The fidelity of DNA replication determines the genome stability and .pdf

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The fidelity of DNA replication determines the genome stability and it plays a main role in evolution of species. The DNA replication fidelity is a key factor of mutations which in turn leads to many human diseases. The high fidelity of DNA replication in E.coli is achieved by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, which is a complex of 17 proteins. This is responsible for simultaneous replication of both leading and lagging DNA strand with high speed and high fidelity. There are also four other accessory DNA polymerases present in E.coli such as Pol I, II, IV and V. Pol II plays an important role in proofreading of DNA intra-strand crosslinks, DNA strand exposed to UV irradiation, oxidation, stress-induced mutagenesis. This enzyme is responsible for translesion synthesis. Pol IV and V are specific to lagging stand. Pol IV is responsible for proceeding the DNA replication even when there is a mismatch. The Pol IV has a high constitutive intracellular concentration. Pol V is induced constitutively in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. The primary role of Pol I in DNA replication is to remove RNA primers and fill the resulting gap during maturation of Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand. In eukaryotes, the replication of leading and lagging strands takes place by Pol and Pol respectively, which leads to fidelity differences. Whereas in E.coli the replication of both leading and lagging strands takes place by same enzyme polymerase III. This is also one of the reason why E.coli has high fidelity of DNA replication. The tau subunit of Pol III plays a central role in DNA replication fidelity, as it interacts with both leading and lagging strand. This subunit also contributes for polymerase switching during replication. Solution The fidelity of DNA replication determines the genome stability and it plays a main role in evolution of species. The DNA replication fidelity is a key factor of mutations which in turn leads to many human diseases. The high fidelity of DNA replication in E.coli is achieved by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, which is a complex of 17 proteins. This is responsible for simultaneous replication of both leading and lagging DNA strand with high speed and high fidelity. There are also four other accessory DNA polymerases present in E.coli such as Pol I, II, IV and V. Pol II plays an important role in proofreading of DNA intra-strand crosslinks, DNA strand exposed to UV irradiation, oxidation, stress-induced mutagenesis. This enzyme is responsible for translesion synthesis. Pol IV and V are specific to lagging stand. Pol IV is responsible for proceeding the DNA replication even when there is a mismatch. The Pol IV has a high constitutive intracellular concentration. Pol V is induced constitutively in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. The primary role of Pol I in DNA replication is to remove RNA primers and fill the resulting gap during maturation of Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand. In eukaryotes, the replication of leading .

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high constitutive intracellular concentration. Pol V is induced constitutively in the absence of
exogenous DNA damage. The primary role of Pol I in DNA replication is to remove RNA
primers and fill the resulting gap during maturation of Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand.
In eukaryotes, the replication of leading and lagging strands takes place by Pol and Pol
respectively, which leads to fidelity differences. Whereas in E.coli the replication of both leading
and lagging strands takes place by same enzyme polymerase III. This is also one of the reason
why E.coli has high fidelity of DNA replication.
The tau subunit of Pol III plays a central role in DNA replication fidelity, as it interacts with both
leading and lagging strand. This subunit also contributes for polymerase switching during
replication.

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A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex. During this process, DNA polymerase "reads" the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones.[1][2][3][4][5][6] These enzymes catalyze the chemical reaction deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNAn ⇌ pyrophosphate + DNAn+1. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the three prime (3')-end of a DNA strand, one nucleotide at a time. Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerases are required to duplicate the cell's DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each daughter cell. In this way, genetic information is passed down from generation to generation. Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form, in the process breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases. This opens up or "unzips" the double-stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication in the above reaction.

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Introduction History Definition Classification of DNA Polymerase Mechanism of DNA Replication Process of DNA Replication Initiation Regulation Termination Conclusion Reference DNA replication is semi-conservative, one strand serves as the template for the second strand. Furthermore, DNA replication only occurs at a specific step in the cell cycle. DNA replication in eukaryotes is much more complicated than in prokaryotes, although there are many similar aspects. DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance. Eukaryotic cells can only initiate DNA replication at a specific point in the cell cycle, the beginning of S phase. Due to the size of chromosomes in eukaryotes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain multiple origins of replication

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if one can understand a few things it is easier to solve these kind of questions. first comes to I which codes for repressor. there are 3 types - I+ Wild type and is normal and make Z and Y products in the presence of lactose only. I- is a recessive mutation will make products of Z and Y in the presence and the absence of lactose. Is is a dominant mutation will stop both the products Z and Y. if you have atlease one Is in the question neither the products will from no matter whether the lactose is presence or not. then comes to Operator (O) ,O+ is a wild type and can produce both the products of Z and Y. in the presence of lactose.and Oc is the mutation and can produce both Z and Y products in the Presence and even in the absence of lactose. next comes to Z+ represents production of -galactosidase and Z- represents no production of - galactosidase. 1.Ans. I+P-O+Z+Y+ In this haploid genotype the transcription of operon genes totally absent. Transcription of structural genes is not occured. because here P- indicates the mutation in the promoter site, the RNA polymerase unable to bind to the Promoter and initiate transcription of structural genes. so these cells cannot able to grow on media which contain lactose as sole carbon source. the Strain is lac- 2.Ans.I+P+OcZ+Y- here Oc is the mutation and can produce both Z and Y products in the Presence and even in the absence of lactose means constitutively. but here only the product beta galctosidase produced constitutively and the permease is not produced because Permease gene is is mutated (Y-). these cells also cannot able to grow on media which contain lactose as sole carbon source.because the absence of functional permease enzyme so the Strain is lac- 3.Ans. I-P+OcZ+Y+ here I- is a recessive mutation will make products of Z and Y in the presence and the absence of lactose and Oc is the mutation and can produce both Z and Y products in the Presence and even in the absence of lactose. so this haploid genotype transcribes operon genes constitutively. and both the products of Z and Y expressed continuously, so these cells able to grow on the media which contain lactose as sole carbon source. the strain is lac+ b. partially diploid cap-I+P+O+Z-Y+/Cap+I-P+O+Z+Y- these cells can able to grow on lactose medium because these cells have presence of wild promoter which can able to active the transcription of structural genes. so these cells can able to grow on the media which contain lactose as sole carbon source. ii. Transcription of beta-galactosidase and permease is Inducible though diploid cell have mutated inducer region which can able to activate constitutive expression but Wild type (I+) is dominant over I- . so it is inducible operon. Solution if one can understand a few things it is easier to solve these kind of questions. first comes to I which codes for repressor. there are 3 types - I+ Wild type and is normal and make Z and Y products in the presence of lactose only. I- is a recessive mutation .

if one can understand a few things it is easier to solve these kind .pdf

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The fidelity of DNA replication determines the genome stability and .pdf

1. The fidelity of DNA replication determines the genome stability and it plays a main role in evolution of species. The DNA replication fidelity is a key factor of mutations which in turn leads to many human diseases. The high fidelity of DNA replication in E.coli is achieved by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, which is a complex of 17 proteins. This is responsible for simultaneous replication of both leading and lagging DNA strand with high speed and high fidelity. There are also four other accessory DNA polymerases present in E.coli such as Pol I, II, IV and V. Pol II plays an important role in proofreading of DNA intra-strand crosslinks, DNA strand exposed to UV irradiation, oxidation, stress-induced mutagenesis. This enzyme is responsible for translesion synthesis. Pol IV and V are specific to lagging stand. Pol IV is responsible for proceeding the DNA replication even when there is a mismatch. The Pol IV has a high constitutive intracellular concentration. Pol V is induced constitutively in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. The primary role of Pol I in DNA replication is to remove RNA primers and fill the resulting gap during maturation of Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand. In eukaryotes, the replication of leading and lagging strands takes place by Pol and Pol respectively, which leads to fidelity differences. Whereas in E.coli the replication of both leading and lagging strands takes place by same enzyme polymerase III. This is also one of the reason why E.coli has high fidelity of DNA replication. The tau subunit of Pol III plays a central role in DNA replication fidelity, as it interacts with both leading and lagging strand. This subunit also contributes for polymerase switching during replication. Solution The fidelity of DNA replication determines the genome stability and it plays a main role in evolution of species. The DNA replication fidelity is a key factor of mutations which in turn leads to many human diseases. The high fidelity of DNA replication in E.coli is achieved by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, which is a complex of 17 proteins. This is responsible for simultaneous replication of both leading and lagging DNA strand with high speed and high fidelity. There are also four other accessory DNA polymerases present in E.coli such as Pol I, II, IV and V. Pol II plays an important role in proofreading of DNA intra-strand crosslinks, DNA strand exposed to UV irradiation, oxidation, stress-induced mutagenesis. This enzyme is responsible for translesion synthesis. Pol IV and V are specific to lagging stand. Pol IV is responsible for proceeding the DNA replication even when there is a mismatch. The Pol IV has a

2. high constitutive intracellular concentration. Pol V is induced constitutively in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. The primary role of Pol I in DNA replication is to remove RNA primers and fill the resulting gap during maturation of Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand. In eukaryotes, the replication of leading and lagging strands takes place by Pol and Pol respectively, which leads to fidelity differences. Whereas in E.coli the replication of both leading and lagging strands takes place by same enzyme polymerase III. This is also one of the reason why E.coli has high fidelity of DNA replication. The tau subunit of Pol III plays a central role in DNA replication fidelity, as it interacts with both leading and lagging strand. This subunit also contributes for polymerase switching during replication.

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