLYReference
Page
Table 1a1A INTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR NIGHTS
AND TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY COUNTRY OF
RESIDENCE a VISITORS ('000) VISITOR NIGHTS ('000)
TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE ($M)YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 2018New Zealand1 25712 8952 565Japan41910
4721 826Hong Kong2766 8111 288Singapore3815 7091
462Malaysia3578 8351 336Indonesia1845 730805Taiwan1879
4091 005Thailand914 262462Korea27811 0401 622China*1
31657 43211 517India32518 7491 597Other Asia37518 8911
787United States of America73713 0523 655Canada1644
530829United Kingdom69922 4433 487Germany2008 8701
192Scandinavia1083 833630France1306 631816Italy734
106498Netherlands562 182346Switzerland541 611377Other
Europe24410 1091 371Other countries53922 5312 712Total8
450270 13343 185YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 2019New

Zealand1 27612 9772 592Japan45510 8922 101Hong Kong2845
9831 373Singapore4175 6631 528Malaysia3447 2921
273Indonesia1955 636819Taiwan1799 851991Thailand934
367472Korea25010 2301 491China*1 33158 39512
296India36422 2531 786Other Asia42422 2252 092United
States of America77113 1684 026Canada1814 912905United
Kingdom67020 7883 318Germany1977 7691
172Scandinavia1053 992670France1376 707802Italy743
873508Netherlands592 269341Switzerland531 668391Other
Europe26211 7171 563Other countries54023 1632 696Total8
662275 79045 207a. Estimates are for international visitors
aged 15 years and over* includes mainland ChinaSource:
Tourism Research Australia: International Visitors Survey
&G
Table 1b1B INTERNATIONAL VISITORS BY COUNTRY OF
RESIDENCE aMEDIAN NIGHTS STAYEDAVERAGE NIGHTS
STAYEDAVERAGE TRIP EXPENDITUREAVERAGE
EXPENDITURE PER NIGHTYEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
2018New Zealand6102,040199Japan5254,361174Hong
Kong8254,662189Singapore7153,837256Malaysia8253,739151I
ndonesia9314,384140Taiwan9505,386107Thailand12475,07710
8Korea6405,830147China*11448,752201India27584,92185Othe
r Asia21504,76395United States of
America10184,961280Canada15285,045183United
Kingdom17324,986155Germany20445,962134Scandinavia18365
,848164France20516,291123Italy21566,800121Netherlands2239
6,193159Switzerland21307,022234Other
Europe19415,622136Other
countries15425,029120Total10325,111160YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 2019New
Zealand6102,032200Japan5244,614193Hong
Kong8214,834229Singapore7143,665270Malaysia7213,699175I
ndonesia9294,198145Taiwan9555,547101Thailand13475,06510
8Korea7415,959146China*11449,235211India30614,90880Othe
r Asia19524,93794United States of

America9175,219306Canada14275,001184United
Kingdom18314,956160Germany20395,943151Scandinavia16386
,385168France20495,858120Italy18536,896131Netherlands2038
5,743150Switzerland20327,389234Other
Europe20455,958133Other
countries15434,992116Total10325,219164a. Estimates are for
international visitors aged 15 years and over* includes mainland
ChinaSource: Tourism Research Australia: International
Visitors Survey
&G
Table 1c1C INTERNATIONAL VISITORS BY
FIRST/RETURN VISIT, COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE AND
MAIN PURPOSE aVISITORS (000)YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 2018COUNTRY OF RESIDENCEFIRST
VISITRETURN VISITTOTALNew Zealand841 1731
257Japan228191419Hong
Kong82195276Singapore65316381Malaysia99259357Indonesia4
5138184Taiwan9294187Thailand236891Korea178100278China*
6186981 316India160164325Other Asia137238375United States
of America382355737Canada7986164`United
Kingdom239460699Germany10298200Scandinavia6048108Fran
ce6664130Italy393573Netherlands282856Switzerland272654Ot
her Europe125119244Other countries180360539Total3 1385
3128 450MAIN REASON FOR VISITHoliday1 9671 9083
876Visiting friends and relatives5891 9482
537Business287708995Employment42163204Education1654085
73Other purpose61114175In transit276390Total3 1385 3128
450YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 2019COUNTRY OF
RESIDENCENew Zealand811 1941 276Japan234221455Hong
Kong87197284Singapore70346417Malaysia96248344Indonesia5
1144195Taiwan8989179Thailand286593Korea16388250China*5
857461 331India165199364Other Asia159265424United States
of America413359771Canada9091181United
Kingdom218452670Germany10592197Scandinavia5550105Fran
ce7958137Italy383574Netherlands283159Switzerland262753Ot

her Europe124139262Other countries177363540Total3 1625
5008 662MAIN REASON FOR VISITHoliday1 9812 0143
585Business2757261
002Employment50160210Education168421589Other
purpose58108166In transit4373116Total3 1625 5008 662a.
Estimates are for international visitors aged 15 years and over*
includes mainland ChinaSource: Tourism Research Australia:
International Visitors Survey
&G
AND TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY MAIN REASON FOR
VISITING AUSTRALIA a VISITORS ('000) VISITOR
NIGHTS ('000) TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE ($M)YEAR
ENDING SEPTEMBER 2018Holiday3 87679 51216 252Visiting
friends and relatives2 53770 8547 387Business99510 9814
150Employment20422 9171 947Education57377 93512
321Other purpose1757 391898In transit90542230Total8 450270
13343 185YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 2019Holiday3 99582
44917 121Visiting friends and relatives2 58572 1537
466Business1 00211 0844 124Employment21025 3812
164Education58976 28213 179Other purpose1667 795846In
transit116646306Total8 662275 79045 207% CHANGE
BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGSHoliday3.13.75.3Visiting friends
and relatives1.91.81.1Business0.70.9-
0.6Employment2.710.711.2Education2.8-2.17.0Other purpose-
5.05.5-5.8In transit29.219.333.0Total2.52.14.7a. Estimates are
for international visitors aged 15 years and overSource:
&G
Table 2b2B INTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR NIGHTS
TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY MAIN REASON FOR
VISITING AUSTRALIA aMEDIAN NIGHTS
STAYEDAVERAGE NIGHTS STAYEDAVERAGE TRIP

EXPENDITUREAVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER NIGHTYEAR
ENDING SEPTEMBER 2018Holiday8214 193204Visiting
friends and relatives15282 912104Business5114
171378Employment891129 52185Education12313621
504158Other purpose10425 146122In transit162
563424Total10325 111160YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
2019Holiday8214 286208Visiting friends and relatives14282
888103Business5114 118372Employment9912110
31185Education12012922 371173Other purpose11475 100109In
transit162 639473Total10325 219164% CHANGE BETWEEN
YEAR ENDINGSHoliday0.00.62.21.6Visiting friends and
relatives-6.7-0.1-0.8-0.8Business0.00.3-1.3-
1.5Employment11.27.98.30.4Education-2.4-4.84.09.3Other
purpose10.011.0-0.9-10.7In transit0.0-7.63.011.5Total0.0-
0.42.12.5a. Estimates are for international visitors aged 15
years and overSource: Tourism Research Australia:
&G
AND REGIONAL EXPENDITURE BY STATE/TERRITORY
VISITED aANNUAL ESTIMATES - ALL
ACCOMMODATIONNSWVICQLDSAWATASNTACTTOTAL
VISITORS ('000)YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 20184 3412
9992 7754609453072892498 450YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
20194 3873 1312 7634709882933102718 662% OF VISITORS
TO STATE b50.736.131.95.411.43.43.63.1100.0% CHANGE
BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS1.14.4-0.52.24.5-
4.57.38.82.5VISITOR NIGHTS ('000)YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 201895 45970 17854 53410 10825 5575 0503
5735 168270 133YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 201997 78474
32955 2169 78024 4934 2413 3316 117275 790% OF VISITORS
NIGHTS TO STATE c35.527.020.03.58.91.51.22.2100.0%
CHANGE BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS2.45.91.3-3.2-4.2-16.0-
6.818.42.1REGIONAL TRIP EXPENDITURE ($M)YEAR
ENDING SEPTEMBER 201810 6698 2975 9081 1472

20655241864029 836YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 201911
4508 7986 0061 1232 35653647060231 340% OF VISITORS TO
STATE c36.528.119.23.67.51.71.51.9100.0% CHANGE
BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS7.36.01.7-2.16.8-2.912.3-
5.95.0AVERAGE VISITOR NIGHTSYEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 2018222320222716122132YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 2019222420212514112332AVERAGE
EXPENDITURE ON TRIP ($)YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
20182 4582 7662 1292 4932 3351 8011 4472 5683 531YEAR
ENDING SEPTEMBER 20192 6102 8102 1742 3892 3851 8301
5142 2223 618% CHANGE BETWEEN YEAR
ENDINGS6.21.62.1-4.22.21.64.6-13.52.5AVERAGE
EXPENDITURE PER NIGHT ($)YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
201811211810811386109117124110YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 20191171181091159612614198114% CHANGE
BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS4.80.10.41.211.415.620.4-
20.52.9a. Estimates are for international visitors aged 15 years
and overb. Individual state totals will not sum to the Australian
total as international visitors may have visited more than one
State while in Australiac. The sum of the state percentages may
not add to 100 due to roundingNote: modelled expenditure does
not match total trip expenditure as shown at Table 1a as it
excludes prepaid international airfares, motor vehicles, other
major equipment and 70% of pre-paid package expenditureFor
more information refer to the explanatory notes on regional
expenditure modelling at
http://www.tra.gov.au/aboutus/regional-expenditure.htmlSource:
&G
Table 3b3B INTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR NIGHTS
VISITED aANNUAL ESTIMATES - COMMERCIAL
ACCOMMODATION dNSWVICQLDSAWATASNTACTTOTAL
VISITORS ('000) bYEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 20182 9611
9182 0713045482422501475 726YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER

20192 9241 9782 0383175732232721565 758% OF VISITORS
TO STATE c50.834.335.45.59.93.94.72.7100.0% CHANGE
BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS-1.33.1-1.64.34.5-
7.98.96.40.6VISITOR NIGHTS ('000)YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 201855 27139 45233 4855 73910 9843 1052 1992
712152 947YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 201958 85940 29934
7645 07310 3832 4732 1252 955156 930% OF VISITORS
NIGHTS TO STATE c37.525.722.23.26.61.61.41.9100.0%
CHANGE BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS6.52.13.8-11.6-5.5-20.4-
3.49.02.6REGIONAL TRIP EXPENDITURE ($M)YEAR
ENDING SEPTEMBER 20187 9326 0764 4428321
29439733342521 730YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 20198 6676
2334 5218211 31137538339422 705% OF VISITORS TO
STATE c38.227.519.93.65.81.71.71.7100.0% CHANGE
BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS9.32.61.8-1.41.3-5.415.3-
7.24.5AVERAGE VISITOR NIGHTSYEAR ENDING
20182 6783 1682 1452 7392 3611 6371 3312 8933 795YEAR
4092 5233 943% CHANGE BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS10.7-
0.53.4-5.4-3.02.85.9-12.83.9AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER
NIGHT ($)YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
2018144154133145118128151157142YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 2019147155130162126152180133145% CHANGE
BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS2.60.4-2.011.67.218.819.4-
14.81.8a. Estimates are for international visitors aged 15 years
and overb. Individual state totals will not sum to the Australian
total as international visitors may have visited more than one
State while in Australiac. The sum of the state percentages may
not add to 100 due to roundingd. For a list of accommodation
types included in Commercial Accommodation refer to Section
1 of the Reference tabNote: modelled expenditure does not
match total trip expenditure as shown at Table 1a as it excludes
prepaid international airfares, motor vehicles, other major

equipment and 70% of pre-paid package expenditureFor more
information refer to the explanatory notes on regional
&G
Table 3c3C INTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR NIGHTS
VISITED aANNUAL ESTIMATES - BACKPACKERS
bNSWVICQLDSAWATASNTACTTOTAL VISITORS
('000)YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
20184622943336679507429621YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
20194463003226280456935607% of VISITORS TO STATE
c73.649.553.210.213.27.411.35.7100.0% CHANGE BETWEEN
YEAR ENDINGS-3.52.1-3.0-6.00.6-10.7-7.220.0-2.3VISITOR
NIGHTS ('000)YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 201814 2708
50312 0991 4243 28688484258742 077YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 201913 8448 82712 1301 0433 31990188468841
785% of VISITORS NIGHTS TO STATE
d33.121.129.02.57.92.22.11.6100.0% CHANGE BETWEEN
YEAR ENDINGS-3.03.80.3-26.71.01.95.017.1-0.7REGIONAL
TRIP EXPENDITURE ($M)YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
20181 1116549171052127289523 212YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 20191 104710919792267686453 246% of
VISITORS TO STATE d34.021.928.32.47.02.42.71.4100.0%
CHANGE BETWEEN YEAR ENDINGS-0.78.60.2-25.16.86.4-
3.1-13.21.0AVERAGE VISITOR NIGHTSYEAR ENDING
20182 4042 2232 7581 5982 6661 4311 2061 8105 171YEAR
2601 3095 351% CHANGE BETWEEN YEAR
ENDINGS2.96.43.3-20.36.119.14.5-27.73.5AVERAGE
EXPENDITURE PER NIGHT ($)YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER

20187877767464811068976YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
2019808076756885986678% CHANGE BETWEEN YEAR
ENDINGS2.44.6-0.12.25.84.3-7.7-25.91.7a. Estimates are for
international visitors aged 15 years and overb. Backpackers is
defined as visitors who spent at least one night in
Backpackers/Hostel Accommodationc. Individual state totals
will not sum to the Australian total as international visitors may
have visited more than one State while in Australiad. The sum
of the state percentages may not add to 100 due to
roundingNote: modelled expenditure does not match total trip
expenditure as shown at Table 1a as it excludes prepaid
international airfares, motor vehicles, other major equipment
and 70% of pre-paid package expenditureFor more information
refer to the explanatory notes on regional expenditure modelling
at http://www.tra.gov.au/aboutus/regional-
expenditure.htmlSource: Tourism Research Australia:
&G
Table 44 INTERNATIONAL VISITORS, VISITOR NIGHTS
VISITED AND STOPOVER REASON a VISITORS ('000) b
VISITOR NIGHTS ('000) REGIONAL EXPENDITURE
($M)Year Ending September 2018Year Ending September
2019Year Ending September 2018Year Ending September
2019Year Ending September 2018Year Ending September
2019New South WalesHoliday2 4512 48727 99429 7343 4033
614Visiting friends and relatives1 2321 19427 41325 0021 5671
377Business4774743 9794 155929934Employment78798 0539
137622692Education23524527 42529 0684 0034 702Other
purpose30223525054347In transit2542762431837563Total4
3414 38795 45997 78410 66911 450VictoriaHoliday1 5571
68915 92317 6312 0292 238Visiting friends and relatives1 0271
05322 38524 6961 4361 490Business3273322 6132
550636559Employment51505 2205
378382383Education18720523 62923 5023 7414 035Other

purpose23233174663656In transit707690106npnpTotal2 9993
13170 17874 3298 2978 798QueenslandHoliday1 8891 85123
05922 9212 9062 838Visiting friends and relatives71775212
97013 686798803Business2141961 4731
414307280Employment46464 0963
994226245Education11412012 54313 0031 5841 777Other
purpose22142821094930In transit727911188npnpTotal2 7752
76354 53455 2165 9086 006South AustraliaHoliday2472482
1282 097269261Visiting friends and relatives1521583 2473
274239194Business48554434489092Employment911673706503
4Education25273 5233 201490533Other
purposenpnpnpnpnpnpIn transitnpnpnpnpnpnpTotal46047010
1089 7801 1471 123Western AustraliaHoliday4615227 0808
552532516Business1031011 5241 199186164Employment29292
4101 895130109Education44414 8454 345575604Other
purpose14112731653347In transit29239144npnpTotal94598825
55724 4932 2062 356TasmaniaHoliday2442382 2571
986285320Visiting friends and
relatives44409557485443Business1613118175npnpEmployment
npnpnpnpnpnpEducation10101 426990172142Other
purposenpnpnpnpnpnpIn transitnpnpnpnpnpnpTotal3072935
0504 241552536Northern TerritoryHoliday2472621 8001
902308370Visiting friends and
relatives2119537584npnpBusiness912242773117Employment10
97536073842Education3np195npnpnpOther
purposenpnpnpnpnpnpIn transit10123817npnpTotal2893103
5733 331418470Australian Capital
TerritoryHoliday1141227268195864Visiting friends and
relatives78881 1432
0767287Business32312381744930Employmentnp8np753np61Ed
ucation22182 6902 241423354Other purposenpnpnpnpnpnpIn
transitnpnpnpnpnpnpTotal2492715 1686 117640602a. Estimates
are for international visitors aged 15 years and overb.
Individual purpose totals will not sum to the State total as
international visitors may have visited more than one region

within the state for different purposes while in Australianp.
Data is not publishable as the survey error is too high for most
practical purposesNote: modelled expenditure does not match
total trip expenditure as shown at Table 1a as it excludes
prepaid international airfares, motor vehicles, other major
equipment and 70% of pre-paid package expenditureFor more
information refer to the explanatory notes on regional
Tourism Research Australia: International Visitors SurveyNote:
see reference tabs for stopover purpose inclusions
&G
Table 5a5A TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY ITEM OF
EXPENDITURE FOR INTERNATIONAL VISITORS - TOP 5
COUNTRIES OF RESIDENCE aANNUAL ESTIMATES -
EXPENDITURE ($M)CHINAUNITED STATES OF
AMERICAUNITED KINGDOMNEW
ZEALANDJAPANOTHERTOTALYEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 2018Package tour1 1975773571714891 5074
298Pre-paid international airfares8591 4071 2127143234 3728
886Organised tours1391271084260378853International airfares
bought in Australia21544592630384758Domestic
airfares824462npnp226436Taxi and other public
transport18269847038524968Rental
vehicles47526064np301530Petrol and oil for self-drive cars or
other vehicles64254132np256422Shopping - items for use in
Australia456519377316331 341Shopping - items to take home1
10210992255891 1682 814Total shopping1 5581601853321201
8014 155Food, drink and accommodation3 1028951 1208444976
45712
916Gambling37npnpnpnp88156Entertainment122395546np2355
13Motor vehicles253np4640np327697Education fees3
375130np651692 7756 537Phone, internet, fax and/or
postage86npnpnpnp189337Conference
fees42npnp52np95245Other157263629np222478Total b11 5173

6553 4872 5651 82620 13643 185YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
2019Package tour1 0636833001776161 4894 328Pre-paid
international airfares9271 5141 1957753884 6529 451Organised
tours139169945172371895International airfares bought in
Australia22236613035434818Domestic
transport239818469445831 100Rental
vehicles54417161np325559Petrol and oil for self-drive cars or
other vehicles61np4029np270428Shopping - items for use in
Australia523518469316561 415Shopping - items to take home1
00212596253971 2052 779Total shopping1 5251771803221281
8614 193Food, drink and accommodation3 4819671 0948245116
66113
537Gambling46npnpnpnp93188Entertainment120414946np2345
07Motor vehicles175npnp49np300568Education fees3
890158np332062 8587 155Phone, internet, fax and/or
postage85npnpnpnp186326Conference
fees2830np55np82210Other174313526np275550Total b12 2964
0263 3182 5922 10120 87345 207a. Estimates are for
international visitors aged 15 years and overb. Total does not
add to the sum of each expenditure item due to the double
counting of "shopping" by adding a Total shopping categorynp.
Data is not publishable as the survey error is too high for most
practical purposesSource: Tourism Research Australia:
&G
Table 5b5B AVERAGE TRIP EXPENDITURE BY ITEM OF
EXPENDITURE FOR INTERNATIONAL VISITORS - TOP 5
COUNTRIES OF RESIDENCE aANNUAL ESTIMATES -
AVERAGE EXPENDITURE ($)CHINAUNITED STATES OF
AMERICAUNITED KINGDOMNEW
ZEALANDJAPANOTHERTOTALYEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 2018Package tour3 3477 0095 9521 9272 9113
8623 748Pre-paid international airfares8962 1501 8966111 2881
2041 217Organised tours485694622399386480505International

airfares bought in Australia783922794416780800775Domestic
vehicles374438461275np468416Petrol and oil for self-drive
cars or other vehicles30214016783np253205Shopping - items
for use in Australia969199270205262408430Shopping - items to
take home1 070204187300235371438Total shopping1
383266313344306519582Food, drink and accommodation2 6111
2671 6457011 2221 7671
647Gambling516npnpnpnp353274Entertainment241124156111n
p145152Motor vehicles15 129np5 737npnp5 1087 029Education
fees18 07910 035np4 9737 08811 16913 336Phone, internet, fax
and/or postage140npnpnpnp108107Conference fees2 904npnp1
024np1 1611 314Other670217232241np324356Total8 7524
9614 9862 0404 3615 0075 111YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
2019Package tour3 3597 9266 2691 7503 4263 9993 920Pre-
paid international airfares9132 2091 9236601 4091 2291
250Organised tours514781588480409493533International
airfares bought in Australia798846889470755833802Domestic
vehicles388353505271np474418Petrol and oil for self-drive
cars or other vehicles272np16180np254203Shopping - items for
use in Australia971200265182236423446Shopping - items to
take home952222206302235376425Total shopping1
333282322338299524577Food, drink and accommodation2 8291
3091 6826821 1511 7651
683Gambling693npnpnpnp362334Entertainment230123149116n
p143149Motor vehicles14 917npnpnpnp4 5155 964Education
fees18 41910 008np2 9758 00211 81114 005Phone, internet, fax
and/or postage128npnpnpnp102100Conference fees1 5701
857np1 156np9481 139Other716241230220np382392Total9
2355 2194 9562 0324 6145 0195 219a. Estimates are for
international visitors aged 15 years and overnp. Data is not
publishable as the survey error is too high for most practical
purposesSource: Tourism Research Australia: International

Visitors Survey
&G
Table 6a6A TOTAL TRIP EXPENDITURE BY ITEM OF
EXPENDITURE FOR INTERNATIONAL VISITORS BY
PURPOSE OF VISITING AUSTRALIA aANNUAL
ESTIMATES - EXPENDITURE ($M)HOLIDAYVISITING
FRIENDS &
RELATIVESBUSINESSEMPLOYMENTEDUCATIONOTHER
PURPOSEIN TRANSITTOTALYEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER
2018Package tour3 714138214np13163np4 298Pre-paid
international airfares3 4802 9371 6111494251581258
886Organised tours663102npnp51npnp853International airfares
bought in Australia19097np10831027np758Domestic
airfares2309036np52npnp436Taxi and local public
transport34114012173265npnp968Rental
vehicles32110058npnpnpnp530Petrol and oil for self-drive cars
or other vehicles18584np4275npnp422Shopping - items for use
in Australia3223035212749538np1 341Shopping - items to take
home1 4337802075226965np2 814Total shopping1 7551
083258179764102np4 155Food, drink and accommodation4
3861 8731 4301 0753 7843422612
916Gambling7728npnp35npnp156Entertainment24590np30118n
pnp513Motor vehicles176128np105220npnp697Education
fees294280np285 804npnp6 537Phone, internet, fax and/or
postage8939np40140npnp337Conference
feesnpnp205npnpnpnp245Other101169np52121npnp478Total
b16 2527 3874 1501 94712 32189823043 185YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 2019Package tour3 781135229np122npnp4
328Pre-paid international airfares3 7753 0621
7071534221631699 451Organised
tours701101npnp52npnp895International airfares bought in
Australia211100np11933529np818Domestic
airfares2168425np42npnp393Taxi and local public
transport38216012794309npnp1 100Rental
vehicles3589759npnpnpnp559Petrol and oil for self-drive cars

or other vehicles19780np4872npnp428Shopping - items for use
in Australia3643114512353634np1 415Shopping - items to take
home1 4287882025224848np2 779Total shopping1 7921
09924717578482np4 193Food, drink …
Running head: Module 02 – Outline and Annotated
Bibliography
1
Module 02 – Outline and Annotated Bibliography
9
Module 2 – Outline and Annotated Bibliography
Jamie Raines
Rasmussen College
H310/HSA3109 Section 01 Foundation of Managed Care
Sandi Moore-Foggey
May 29th, 2020

Thesis Statement
The most comprehensive analysis of comparisons on quality
“found that HMOs provide care that is generally better than or
equal to fee-for-service care. However, HMOs are leading long-
overdue efforts to measure quality of care, so that it can be
brought up to standard” (Major Myths of Healthcare,
n.d.).Introduction of HMO accountability for the quality of
services, the investor-controlled market was not really free.
Good companies were not rewarded for delivering high-quality
services, and bad companies were not punished for withholding
it.
Outline
I. What is an HMO
a. How it related to Health plan
b. How it relates to consumers
II. Key Facts with HMO
a. PCP Physicians
b. Copays
c. In Network vs Out of network
III. HMO vs PPO
a. How are they different
b. Why choose one over the other
c. Which one is right for you
IV. Benefits of HMO Plans
a. Costs
b. Claims
c. Convenience
Annotated Bibliography
What's the difference between HMO and PPO plans? (n.d.).
Retrieved May 30, 2020, from
https://www.bcbsm.com/index/health-insurance-
help/faqs/topics/how-health-insurance-works/difference-hmo-
ppo.html
When you’re shopping for health insurance, you have a lot
of options to choose from.

Knowing the differences between plans can help you choose the
one that’s right for your health care needs and budget. As you
look at plans, you may notice that some plans are HMOs and
some are PPOs, but what does that mean?
As a reliable source from blue cross blue shield, they give
us factors in how we can choose which plan make work best for
a certain individual. This is an up to date source as a health
insurance carrier however it can be influential because it is an
actual health plan organization. This is a great source to
determine differences between an HMO and a PPO.
GetInsured. (2019, April 11). Health Maintenance Organization
(HMO) Plans Explained. Retrieved May 31, 2020, from
https://company.getinsured.com/health-maintenance-
organization-hmo-plans-explained/
With an HMO, you’ll probably need to select a primary
care physician (PCP). Most HMO plans only cover your care if
you see a doctor within the HMO’s network of providers. If you
go outside the network, your services might not be covered at
all. If you want to see a specialist, you’ll most likely have to
get a referral from your PCP.
This information is up to date based on the research that I
have done. It is less than a year old. I do believe this
information is objective because it relates to health insurance.
Most information that is out there is all the same when it comes
to why and what an HMO is, and how it can affect your choices.
This source is helpful to me, and should be when deciding on
what plan you may want for you and your family. This is a
credible source as it has won many web awards.
· 2019 Health Care Standard of Excellence
· 2019 Insurance Standard of Excellence
· 2018 Outstanding Website
· 2016 Outstanding Website

Advantages and Disadvantages: HMO vs. PPO: Kaiser
Permanente. (n.d.). Retrieved May 31, 2020, from
https://thrive.kaiserpermanente.org/thrive-together/health-care-
101/hmo-vs-ppo-advantages
When you’re searching for jobs or considering a job offer,
employer-provided health insurance is an important factor. You
want to make sure there’s a plan available that meets your
family’s health needs, allows you to see your preferred doctors
or specialists, and works with your budget. The most common
choice you’ll have is between a health maintenance organization
(HMO) plan and a preferred provider organization (PPO) plan.
Kaiser Permanente is one of the nation's largest not-for-
profit health plans, serving 12.4 million members. At Kaiser
Permanente, physicians are responsible for medical
decisions. The Permanente Medical Groups, which provide care
for Kaiser Permanente members, continuously develop and
refine medical practices to help ensure that care is delivered in
the most efficient and effective manner possible, so in my
theory yes this is most definite a credible source when it comes
to figuring out HMO for your family. After reading numerous
articles in my opinion no it has not changed how I feel about
HMO’s and PPO’s.
Running head: Module 1 – Overview of Managed Care
1
Module 1 – Overview of Managed Care 9
Module 1 – Overview of Managed Care
Jamie Raines

Rasmussen College
H310/HSA3109 Section 01 Foundation of Managed Care
Sandi Moore-Foggey
May 24th, 2020
What is a Myth?
A myth is defined as “A generic term for popular beliefs in
medicine which have proven over time to be invalid, which are
maintained in medical culture because of inertia” (Myth, n.d.).
Myth: HMOs threaten quality of care
The most comprehensive analysis of comparisons on quality
“found that HMOs provide care that is generally better than or
equal to fee-for-service care. However, HMOs are leading long-
overdue efforts to measure quality of care, so that it can be
brought up to standard” (Major Myths of Healthcare, n.d.).
Introduction of HMO accountability for the quality of services,
the investor-controlled market was not really free. Good
companies were not rewarded for delivering high-quality
services, and bad companies were not punished for withholding
it. Because employers, who are often more concerned about cost
than quality, typically pick health plans and pay premiums,

patients have been unable to vote with their feet.
Mismanagement has not been penalized
What is an HMO
“An HMO is a managed care organization (MCO) that provides
health care services for those on connected insurance plans.
HMO-like services began appearing in the early part of the 20th
century and they started becoming popular after the Health
Maintenance Organization Act of 1973. The new legislation
required employers with more than 25 workers to offer HMO
plans with federal certification. With an HMO, those covered
must choose a primary care physician (PCP) to manage their
health care” (PPO vs HMO, n.d.).
The PCP has primary responsibility for the patient and serves as
the personal physician. The PCP also arranges assistance from
other health care providers when needed. The PCP typically, is
a general physician although it is possible to pick a doctor with
more specialized skills.
Generally, when patients need specialized care, the PCP will
provide referrals. Doctors and other health care providers may
work directly for an HMO, or they may be part of a network of
HMOs. In the latter case, the same doctor may provide services
for people with different HMO plans. The idea behind the HMO
is to provide consumers with cost savings and structure.
“Key Facts with HMO” (HMO 101:
Definition and Key Facts, n.d.)
· With an HMO, you choose a primary care physician, or PCP,
from a network of providers.
· The PCP you choose will refer you to any specialists you need
to see, also chosen from a list of in-network providers.
· Instead of paying a deductible, HMO plans require you to pay
copays for medical services. Different types of services will
have different copay amounts.
HMO’s and Treatments
If I’m rushed into surgery today because my appendix is
about to rupture, my HMO will pay 100 percent for surgical
services and hospital- covered expenses. However, if a person

would experience another major depressive episode, the HMO
will pay 50 percent up to no more than $1,000 per year for
psychiatric.
The HMO recognizes that a ruptured appendix can lead to
peritonitis, which can lead to death. So, what does it think that
acute unipolar depression leads to? A bad hair day?
Conclusion
Well some people may enjoy an HMO and a PCP provider,
personally I like to have the open network policy where I can go
where ever I want and not have to be concerned with weather or
not where I am at is Out of Network or In Network. However, I
do feel today more and more health insurance plans are
acquiring more hospitals, clinics, surgery centers, and
independent medical buildings to be with in their network to
pick from. I feel that HMO’s will not be around for too long
except for people on Medicare and Medicaid who have to
choose a PCP because it is controlled by the government.
References
HMO 101: Definition and Key Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23,
2020, from https://www.healthmarkets.com/content/define-hmo
Major Myths of Healthcare. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2020,
from
https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/1998/07/27/editoria
l2.html?page=all
Myth. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://medical-
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myth
PPO vs HMO. (n.d.). Retrieved May 21, 2020, from
http://www.healthinsure.org/ppo-vs-hmo/
STATE OF THE
INDUSTRY 2018–19

MARCH 2020
Tourism Research Australia
Australian Trade and Investment Commission
Nishi Building, 2 Phillip Law Street, Canberra ACT 2601,
Australia
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.tra.gov.au
Publication date: March 2020
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International licence. To the extent that copyright subsists in
third
party quotes and diagrams it remains with the original owner
and permission may be required to reuse the material.
This work should be attributed as State of the Industry 2018–19,
Tourism Research Australia, Canberra.
Cover image courtesy of Tourism Australia.
Enquiries regarding the licence and any use of work by Tourism
Research Australia are welcome at [email protected]
INTRODUCTION

Tourism continues to be a driver of growth for the economy.
Historically, international visitors have propelled the industry,
but it is Australia’s desire to travel around Australia that sees
the sector exhibit double-digit growth in value in 2018–19.
Domestic spend exceeded $100 billion for the first time.
Australia’s standing in the global top ten for international
expenditure – $64.2 billion on outbound trips – demonstrates
appetite for travel and considerable capacity to increase
domestic travel.
There are now more than 1.4 billion international travellers
globally, spending US$1.5 trillion per year.1 Increased global
mobility has seen a shift in the preferences of visitors and the
community. There is more understanding of diverse cultures
and practices, and an increased awareness of the impact
people have on the environment and the community. This has
seen more interest in sustainability, with new trends emerging,
including ‘flight shaming’ and a focus on minimising travel
miles.
Internationally, Australia is marketed as an aspirational
destination with a strong focus on high value travellers. This
complements the sustainable intent of Australian tourism
– achieving strong economic benefits while managing
environmental and social impacts. However, as a long-haul
destination for most international markets, the industry is
also exposed to changing travel trends and the risks of global
economic and geopolitical uncertainties (see Box 1).
Continuing to capture its share of the lucrative global travel
market will require the Australian tourism industry to maintain
a focus on adopting new technologies and practices to keep
pace with traveller expectations and global competition.
As the industry evolves and adapts to connect with a new wave

of travellers, it is important to note the significance of tourism
to the Australian economy. In 2018–19, tourism contributed
$60.8 billion to national GDP and provided jobs for more than
5% of the national workforce (666,000 people). Tourism also
brought $39.1 billion in exports and is currently the fourth
largest exporting industry. Ensuring that these benefits are
spread across the country by encouraging visitors to travel
regionally is not only good for these economies, but vital for
the
continued growth of the industry.
1 UNWTO (2019), World Tourism Barometer, September 2019
BOX 1: CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE
FOCUS
The recent bushfires in Australia are expected to
have a significant impact on the Australian tourism
industry, with fires across nine tourism regions.
This will affect Australia’s international and
domestic tourism, but in early 2020 it is too soon
to measure the impacts.
The coronavirus creates ongoing risks to
international tourism. China is Australia’s largest
inbound visitor market with 1.4 million visitor
arrivals in 2018–19. With travel restrictions now
imposed, the breadth of the event is yet to be
seen.
This report acknowledges the impact of both the
fires and coronavirus, but in-depth analysis is not
currently available. The March quarter International
Visitor Survey and National Visitor Survey data
will provide the first opportunity to measure the

impacts of these events – available July 2020.
STATE OF THE INDUSTRY 2018–19
TOURISM RESEARCH AUSTRALIA4
CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR
GROWTH
To create growth, the industry must position itself to compete
in international markets. This comes through offering high
quality destinations, services and experiences that highlight
the quality and value available in Australia. In addition to
delivering a better visitor experience, this should also increase
productivity, efficiency and innovation.
COMPETING WITH INTERNATIONAL
RIVALS
GETTING INTERNATIONAL VISITORS TO
AUSTRALIA
Australia has long been an aspirational, once-in-a-lifetime
destination for international visitors – involving long-haul
travel,
high costs and extensive planning. Consequently marketing is
generally targeted at high yield travellers seeking to experience
our unique nature and wildlife, world-class food and wine and
pristine aquatic and coastal attractions.
There are a number of things that will continue to impact our
global competitiveness:
n Australia is a long-haul destination. This limits Australia’s
capacity to offer direct flights and can add significant travel
time to an international trip, contributing to higher prices.

n Changes in the exchange rate. In 2018–19, the average
exchange rate was 71.5 US cents per Australian dollar
– almost 6 cents lower than in 2017–18.2 This creates
favourable spending conditions for international visitors.
n High cost of living making it a relatively more expensive
destination for visitors – Australia is currently ranked
130 out of 137 in terms of global price competitiveness.3
n The generally high quality of Australia’s products and
infrastructure including accommodation and transport.
n Effective marketing with strong reach and impact.
2 RBA (2019), Historical data, Exchange rates
3 World Economic Forum (2019), The Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report
2019
Image courtesy of Tourism Australia
FIGURE 1: INTERNATIONAL SPEND AND VISITATION TO
AUSTRALIA BY MARKET, 2018–19
TOTAL TRIP SPEND VISITORS ('000)
COUNTRY COUNTRY SHARE '18–'19 CHANGE COUNTRY
SHARE '18–'19 CHANGE
CHINA $11.9b 5.9% 1,323 0.8%

US $4.0b 8.6% 764 3.0%
UK $3.4b -3.0% 674 -3.6%
NZ $2.6b 1.3% 1,272 2.1%
JAPAN $2.0b 16% 445 9.1%
INDIA $1.8b 17.4% 350 11.6%
SINGAPORE $1.5b 7.8% 407 7.9%
KOREA $1.5b -12.1% 256 -8.1%
HONG
KONG
$1.4b 5.6% 280 3.3%
MALAYSIA $1.3b -3.8% 346 -1.5%
TOTAL $44.6b 5.0% 8,601 2.8%
27%
9%
8%
6%
5%
4%

3%
3%
3%
3%
15%
9%
8%
15%
5%
4%
5%
3%
3%
4%
In 2018–19, 9.3 million international visitors arrived in
Australia, an increase of 3.0% compared to 2017–18.4 This
represented a slowing in international visitor growth, primarily
driven by stagnation and decline from key Asian markets such
as China (up 0.8%), Malaysia (down 1.1%) and South Korea
(down 7.8%).
Spend increased faster than international visitors, up 5.0% to

$44.6 billion, driven by lower exchange rates and an increase
in high yield education visitors (up 5.9% to 612,000 visitors).
4 ABS (2019), Overseas Arrivals and Departures (Cat no.
3401.0)
Australia’s focus on a handful of wealthy markets has been
one of the key drivers behind strong growth in international
spend. The top five markets already account for more than
half of international spend and arrivals. Maintaining this
strategy should see visitor yield continue to grow, with
Australia
currently one of the highest yielding destinations in the world.
However, a lack of diversity increases the risks of current
global
economic and geopolitical uncertainties on the industry.
While it is important to understand the possible risks, they are
in part offset by Australia’s highly ranked safety and security,
world class universities, and very strong family links due to
diaspora.
6
BOX 2: SAFETY AND SECURITY, A KEY
MOTIVATOR FOR VISITORS
Safety and security remains the primary driver
globally for destination choice. Australia continues
to rank highly in global terms for safety and
security, with Sydney (5) and Melbourne (10) both
ranking in the top ten in the Safe Cities Index
2019.5 While many things are uncertain globally,
Australia is still considered a safe and secure

destination for international visitors.
However, safety is based on perceptions which
can change quickly. The recent bushfires
received widespread attention internationally
and contributed to negative perceptions around
personal safety. To ensure these concerns do not
persist over the longer term, reliable information
delivered at the appropriate time is critical. This
includes providing factual information across
multiple platforms on the impact, the areas which
remain unaffected, and reassurance of Australia as
a safe destination.
THE CHALLENGE OF AUSSIES LOVING OUTBOUND
TRIPS
Not only are tourism businesses competing to get
international visitors to Australia, they are also competing for
domestic tourism.
In 2018–19, 11.2 million Australians returned from an
international trip (up 4.4%),6 which equates to approximately
four trips for every nine people – one of the highest
propensities in the world.
Australian enthusiasm for international travel continues
despite a falling exchange rate and sluggish wage growth,
both of which reduce disposable income. Some of the
reasons that overseas travel still remains attractive include:
n International rivals providing low-cost options. Australian
businesses find it difficult to compete with low-cost
international travel packages, or ‘flights plus nights’ deals
that are on offer from nearby destinations.

n Australia's diverse and multicultural population, with 30%
of Australians born overseas. This creates ties to home
nations as well as an ongoing ‘visiting friends and relatives’
market.
n The ‘wanderlust’ and ‘influencer’ movement seeing people
becoming more aware of international destinations and
wanting to be involved. Almost 60% of Australians are
now on Facebook and 36% active on Instagram7 turning
international travel into a perceived necessity.
n More direct flights, especially on low-cost carriers, make it
easier for Australians to travel outbound.
6 ABS (2019), Overseas Arrivals and Departures (Cat no.
3401.0)
7 Social Media News (2019), Social media statistics Australia –
June 2019
5 The Economist Intelligence Unit (2019), Safe Cities Index
2019.
BOX 3: TRAVEL INCREASINGLY CONSIDERED AN
ESSENTIAL PART OF LIFE
Travel is now often considered an ‘essential’ rather than
a luxury in Australia, with people willing to forgo other
consumption to travel. These priorities are even more obvious

in younger Australians, with current housing affordability
meaning younger generations are choosing to spend their
money on travel, rather than own a home.*
This is further demonstrated as the share of household
spending on travel continues to increase relative to the share
of spending on other items such as clothing, vehicles and
furniture. This is partially due to the declining prices of many
manufactured goods such as clothes and cars. The share of
spending on cars has almost halved, from 5.9% in September
2000 to just 2.8% or annual expenditure in December 2017.
The share of annual spend on international travel is now
higher than spend on vehicles and furniture.
FIGURE 2: PERCENTAGE SHARE OF EXPENDITURE
ITEMS, 2000 TO 2017
Australian travellers are opting for shorter but more frequent
trips when travelling domestically. This increase in frequency
has outweighed the shorter trip length and as a result the
average number of nights on domestic travel has increased
to 20, up from 15 nights a decade ago. The average spend
on domestic travel per Australian has increased by more than
$1,150 to $4,975 in the five years to 2018–19.
FIGURE 3: CHANGE IN DOMESTIC TRAVEL
PATTERNS, 2013–14 TO 2018–19
DEC '17
SEP '11
SEP '05
SEPT '00

2.7 3.2 3.6 1.7 2.8
2.5 2.3 4.0 1.9 3.3
2.3 1.8 3.9 3.1 4.9
2.4 2.0 5.2 3.6 5.9
DOMESTIC TRAVEL &
ACCOMMODATION
INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL &
ACCOMMODATION
CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR FURNITURE &
FURNISHINGS
MOTOR VEHICLES
TRAVEL EXPENDITURE
CONSUMABLE GOODS
TRAVEL NOW ACCOUNTS
FOR 5.8% OF ANNUAL
EXPENDITURE
Source: ABS (2018), Consumer Price Index, Historical
weighting patterns
1948-2017
2018–19
2013–14

OVERNIGHT TRIPS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5.5 TRIPS
PER PERSON,
3.5 NIGHTS
PER TRIP
4.2 TRIPS PER
PERSON,
3.7 NIGHTS
PER TRIP
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
HOLIDAY VFR BUSINESS OTHER REASON
2018–19
2013–14
DOMESTIC DAY TRIPS
2.2
1.8
5.2
4.3
1.8
3.1

2.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.4
1.1
8
POSITIONING THE INDUSTRY
DOMESTICALLY
COMPETING WITHIN THE INDUSTRY TO GET
AHEAD
There are 302,500 tourism-related businesses in Australia. As
the industry grows, there is inevitably increased competition
for the consumer dollar. This makes it harder for the individual
provider, but competitiveness within the industry helps to drive
product quality and the efficiency.
Recognising and catering to market segments – such as the
high value business market – will help the industry drive repeat
visitation and positive word of mouth marketing, which is vital
for the industry.

n Price – Average spend per night has increased just $17 in
the last decade, with much of this in the past two years.
This is caused partially by a change in spend patterns,
with visitors shifting away from shopping, and towards
accommodation, food and drink. However, there is also
increased price competition with more businesses entering
the market, up almost 32,000 in the past five years. This
increase is particularly evident in taxi services, driven by
the increase in ride-share options.
18,689
12,673
2,324
1,913
475
381
-90
-418
-4,278
TAXI & OTHER
ROAD TRANSPORT
CAFES,
RESTAURANTS &
TAKEAWAY

TRAVEL AGENCY &
TOURS
SPORTS &
RECREATION
CULTURAL
SERVICES
CLUBS, PUBS,
TAVERNS & BARS
CASINOS &
GAMBLING
SERVICES
ACCOMMODATION
RETAIL TRADE
ESTABLISHMENTS
HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY
INCREASED, BUT
BUSINESSES HAVE
DECREASED DUE TO
CONSOLIDATION.
INCREASE
DRIVEN BY
THE RISE OF
THE SHARING

ECONOMY -
UBER
FIGURE 4: CHANGE IN TOURISM BUSINESSES BY
INDUSTRY, JUNE 2013 TO JUNE 2018
n Product – Since June 2013, the number of travel agency
and tour operator services has increased by 46%, while
tourism businesses increased just 12%. This equates to
2,300 more businesses selling tours, experiences and
tourism services – proof there is continued demand for
tourism products, especially those tailored to visitor needs.
BOX 4: INVESTORS NEED SUPPORT TO CREATE
PREMIUM OFFERINGS
Visitors are shifting towards eco-friendly boutique
based accommodation offerings. This is evident
with significant investment occurring in this
space – with first movers experiencing significant
success.
As the industry looks to shift its offerings, ongoing
support and encouragement will be required.
Investors appear hesitant to invest in ‘greenfield’
infrastructure, especially in unknown areas of
regional Australia. Providing accurate information
and assistance could see targeted investment
boost tourism to our regions.
JACKALOPE HOTELS
Jackalope Hotel is located among the Willow Creek
Vineyard on the Mornington Peninsula. In its first
year it was awarded ‘Australia’s Hotel of the Year’,
‘New Hotel of the Year’ and ‘Regional Hotel of the

Year’ at the 2017 Gourmet Traveller Australian
Hotel Guide Awards.
This hotel has helped to raise the profile of the
Mornington Peninsula for international visitors. As
a boutique hotel with just 45 rooms, it has put
a focus on luxury and design to accommodate
the desires of the high-end consumer, especially
those travelling from China. With prices starting
at $1,300 per night, it offers immersive food
and wine experiences delivered through its two
restaurants, cocktail bar, winery and cellar door.
The success of this hotel sees Jackalope Flinders
Lane scheduled to open in 2022. This will
comprise 36 rooms, two restaurants, a two-storey
rooftop bar, and the now famous Rain Room.
FIGURE 5. TOP TEN TOURISM REGIONS BY AVERAGE
SPEND PER NIGHT AND LENGTH OF STAY, 2018–19
KANGAROO
ISLAND
AVERAGE SPEND PER
NIGHT: $254
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
3.1
BARKLY

AVERAGE SPEND
PER NIGHT: $325
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
3.2
MACDONNELL
AVERAGE SPEND PER
NIGHT: $285
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
2.6
ALICE
SPRINGS
AVERAGE SPEND PER
NIGHT: $230
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
3.8
LAUNCESTON
& THE NORTH
AVERAGE SPEND PER
NIGHT: $217
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
3.5
SNOWY
MOUNTAINS
AVERAGE SPEND PER

NIGHT: $203
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
3.4BAROSSA
AVERAGE SPEND
PER NIGHT: $254
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
2.6
HOBART &
THE SOUTH
AVERAGE SPEND PER
NIGHT: $215
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
4.4
ADELAIDE
AVERAGE SPEND
PER NIGHT: $198
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
5.0
2
3
4
5
6

7 8
9
10
LASSETER
AVERAGE SPEND
PER NIGHT: $407
AVERAGE NIGHTS:
3.1
1
n Location – city-based operators tend to outperform those
in the regions because of higher demand, particularly
internationally. This is despite competition between operators
being higher in cities.
The average spend per night is $175 in capital cities and
the Gold Coast, compared to $144 in regional areas. This
does not necessarily mean more profit, as establishments
in built up areas generally face higher costs, including
council rates, maintenance and labour. However, a number
of regions look to use their advantageous locations to
offer unique products, with eight regional areas appearing
among the top performing areas by nightly spend.
10
n Technology – service is the life-blood of tourism, which
makes it very susceptible to technological disruption.
Technology has the potential to both enhance and

challenge the tourism industry, with significant disruption
already experienced in the accommodation and transport
sectors through companies like Airbnb and Uber.
Continued growth in the sharing economy, emerging
payment platforms, and augmented reality (AR) and
virtual reality (VR) are expected to create the next wave of
disruption in the shopping, tours and food and beverage
sectors.8
8 Deloitte (2019) Technology Disruptors in Tourism
BOX 5: HOTELIERS ADAPT TO COMPETE WITH
THE SHARING ECONOMY
Airbnb has long been considered a disruptor of the
traditional hotelier. However, some hoteliers are
now adapting to remain competitive in the industry.
Recent statistics show there has been a 152%
increase in traditional hotel and accommodation
listings on the Airbnb platform worldwide.
This continues in the Australian market, with bed
and breakfasts and boutique hotels in Sydney and
Melbourne already offering rooms via Airbnb to
diversify their target markets and capture tech-
savvy tourists.
In regional Australia, Airbnb offers the opportunity
for operators to launch their offerings to different
demographics and capture more of the younger,
high yield domestic and international markets
looking for more unique and authentic experiences
away from the capital cities
n Building on existing products/attractions – this enables
operators to provide an enhanced product or level of

service compared to competitors. This is particularly
important as Australia offers a plethora of natural
attractions that draw visitors, many of which are yet
undiscovered by the mainstream market.
ENSURING A LEADING TOURISM WORKFORCE
Tourism continues to be a key economic driver for Australia.
In 2018–19, it contributed $60.8 billion to Australia’s GDP and
employed 666,000 people. 9
A key challenge for the industry is securing and retaining
quality labour. While tourism directly employs more than 5% of
the working population, for most it is considered a job rather
than a career. Some of the key reasons for this include:
n A low level of skilled employment. For example, only 32%
of workers in the accommodation and food sector were
managers, professionals or skilled tradespeople. For the
Australian labour force as whole, 50% of workers fall within
these categories.10
n Low pay – the average weekly earnings for accommodation
and food services employees is just $550, compared with
$1,238 for Australian workers overall.11
n Unfavourable hours, often including late night and weekend
work.
n Seasonality/casualisation, with 48% of the workforce
employed part time.
Consequently, the industry attracts a younger workforce, many
of whom are working while completing education for a future
career and don’t regard tourism as a serious career prospect.
Changing this perception will ensure high quality labour is

retained within the industry. The result – better experiences
for visitors and increased productivity and efficiency for
employers.
COLLABORATING FOR GROWTH
Identifying opportunities for collaboration with other industries
enhances tourism's growth. Partnerships provide access
to more resources and increase market opportunities. As a
service industry, tourism has built these connections for many
years, which has led to increased growth.
n Food and wine has long been a key driver of high yield
visitation. It is a top-five driver of destination choice globally
and provides an obvious nexus with agriculture to sustain
and elevate Australia’s food and wine offering. In 2018–19:
− more than 1 million international visitors went to a winery
− 2.2 million went to a local food market
− 375,000 travelled to a farm gate.
This not only introduces Australian products to international
visitors, but provides ongoing quality to drive repeat domestic
visitation.
9 ABS (2019) Tourism Satellite Accounts 2018-19
10 ABS (2016) Census of Population and Housing
11 ABS (2019) Average Weekly Earnings, Australia (cat. no.
6302.0)

n Almost 586,000 international visitors came to Australia
for the main purpose of education in 2018–19. Education
visitors have a greater impact on Australia’s economy:
− Their longer average stay means that 92% of education
visitor spend is actually in Australia, rather than on
international airfairs and package tours – compared to
just 60% for holiday visitors.
− They spurred 313,800 trips from friends and relatives
while they were studying here, who went on to spend
$1.2 billion in Australia.
These visitors come to study, but often explore the country
while they are here. They also have the potential to create
life-long friendships and connections that will see them
continue to return in the future.
Leveraging off these established ties with the food and wine
and education industries will help promote tourism, but also
requires collaboration across sectors to mitigate future risk.
Current issues including drought, smoke taint and affordable
student housing in capital cities may seem far removed from
tourism, but early intervention can help to prevent future
impacts.
ENSURING FUTURE PROSPERITY
The industry’s strong reliance on infrastructure, environmental
icons and support from the Australian community means that
sustainable growth is just as important as profitability.
Sustainable growth is about allowing the industry to flourish
economically while addressing broader environmental

concerns and the impact of tourism on resident populations. It
encompasses three areas:
n Economic sustainability – ensuring the efficient supply of
tourism labour, transport, accommodation and attractions
across Australia meets the needs of visitors and delivers on
their expectations.
n Environmental sustainability – maintaining and preserving
our natural attractions so they can be enjoyed by future
visitors.
n Community sustainability – engendering strong support for
tourism by addressing its impacts while communicating its
benefits.
These sustainability aspects are inter-related. For example
an economically successful industry is better positioned to
generate the revenues needed to support long-term viability.
Similarly a focus on high yield markets will provide equivalent
economic benefits to mass-market tourism, but with fewer
environmental and social downsides. A sustainable approach
to tourism will also deliver the infrastructure and attractions
that
can be enjoyed by residents and visitors alike, while creating
resilience for providers.
BUILDING ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
DELIVERING VISITORS TO DESTINATIONS
Transport and access is a key requirement for tourism. In
2018–19, there were 26.9 million available inbound seats on
flights to Australia, an increase of 1.8%. These seats were
operating at an average load factor of 80.9% and closer to full
capacity during peak periods. This means that international
aviation remains profitable but still has capacity to grow

outside
periods of peak demand.
Some of the most constrained markets included the UK
(87.8% load factor), India (87.1%) and Singapore (86.3%). The
Government continues to negotiate air services arrangements
to ensure that there is adequate arrangements for expansion
where required.
Domestic aviation declined marginally in terms of the number
of seats available (down 0.1%). A small increase in passengers
saw the load factors increase to 80.3% across the year.
Domestic aviation remains concentrated in the capital cities,
with 55% of available domestic seats connecting state capitals.
The size of Australia means that aviation continues to be a
focal point, but 73% of domestic overnight trips are self-drive,
with an additional 6% travelling on other ground transport. Car
transport was even higher for regional areas, accounting for
85% of trips. This flags the requirement for investment in road
and rail infrastructure and other public good assets to create
sustainable access for future travel.
12
BOX 6: INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE IS
KEY, BUT IT NEEDS TO BE WELL TIMED AND
TARGETED.
Sydney is a key hub for international visitors
to Australia, accounting for more than 40% of
arrivals. However, the Sydney International Airport

is already running close to capacity.
Badgerys Creek Western Sydney Airport is a
large scale, investment that will help to ease this
pressure, but stage one is not expected to be
completed until 2026. Current tourism forecasts
suggest Australia will receive an additional
3 million visitors per year by 2025–26, which will
require visitors to change current travel patterns
during this time.
Using this as an example, it becomes apparent
that a better understanding of travellers and their
behaviours is required to keep pace with demand.
This can be done through targeted and well-timed
investment to ensure that infrastructure keeps
pace with visitor demands.
MANAGING ACCOMMODATION DEMAND
Occupancy rates fell to 74.0% in 2018–19, but this is still
profitable relative to other competitor markets. Strong growth
in accommodation supply contributed to this fall, with more
than 7,650 rooms entering the market. These new rooms were
primarily located in the supply constrained capital cities, with
almost 4,000 rooms added across Melbourne, Brisbane and
Sydney. The fall in occupancy rates (and Revenue Per Available
Room - RevPAR) is a short-term effect, and these metrics
are expected to lift as demand eventually catches up with the
supply increase.
Most destinations face some seasonality due to weather
patterns and visitor types, however the effects are more
pronounced outside of capital cities, with more remote
destinations finding it challenging to address these fluctuations.
This can be a challenge for regional operators as many

business overheads remain fixed, and can be quite costly
where traditional infrastructure is required. Recruitment and
retention of labour can be difficult. Holiday visitors are also
price sensitive, so there are limits on how much prices can be
raised during peak periods.
FIGURE 6: CHANGE IN OCCUPANCY RATES BY MONTH
FOR AUSTRALIA’S TOURISM REGIONS, JULY 2018 TO
JUNE 2019
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
JUL 18 AUG 18 SEP 18 OCT 18 NOV 18 DEC 18 JAN 19 FEB
19 MAR 19 APR 19 MAY 19 JUN 19
CAPITAL CITY TOTAL REGIONAL TOTAL

SYDNEY SNOWY MOUNTAINS
WINTER
SKI
SEASON
SUMMER
SCHOOL
HOLIDAYS
EASTER
SCHOOL
HOLIDAYS
TARGETING THE RIGHT TYPES OF VISITORS
The impact and sustainability of tourism varies, and is
dependent on different visitor types. The typical overnight
visitor will make greater use of tourism infrastructure than a
day visitor, while making a greater economic contribution the
region. International visitors will spend more per trip and stay
longer than domestic overnight visitors.
Among …

Usability Engineering
Assignment 3 - Individual Assignment (25%)
This assignment is due on Monday, May 25, 2020, at 9am
From time to time, Governments commission the collection of
data, and then
make the data publicly available. The Australian Government
has released
data collected for Tourism Research Australia regarding the
international
visitors to Australia: https://www.tra.gov.au/data-and-research.
In particular they have published information about the state of
the industry in
September 2019 and comparing data from September 2018 with
data from
September 2019. The report and data is available in the first two
files at the
website link above, namely TRA State of the Industry 2019, and
International
Visitor Survey (IVS) Data – September 2019.
The report, data and research were primarily aimed at

explaining the financial
position of the industry. However, now that the data is open
source, it can be
used to explain other things as well.
Your task for this assignment is to study the data and write a
summary report
about it addressing the following questions and explaining how
you analysed
and found the relevant information.
Data Analysis:
1. What quantitative data is provided?
2. What qualitative data is provided?
3. How comprehensive and complete is the data? Do you think
there may
be any missing data?
4. The authors of the report have produced an analysis which
primarily
compares profit from 2018 with profit made in 2019. On the

whole was
the profit increasing? What does the report say about this?
5. In the introduction to the report, the authors of the report
state:
“There is more understanding of diverse cultures and practices,
and an increased
awareness of the impact people have on the environment and the
community. This
has seen more interest in sustainability, with new trends
emerging, including ‘flight
shaming’ and a focus on minimising travel miles.”
https://www.tra.gov.au/data-and-research
Is there any data from the survey and report which supports this
assertion? Give the
actual questions, descriptions or definitions and data which
could support it or reject
it.
6. If we consider this from a user perspective, where the user is
an international

tourist to Australia, is there any information in this report
which could be of
interest to a user?
7. What information does the report provide about technology
and disruption?
8. For maximum marks, include at least two other research
questions of your
choice involving the data and report.
Report Requirements:
In your report, you will need to explain your decisions
regarding your answers to the
analysis questions. In particular your decisions in relation to
any missing or
mismatched data should be explained and your choice of
statistical analysis
techniques and parameters.
You should report descriptive statistics where you can, and
include graphs and data
summaries where appropriate.

Clearly state any limitations relating to the results
And critically evaluate the report and survey.
Report Presentation:
To achieve maximum marks your work must fulfil these
criteria:
● Have good use of layout and space.
● Be a professional report using appropriate language.
● Have sensible colours, fonts, and sizes.
● Be a maximum of FOUR pages long (excluding graphs and
appendices).
● The report must be submitted as PDF or Word document to
CANVAS.
You may choose an academic paper format (eg. IEEE) or an
industry report layout.
Late Penalties
0 to 14:59 minutes no late penalty
15 minutes to 1 hour 5% off final mark
1 hour to 1 day 10% off final mark

1 day to 5 days 10% off final mark for every day late
more than 5 days 100% penalty (you will get 0 marks)

IndexESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 2019 FROM THE INTERNA.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to IndexESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 2019 FROM THE INTERNA.docx

Similar to IndexESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 2019 FROM THE INTERNA.docx (20)

More from annettsparrow

More from annettsparrow (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

IndexESTIMATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 2019 FROM THE INTERNA.docx