Critical Thinking Analyzing Problemsand DecisionsVideo .docx

Critical Thinking: Analyzing Problems
and Decisions
Video Title: C r i t i c a l T h i n k i n g : A n a l y z i n g P r
o b l e m s a n d
Decisions
Originally
Published: 2008
Publication
Date: Jul. 12, 2017
Publishing
Company: SAGE Publications Inc.
City: Thousand Oaks, CA
ISBN: 9781506309309
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506309309
©SAGE Publications, 2008
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506309309
JOHN CHAFFEE: Welcome to the program Critical Thinking,

Analyzing Problems and
Decisions. I'm John Chaffee, and I teach philosophy and critical
thinking at the City University
of New York. I am also the author of several textbooks in these
areas. This program is
designed to introduce you to a critical thinking approach to
solving problems and making
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: decisions. Our lives are filled
with problems to solve and
decisions to make, and the quality of our lives is directly related
to how well we do these.
Thinking critically can help us in solving challenging problems
and making informed
decisions, thus enriching our lives in every area, both personal
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: and professional. The key to
being a successful problem solver
is learning to approach problems in a thoughtful and organized
way. In this program, you will
become familiar with a powerful and effective approach for
solving problems and making
decisions. You will also see this critical thinking approach in
action
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: as we apply it to several
challenging situations.
SPEAKER 1: The approach we will be using consists of six
steps. Step 1, have I accepted the
problem? Step 2, what is the real problem? Step 3, what are my
alternatives? Step 4, what
are the advantages and disadvantages
SPEAKER 1 [continued]: of the alternatives? Step 5, what is my
solution and plan of action?

Step 6, how well is my solution working?
JOHN CHAFFEE: The first problem that we will be analyzing is
one that almost all of us can
relate to, that of procrastination.
SPEAKER 2: As Charles approaches the professor in his critical
thinking class, he finds
himself in a familiar position, trying to explain why he won't be
handing in the paper that is
due on time. His professor surprises Charles by encouraging
him to think critically by treating
this late paper as a symptom of a larger problem in his life,
procrastination. For the next class,
Charles is to bring
SPEAKER 2 [continued]: in a description of his problem, which
he will then analyze using the
problem solving method they've been studying in class. This is
what Charles writes. I am a
procrastinator. Whenever I have something important to do,
especially if it's difficult or
unpleasant, I tend to put it off. Though this chronic delaying
bothers me, I try to suppress my
concern and instead
SPEAKER 2 [continued]: work on more trivial things. It doesn't
matter how much time I allow
for certain responsibilities, I always end up waiting until the
last minute to really focus and get
things done, or I over-schedule too many things for the time
available. I usually meet my
deadlines, but not always, and I don't enjoy working under this
kind of pressure. In many
cases, I know that I'm not producing my best work.

SPEAKER 2 [continued]: To make matters worse, the feeling
that I'm always behind causes
me to feel really stressed out and undermines my confidence.
I've tried every kind of schedule
and technique, but my best intentions simply don't last, and I
end up slipping into my old
habits. I must learn to get my priorities in order and act on them
in an organized way so that I
can lead to a well-balanced and happier life.
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JOHN CHAFFEE: I'm here with my friends, Janet and Saul. And
today, we're going to be
thinking critically about problem solving and decision making.
We're going to look at several
different scenarios and try to think our way through them. The
first problem that we're going
to look at today
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: is one that almost everybody can
relate to, procrastination.
JANET: Hm, yeah.
JOHN CHAFFEE: And the first step in the problem-solving
approach that we're going to be
using is accepting the problem. If we don't acknowledge and
accept that we have a problem,
then the problem-solving process never gets off the ground. Yet

for some people, this is the
most difficult step. Why is that? Why is it difficult for people to
acknowledge that they have a
problem?
JANET: Well, and I think people have a natural reluctance not
to want to analyze themselves
and their behaviors. I mean, why would you want to analyze
yourself. I mean, you could
uncover some things you don't want to uncover.
SAUL: Right. And it requires you making life changes that
you're not familiar with, that you've
never done before. So it's sort of like a new beginning.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Well, we've acknowledged that we have a
problem. We've committed
ourselves to solving it. What are some strategies that we can use
to sustain that commitment?
JANET: I think it's always wise to kind of formalize your
commitment. Perhaps you want to put
it down on a piece of paper.
SAUL: I mean, and once you tackle it, your life becomes less
stressful, less problems. You
feel good about it. And you might look back and say, well, why
did I wait so long?
JOHN CHAFFEE: Absolutely. So this first step is crucial for
getting the problem-solving
process off the ground. Acknowledge that you have a problem,
commit yourself to doing
something about it, and implement some strategies to ensure
that that commitment will be
sustained. The second step in our problem-solving process

JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: is in response to the question,
what is the real problem? And
the purpose of this step is to try to get to the heart of the
problem. If we don't define the
problem correctly from the beginning, we run the risk of going
off in the wrong direction.
Sometimes we mistake the symptoms of a problem for the
problem itself.
SAUL: Sure.
JANET: Right.
JOHN CHAFFEE: And the case of procrastination, for example,
handing in a late research
paper may be a symptom of a much deeper and far-reaching
problem. How do we go about
identifying the real problem? What are some strategies that we
can use?
SAUL: Well, you could analyze the history of the problem, find
out where the problem stems
from.
JANET: You also look at what situations you run into these
problems, where this occurs. And
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that can give you a clue as to what the real issue is.
JOHN CHAFFEE: And so the important point in this step is that
we want to really get below
the surface, to use our critical thinking capabilities to get deep,
and to really find what really is
at the essence of this thing that's causing us the difficulties.
And then once we have that as a
starting point, to build outwards and start really
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: attacking the problem in a really
informed and intelligent way.
Step 3 in the problem-solving process is identifying
alternatives. It's really to our advantage to
identify as many alternatives as possible. Why is that?
SAUL: Well, the more alternatives you have, the better it is for
you because then you realize
which one of those works best.
JANET: Or which combination. I mean--
SAUL: Which combinations, exactly.
JANET: --more is more. I mean, and more ideas are better.
JOHN CHAFFEE: It's very unlikely that the most creative idea
that you come up with is going
to be alternative number three. It's most likely it's going to be
alternative number 17 or
alternative number 31, where you've ranged way, way out there
beyond conventional thinking
and really come up with something that really is really
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: unique and really innovative and
powerful in that way. What are

some strategies that we can use to generate many alternatives
for solving problems?
SAUL: You could discuss the matter with other people, and
therefore by doing that, you would
get a different viewpoint.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Yeah, benefit from their experiences and
from their way of thinking.
JANET: Right. You could also-- what we were talking about
was brainstorming is just
generating lots and lots of different ideas. And the more the
merrier and the more creative, the
more interesting different approaches you might have.
JOHN CHAFFEE: It's one of the unique qualities of the human
mind that when human minds
come together, they often produce thinking that neither of the
individuals would have come up
with on their own. There's a certain chemistry that takes place.
And it's part of the power of
the human mind and why critical thinking doesn't just take place
in reflective isolation, but it's
a communal activity.
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: It's a social activity with human
minds getting together and
generating thoughts and clarity. Let's see if we can do a little
brainstorming and come up with
some ideas for dealing with the problem of procrastination.
SAUL: Well, one of the things would be to tackle the hardest
things first.
JANET: And setting deadlines. Setting deadlines, taking the

task and dividing it up into
smaller pieces and set individual deadlines for each component.
That could work.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Start immediately.
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SAUL: Right.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Once you get a task, commit yourself to
beginning that day, or at least
initiating the process of solving the problem.
SAUL: Exactly. And not to think too much about it because, I
guess, once you do that, then
you're going to fall back.
JANET: See, I also like the idea of after you've completed
something or part of the task,
reward yourself. I mean, you've done something. You've
achieved something. Give yourself a
little reward. It'll give you more incentive for going on.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Create a specific schedule, one that also has
a timeline built into it. And
even though the schedule may not correspond to reality, you
may have to make some
adjustments to it, nevertheless it gives you a path. It gives you a
framework.

SAUL: Establish priorities. Do what's most important.
JOHN CHAFFEE: You can link up with a friend that also is a
procrastinator. Shouldn't be too
difficult to find. And you could form like a small, mutually-
supportive group with one another.
JANET: You could also find someone who doesn't procrastinate,
and maybe some of their
good habits will rub off on you.
JOHN CHAFFEE: You can create daily lists on Post-It notes,
and then each day revise the
order of those lists. Cross out the things you've done. Move the
things you haven't done to the
top of the list so that you're always trying to work from the
most important to the least
important.
SAUL: And I think what's important also is to eliminate what's
silly, what's not essential in your
life.
JANET: Learn to say no to things that are not important.
JOHN CHAFFEE: You could really work at visualizing what
your life is going to be like if you're
able to eliminate procrastination. Think of all of the time,
anxiety, guilt that we waste because
simply we haven't gotten to the task itself.
SAUL: And I guess if you can't do this, you might need
counseling.
JOHN CHAFFEE: And because it's such a universal problem,

there are books that have been
written. I'm sure there's information on the internet.
JANET: There's no stigma attached to it. Yeah, you can get self-
help books. I mean, you could
see a counselor. But there are other options even within that,
accessing help.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Time-wasters, on the cellphone, surfing the
internet. Block those out, just
take those away.
JANET: Multitasking, it's hard to do three things at once. Do
one thing at a time.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Make use of your spare time. I knew a
professor at my college. He's a
professional writer. He says all you need is 15 or 20 minutes,
you can get something done.
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Well, I don't know how many that is, but in just a few minutes,
we were able to generate a
number of different ideas for solving the problem of
procrastination.
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: Once we've generated as many
alternatives as we can, it's time
now to take a closer look at them, analyze them in terms of how

practical they are, how
feasible they are, and how useful they are. For example, one of
the alternatives that we
looked at was to create a very specific schedule and try to stick
to it. If we're able to do that,
what are some advantages
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: of pursuing that particular
alternative?
JANET: You understand what tasks you need to do and when,
and it lays things out nicely for
you so it's very easy and systematic to follow.
JOHN CHAFFEE: What about disadvantages?
SAUL: Well, you could say, well, OK, this is fine, but why is
this going to work now when it
never did before?
JANET: It also doesn't take into account things that come up
during the way. OK, I'm going to
do my term paper right now, but, oh, wait a minute, I have a
take-home midterm. How does
that factor in? And it doesn't take into account that things
evolve and change. And your plan
can't be set in stone or it won't work.
JOHN CHAFFEE: And I think that connects to the whole notion
of identifying the real
problem, because it may be that creating a schedule is just
dealing with a symptom of the
problem. It isn't really getting to the heart of the problem, and
so it's not going to really have
sustained success. So this particular step is crucial because not
only does it give us an

opportunity
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: to really look up close and
personal at these different
alternatives, it really increases our understanding, strengthens
our analytical abilities, lays the
foundation for us to create a solution that will really work, that
will really be a lasting solution,
not a temporary Band-aid.
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: Step 5 is a step of synthesis. Up
until now, we've been
engaging mainly in analytical activities as we tried to
familiarize ourselves with the problem.
We've looked at lots of different alternatives. We've analyzed
those alternatives in terms of
advantages and disadvantages. And now it's time for us to try to
bring it all together and
create a solution and a specific plan of action that
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: will help us move ahead and
make some progress in trying to
solve the problems that we're dealing with. What are some
strategies for selecting alternatives
that we think might have a good chance of succeeding?
SAUL: Well you could compare your terms back to your
original goals.
JANET: That would work. Or you can synthesize a bunch of the
different alternatives and put
them together to come up with something that works for you,
very specifically for you.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Trying some out. You can try them out in
your mind. You can visualize how

different alternatives might have an effect on your life and what
results they might produce.
Or you can even experiment. You can take some of those
alternatives and try them out a little
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bit or one at a time and see what the initial feedback is. Well,
once we've selected our
alternatives,
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: now comes the really crucial step
and that's to create a plan of
action and implement it. And this is where a lot of problem
solving comes to grief, a lot of
problem solving breaks down. These are complex problems. We
need to try things out, and
then we need to see how they're working. And that really moves
us to the final step
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: in the problem-solving process.
The final step in the problem-
solving process, step 6, how well is my solution working?
We've created our alternatives,
developed our plan of action, implemented it. And now it's time
to see how things are working
out.
JANET: Right.

JOHN CHAFFEE: It may be that we'll have to make some small
adjustments. We may have to
do some fine tuning. Or we may find that our alternatives aren't
working at all. What do we do
in that case?
SAUL: I guess you could get perspective from different people,
find out how you're doing.
JANET: You can analyze and see, has the whole thing, the
whole plan been successful? Have
portions of it been successful? And maybe if only portions of it
have been successful, you can
revamp and create a new plan based on what you have had
success with.
JOHN CHAFFEE: We learn as much if not more from things
that don't work out. And now
armed with that new information, we can go back to our
alternatives and make now an even
more informed and intelligent selection in terms of how to
implement a plan of action. The
problem-solving process is not linear. It's not a formula. It's an
ongoing process.
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: It's a way of thinking. it's a way
of living. So we shouldn't get
discouraged when things don't work out. I n s t e a d w e s h o
u l d t a k e t h a t a s s i g n s o f
encouragement that we're moving ahead. We're moving towards
solving some of the most
difficult and challenging problems in our lives. Well, what
we've been doing in this first
scenario is looking at a fairly simple but a very powerful
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: approach to solving problems.

And now what we'd like to do is
we'd like to take this problem-solving approach and apply it to a
decision-making situation.
SPEAKER 2: Jerry is a student in business school. He worked
diligently to get into this
college and has been getting above-average grades. A future job
in business management or
further studies in finance could lead to a lucrative career. He's
reached an important milestone
in his business degree program when he must identify an area of
study, but he's having a
hard time choosing between the available options.
SPEAKER 2 [continued]: He discusses it with some friends.
One thought he's had is to focus
on developing and perhaps managing small businesses in the
area of graphic art and design.
His classmates begin to question him about his interest in this
area, and he reveals that he's
always wanted to be a graphic artist himself. In fact, he has
quite a bit of talent as an
Illustrator. He volunteers with the school newspaper,
SPEAKER 2 [continued]: providing graphics and a cartoon
series, which is widely popular with
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the students. But he's never sought any training or taken any

classes in illustration. His
classmates suggest perhaps he should consider this as an option
for study. Why not explore
a career as a graphic designer? Jerry says he thinks of his
drawings as a hobby, not a
possible career direction.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Jerry is faced with an incredibly important
decision that we're all faced with,
namely, what career is he going to devote his life to? In
applying the problem-solving process
to this type of decision, accepting the problem involves trying
to and recognizing that we want
to identify a career that will not just
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: bring us a paycheck, but will
bring us fulfillment and
satisfaction and meaning in our lives. It's an interesting
question because so many people
seem to have difficulty in doing this. For example, think of all
the people you know who are
employed. What percentage of them wake up in the morning
excited about going to work,
looking forward,
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: enthusiastic to getting to the
office, and have careers or jobs
that really complete them and make them feel fulfilled?
JANET: And if you're spending a lot of time, as you do at work,
you could be very frustrated
doing something that you really don't truly enjoy.
JOHN CHAFFEE: So this first step is crucial, to recognize and
acknowledge that this is a truly
significant choice in our lives and to do the very best that we

can to find a career that we can
really devote ourselves to. That will, yes, provide us with
financial security, but it will fulfill us.
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: It will complete us. It will enable
us to fulfill our potentials to be
the kind of person and make the unique contribution to the
world that we're capable of. Step
2 in the problem-solving process, what is the real problem,
follows on the acknowledgement
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: that what we want is a career that
will not just bring us financial
security, but also personal fulfillment. What advice can we give
Jerry as he wrestles with this
career decision?
JANET: It's an important decision and not something that he has
to make immediately. He can
make over time. He should not feel that he's locked into
anything. He can change his mind.
He can explore.
JOHN CHAFFEE: So trying to identify the deep and abiding
interest in our lives, trying to
identify the areas of our lives where we have unique and special
talents, seems to me that
those are really the fundamental ingredients to identifying
careers.
JANET: There has to be a balance between money and
contentment. Whatever that balance
is for yourself, you have to be able to find that in your career.
JOHN CHAFFEE: A lot of times students in college feel a lot of
pressure to make a selection

for a career. But really, being in college is an ideal time to be
undecided and to be open to
lots of different possibilities. Because this is a decision which,
if possible, you want to get right
the first time so that when you look back
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: on your career five years, 10
years, 15 years, you're still going
to be a person who gets up in the morning excited about going
to work and feeling fulfilled at
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the end of the day and at the end of the week. Step 3, what are
my alternatives? When we
think about this in terms of career exploration,
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: and Jerry's situation in
particular, we find that a lot of times
people feel that they have to make a choice between two or
three alternatives. But really, what
they ought to be doing is generating as many alternatives, as
many possibilities, as they can.
Why?
SAUL: Because it gives you the chance to explore and find out
exactly what your passion
might be that otherwise you wouldn't know. You may not know
that a career exists unless you
go out and you figure it out yourself, or you might want to talk

to someone who might give you
some sort of advice and direction.
JOHN CHAFFEE: So there's really-- we're talking about three
different areas that are
unknown to us. One area is often, what positions, careers, are
available out there? Secondly,
what may grow and develop in the future? And thirdly, who am
I? As a critical thinker, you're
using your abilities to actively explore.
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: What are some specific
suggestions we could make to Jerry
about enlarging his realm of possibilities?
JANET: Well, first of all, he should probably talk to some
people who are graphic artists and
see what kinds of things they do, what kinds of jobs they've
had, what things they've enjoyed,
and see if these sort of things are of interest to him. Or if they
can put him in touch with other
people who do something that's similar to that and may
probably open up other opportunities
there as well.
JOHN CHAFFEE: So the point here is that in this stage of the
decision-making process, you
want to bring your creative thinking abilities to bear, but also
your openness to yourself and
openness to the future, and to generate as many possibilities and
to keep your mind open.
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: Once you've generated as many
career possibilities as you can,
now it's time for analysis. Step 4, what are the advantages and
disadvantages of each of

these different alternatives? In the case of Jerry, we've
identified three different possibilities for
him to think about and to consider.
JANET: One of them is developing and managing his own small
graphic design firm, which is
obviously a very appealing thing for him since he enjoys doing
graphic design. He'd have
some job flexibility, and he would be sort of master of his own
fate, which can be very
appealing for a lot of people. There are, however, a lot of
disadvantages, and I could just
name a couple.
JANET [continued]: First of all, a lot of small businesses fail.
So he could be starting
something that may not be successful, so there might be a
component of instability rather
than stability. He may also end up not doing what he likes
doing, which is the graphic design.
He may end up spending most of his time managing people, and
is that really what he wants
to be doing?
SAUL: Another one is becoming a graphic designer himself,
leaving what he was doing before
to just pursue something new, which would be, as Janet
mentioned, something that he would
enjoy doing, and I'm sure would excel. But the disadvantage of
that would probably be also
that he might find out later
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SAUL [continued]: that where he was before he was better off.
JOHN CHAFFEE: In each of these cases, there's no, again, no
simple answer. But we need to
bring our critical thinking abilities to bear and decide, at this
point in time, this is the best
choice for me, but it's not a final choice. Step 5 is, what is my
solution and plan of action?
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: So we've generated career
possibilities. Now it's time to try to
pull things together, develop a plan of action, and then move on
it. What are some of the
issues or priorities that we're thinking about when we're
exploring different careers?
SAUL: Financial security, employment, and job security.
JANET: You also want a career that's going to make use of your
special talents and your
special abilities so that you are fulfilled, that you're happy in
what you do.
JOHN CHAFFEE: So it's very important to develop that
concrete plan of action, have a
timeline. But at the same time, recognize that even though
you're committing yourself, at this
point, to these specific steps, you're open to change. You're
open to possibilities.
JANET: So while you might have a plan, that you're going to
allow it to move and shift as

needs and opportunities shift.
JOHN CHAFFEE: And as a critical thinker, you're critically
reflecting on these experiences,
and those reflections inform your choices. I mean, life is
change. The Greek philosopher
Heraclitus said that, "All is flux." He said, "The same person
never steps into the same river
twice," because the river's always changing, and we're always
changing.
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: And as a result, we need to
recognize that we are evolving. The
world is evolving. And we need to use our minds and use our
abilities to think deeply and to
think broadly and to think clearly to make the most informed
choices possible, b u t t o
recognize that those choices are going to change and evolve
over time.
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: Step 6 is the step of evaluation.
How are things working out?
And it's a question that's of crucial importance in terms of our
career because it's such a
central part of our lives. So as we commit ourselves to our
careers, we want to be monitoring
and seeing to what extent the career that we've selected is one
that really reflects
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: our deep and abiding interest and
also reflects our talent, helps
us fulfill the potentials that we have. And I know that in almost
every person's life, they have a
story to tell about how they ended up in their career and how it
was a path that was one that
they never envisioned would take place.

JANET: My first job getting out of college was on a trading
floor on Wall Street, and I was just
miserable. I was working very, very long hours, and I just didn't
like it. And I realized at the
end of the summer that it wasn't for me, and I quit.
SAUL: With me, I remember as a young man thinking that I was
going to be a great architect,
and I envisioned myself doing that. But that didn't happen. I
ended up majoring in business
administration.
JOHN CHAFFEE: Many of our experiences in life, as we seek
to make informed decisions, are
going to be filled with unknowns. They're going to be filled
with unpredictable events. But
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what we have going for us is we're armed with our critical
thinking abilities. Those abilities will
enable us to analyze situations as they occur, to look at the
deeper issues,
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: to look at the entire context in
which we're dealing with things,
and will enable us, each step of the way, to make the most
informed choices possible. Life
has no guarantees. But what we can do is we can make use of

the extraordinary ability to
think and to think well in order to create lives that are
successful, but more significant,
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: lives that we feel are worth
living. Becoming an effective
problem solver does not merely involve applying a problem-
solving method in a mechanical
fashion. Rather, solving problems and making decisions, like
thinking critically, reflects a total
approach to making sense of experience. A sophisticated
problem solver employees
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: all of the abilities of thinking
critically, including thinking
actively, being self-aware, curious, open-minded, an
independent thinker, knowledgeable,
creative, skilled at discussing ideas with others. For more
information on the basic abilities
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: of critical thinking, see Insight
Media's production, Introduction
to Critical Thinking. When we think critically as problem
solvers, we have the courage to meet
difficult problems head on and the determination to work
through them. Becoming an expert
problem solver is, for the most part, an ability that you can
develop by practicing and applying
JOHN CHAFFEE [continued]: the principles described in this
program. You can learn to view
problems as challenges, opportunities for growth, instead of
obstacles or burdens. You can
become a person who attacks adversity with confidence and
enthusiasm.

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Critical Thinking Analyzing Problemsand DecisionsVideo .docx

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