Motivational Essay

Motivational Essay
Motivational Essay for Editing
Synopsis: Truant A young man (Andy) and a young woman (Jess) are lost at a university and are late
for the same lecture. They bump into each other and notice they have the same textbooks. They
initially decide to look for the venue but ultimately decide to skip it. Andy and Jess proceed to bond
with one another and meet an old friend (Zola) of Andy's, who tells them that he just came back
from the lecture and he tells them where the venue was. He leaves and Andy and Jess agree to go on
a date.
Introduction
In this essay I will be mentioning the main theory I will be implementing. There are several styles
based of my research that I will be using as references. The first few come from the book, Editing ...
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This is followed by close ups of their shoulders. We then cut to a close up on the mentioned before
shoulders (albeit in the same shot this time) as the two students bump into each other. The only
specifics he mentioned outside h script he would like are transitions that work tandem with the
cinematograph. After the first scene ends He would like it took as though the movement of the
camera is continuing into the next scene. I will keep this in mind as I edit this project.
Ropafadzo Pswarai Motivational Essay & Journal 21600254 Editing theories
The main theory I want to utilize is that of D. W. Griffith's "Dramatic Construction". D. W. Griffith
in its modern sense is the acknowledged father of film editing (Dancyger, 2001:5). When it comes to
full range of dramatic construction: the variation of shots for impact, including the extreme long
shot, the close–up, the cutaway, and the tracking shot; parallel editing; and variations in pace his
contributions cover all of these (Dancyger, 2001:5). Griffith learned how to make the juxtaposition
of shots have a far greater dramatic impact than his predecessor (Dancyger, 2001:5). Griffith
experimented with the fragmentation of scenes. His goal was to enhance his audience's emotional
involvement with his films (Dancyger, 2001:5). I would like to use this theory because when dealing
with our films concept. I want the audience to be emotionally involved with Andy and Jess
throughout their journey in the film. To achieve this I will
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Wendy Apple Movie Editing Essay
Editing demonstrated by the juxtaposition of famed directors and their correspondent editors in
Cutting Edge: The Magic of Movie Making (Wendy Apple 2004) creates a narrative that exemplifies
the meta–cinematic technique of the importance of editing in film through the films own
construction. Daniel Loewental and Tim Tobin had the esteemed pleasure of working along with
director Wendy Apple, to give recognition to the tailors and seamstresses behind the stitching of
motion pictures into sweeping stories. Memorably, the opening sequence stitches scenes from
award–winning, blockbuster hits such as Harry Potter, Star Wars and Terminator. While a talking
head interview mimics jarring cuts from the movie Easy Rider while the effect The invisible

The Art of Editing and Film Meaning Essay
As one of the most celebrated and best known Soviet directors, Sergei Eisenstein's theoretical
writings and practical uses of editing are a crucial part of cinema's development. He viewed the art
form of film as a tool with which to inflict certain reactions and emotions to audiences, be it through
shock or empathetic understanding. His editing techniques were key elements to achieve these
effects, carefully planned out and sought to create conflict in meaning. "Art is not a mirror which
reflects the historical struggle, but a weapon of that struggle." (Vertov in Enzensberger, 1972) His
keen editing work proved cinema's propagandistic potential and was used as such to instigate the
masses against the Soviet bourgeoisie. Therefore, not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brought up without a formal cinematic training, the director started off his career in an LA video
store and making connections by talking about his enticing script ideas. After managing to get
Natural Born Killers (1994) made by a different director, Oliver Stone, he was disappointed with the
final film and decided not to have his style and vision tainted by other filmmakers. This is why Pulp
Fiction is exemplary for his unique vision and techniques.
As mentioned, Tarantino's narrative trademark is non–linearity, as he used it in his first feature
films, Reservoir Dogs (1992) and Pulp Fiction, and continues to employ it in his other work. He
breaks narrative conventions by avoiding to clearly signpost flashbacks, for instance. Tzioumakis
exemplifies the shift in storytelling through a lack of "blurred images, intensification of music,
framing of a character in a close up to suggest that he or she is remembering or imagining
something, and so on". (Tzioumakis, 2006, p. 8) Referring back to Eisenstein, Tarantino's editing
choice is a tool for disorienting the viewer, because even though the narrative is set out in the
scriptwriting phase, it is the edit that makes these temporal transitions difficult to register.
The audience is shown pieces of the narrative like a puzzle, which they have to assemble in order to
understand the full plot. "Comprehension of the central action is supplemented by flashbacks to
different characters, giving the movie a Rashomon

Movie Analysis : Editing In Forrest Gump
Brittney Robinson
11/6/17
Response paper #3
Editing In Forrest Gump
Editing is all about bringing a creative force into a film. The process could mean fixing a number of
things like moving things around, meaning to arrange, select, and assemble – this goes for every
component in the film. What you visualize, hear, with the use of special effects all are components
that are edited and added to the film in a unique way to create a good story. The movie to be
analysis is the film Forrest Gump with editor, Arthur Schmidt, he won an Oscar at the 67th academy
awards for best film editing. Arthur Schmidt had three responsibilities as an editor in the film, which
are spatial relationship, temporal relationship, and rhythm.
However, there is a particular scene in the movie that stood out with a good example of what spatial
relationship is in a film. According to the text Barsam, Richard Moran, and Dave Monahan.
Looking at movies: an introduction to film, "spatial relationship between shots is the type of film
editing where it creates a sense of space in the mind of the viewer" (p.323). Yet, this means in
between shots things are going on in the film that we as viewers may not be aware of, "when we are
watching any single shot from a film, our sense of the overall space of the scene is necessarily
limited by the height, width, and depth of the film frame during the shot" (p.323). For instance a
good example of spatial relationship between shot, is in the scene where Forrest Gump is sitting on
the bench at the bus stop with a house keeper who is black. A white woman and her son, old
business man, and an old lady are the listeners throughout the evening who are captured in spatial
relationship between shots. The spatial relations between Forrest and his listeners were able to
create a connection between shots, the connection was emotional which was maintained throughout
the shots.
Anyhow, temporal relationships between shots are away to be creative in a plot to make you go back
to certain events that happened in the beginning of the film. For instance, having a flashback is used
when taken back in time. "Flashback (the interruption of chronological plot time with a shot of
series of shots showing an event that happened

Film Editing And The Advancement Of Digital Technology
In today's world, film has made use of the advancement of digital technology to help with editing.
Innovations in film technology has without a doubt shaped the film industry into what is it today.
This has given filmmakers great advantages from cameras to sound recording devices, to editing.
Because of this technology everything has gone digital making it not only easier to access, easier to
edit with (computers, software etc.), but it also makes it more affordable.
Film Editing is the art of assembling shots or multiple images into sequences. The editor or editors
are usually given a pile of all the footage shot in the course of a day or several. This pile contains
various shots that are called raw footage. Raw footage just means there is unedited shots that has
had nothing done to it yet and its ready to be used. The task of the editor/editors are to create an
overall finished film by combining and selecting these different shots and placing them into an
organized sequence of events. Every single time there is a change from one image to another is
called an edit. The art of filmmaking and editing has been around for decade's. For example, the
world's first films that were produced were in black and white (Film History). But, even to make a
black and white film, several inventions were required. These inventions not only needed to be able
to record videos but to also store them.
The basic rules of film editing were first established in the silent era, which was also known

Editing and the Crisis of Open Source Essay
Editing and the Crisis of Open Source
The Free Software movement that began in 1985 and the newer "open source" movement,
represented a serious threat to traditional methods of production and distribution. The idea of a non–
proprietary method of cultural exchange was and is a radical departure from traditional models that
have come to restrict creativity and free exchange. In the ensuing years, there was a gradual drift
away from ideas of non–proprietary toward ideas of access to software's code level. This mirrored
an evident diffusion of these "open" ideas into the cultural sphere. Open publishing, open editing,
open music, and open culture are now hip buzzwords that point toward a new cultural formation
based on a more free exchange ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wikipedia.org, an open source encyclopedia, describes this conflict of terms.
It was hoped that the usage of the newer term "open source" would eliminate such ambiguity, and
would also be easier to "market" to business users (who might mistakenly associate "free software"
with anti–commericalism). Since its introduction, however, the "open source" label has been
criticized for fostering an ambiguity of a different kind: that of confusing it for mere availability of
the source, rather than the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it.
One of the early defects of "free" software was the perceived inability to use it in for–profit
ventures. Whereas the Free Software movement thinks of the freedom of software's code to be
available to all as an ethical and social imperative, open source treats it as a practical issue. Both
GPL and open source licenses can be used in for–profit ventures. "Copylefted" material must remain
"free" for people to modify, but can be priced for people to buy.
With the advent of the term open source, it now appears that everything is open source, or is at least
sold that way. When not applied to programming, "open content" is used to describe a wide range of
activities that have nothing to do with computer software. There is still the problem of

Editing In Casablanca
Editing in Breathless is used to great extent to not only assist in the telling of the narrative, but also
to convey certain feelings to the audience. By employing a mostly discontinuous style of editing, the
film puts emphasis on the crime genre of the film as well as the events unfolding around the main
character. This method of editing mostly calls attention to itself as a film technique, rather than a
more continuous, concealed style of editing like in Casablanca. At the same time, however, this
approach of editing for the film also creates very steady pacing and a discernable rhythm of the
shots presented. A great example of the discontinuous nature of the editing is presented in the very
first sequence. Michel, whose identity is yet to be revealed, is standing on a sidewalk. He
immediately gives off a menacing impression due to his clothing and posture. A cut to a ... Show
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Usually when two characters are in conversation, often with Patricia, a sequence of shots and jump
cuts is favored over a continuous shot. As Michel and Patricia are driving together, their
conversation is shown using jump cuts. It is not obvious how much time the cuts skip, but by the
sequence and the other similar ones, there is something to show specific point in time being reached.
In this case it is them reaching their destination. In another scene, a man finishes telling Patricia a
story. By cutting out times of silence, there is a nonstop stream of dialogue that cannot practically be
achieved in a continuous shot without the acting being very strange to watch. During these
conversations, the movie's title is physically exemplified as the characters are breathless in their
conversation. These also create a certain rhythm that the viewer can follow since each shot is
roughly the same length of time. Because of this, the technique calls attention to itself while
simultaneously taking care to not detract from its overall effect and the

The Continuity Editing Kathryn Bigelow's Point Break
unconsciously makes the audience go along with the plotline of the movie and root for the good
guys to win. The frontal aspects in this movie add to the adrenaline rushes that come with all the
action scenes in the film. Everything from the editing to the sounds helps the fast paced plotline of
Point Break move along. The continuity editing Kathryn Bigelow's Point Break shaped film history
for women. She became the first woman to win an academy award for her action movie the Hurt
Locker in 2009. Her style is action based. Depending on when the movies where produced there
were some inclusions of levity in the mix of action scenes. Being female in the movie business is
tough. Bigelow states, " if there is a specific reason to women making movies, I just choose to
ignore that as an obstacle for two reasons: I can't change my gender, and I refuse to stop making
movies." (Bigelow,2) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the time of filming Point Break she was married to James Cameron who went on the produce big
budget movies such as Avatar. Kathryn Bigelow is what many people would consider a feminist in
Hollywood Cinema. Her films convey a certain adrenaline junkie vibe, which is actually referenced
in Point Break, that is present in the intense action scenes that each character's perform. Movie
experts state " People find events to classify an action movie by identifying the peaks in sound
energy and test corresponding frames for the occurrence of an explosion." (Rasheed, Shah, 2)
Action movies tend to not have any other distinguishing features other than explosions. In horror
movies we see people die however in more recent cinema we see every detail of a person in the
process of being killed. In early action movies the focus was more on the storyline than on the fight
scenes. In todays cinema the end goal here is if someone can produce a good fight scene whether it
was on the computer or physically on

Discontinuous Editing In Sherlock Jr's Holding On
Almost every piece of cinema seeks to give the viewer an understanding by intricately assembling
shots in a coherent, and a sometimes muddled, manner; the techniques used in editing places various
shots in purposeful sequences, to emphasize certain relationships between shots. The shots can be
arranged smoothly and logically, or shift abruptly from shot to shot; different methods of the
aforementioned arrangement of shots are utilized in either discontinuous or continuous editing.
Sherlock Jr. and The War on Drug's music video "Holding On", are two motion pictures that offer
spatial relations, by applying techniques of both continuous and discontinuous editing. Continuous
editing, the most common form of editing in mainstream film making, creates a logical, smooth
narrative of a movie. The form of editing is prevalent throughout the film Sherlock Jr., in certain
instances to create a comical effect. In one particular situation, the phantom version of the
protagonist, Sherlock Jr., walked into a movie screen that happened to be alternating between
different environments as he enters the screen. The movie uses straight cuts to different
environments, but Sherlock Jr. seems to be the continuously presented on the screen within the
theater, while stumbling to adapt to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
also makes use of discontinuous editing, in a sequence that finds the projectionist/Sherlock Jr.
sweeping outside a movie theater. After he sweeps and straightens a sign, the film suddenly employs
an unanticipated straight cut to the projectionist walking up to a store. The projectionist is wanting
to buy something he doesn't have enough money for, then, after realizing he is short of funds,
another quick straight cut shows him sweeping the movie theater again. In this instance,
discontinuous editing is utilized to build on the narrative of the movie; following his encounter at
the store, the projectionist is searching for the money he needs inside the pile of trash he was

Disjunctive Editing Techniques In Annie Hall
Even if a film production had already finished shooting it's takes, editing can still dramatically
changes the way a viewer interpret the narrative of the movie by altering its narration. In this case,
to give Annie Hall the distinctive difference between other romantic comedy, Woody Allen tells the
story throughout a subjective narration from the perspective of our protagonist Alvy Singer.
Throughout the film there are numerous considerations of editing techniques to be used such as the
continuity of the film, length of shots, types of cuts to be made in every single shot and series of
shots. The continuity of the film has been challenged by the use of disjunctive editing which breaks
the chronological order of events in Annie Hall. During ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, many unrelated cuts were joined by jokes to gave it a more or less cohesive storytelling.
While Annie Hall is mostly constructed solely of dialogues between characters, uninterrupted long
takes seemed to be used quite frequently. This could be due to the fact that long takes makes the
conversation more fluently compare to constantly reversing shots between two perspectives. Types
of cuts also varied during different situations. For instance,when Annie and Alvy moved from the
interior of Annie's apartment to the balcony, it uses a match on action to transcribe the movement.
Later in the scene two–shot was used to imply the conversation is going well and the two are getting
along whereas reverse shot was used when Annie spoke of her Grandma's hatred of Jews, provoking
the self–conscious Jewish Alvy. The shooting then shifts from two–shots to reverse shot and
possibly a reaction shot of the disgusted Alvy. In most cases, match on action and reverse shot
follows the 180 degree rule which isn't an exception in Annie Hall. Annie Hall's subjective narration
also heavily influenced the narration of the

Run Lola Run Editing
Editing is an important stylistic element because it affects the overall rhythm or pace of the film.
The most obvious element of editorial style is the length of the average shot in the film. Generally
the longer the time between cuts, the slower the pace of the film (Ch. 11 Pg. 318). Editing is part of
the post production process which includes titling, color correction, sound mixing, etc. This process
of editing includes rearranging, adding or removing video or audio clips, or transitions between
clips. The editing in a movie gives the power to choose what the viewer sees and how the viewer
sees it at any given moment (Ch. 1 Pg. 5). You can do this through camera angles, the grain of the
shot, and once again, transitions.
There are many reasons to edit a video and your approach should depend on your desired outcome.
Before you begin you must set your editing goals, which could include the following; removal of
unwanted footage, choosing the best footage, adding effects, graphics, music, etc, add pace or mood,
or give the shot a particular angle. Choosing footage is the easiest and most common task when
editing. Most videos can be dramatically improved by simply cutting out unwanted clips. It is very
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Run Lola Run uses rapid editing/fast–mo as a tool to establish intensity and pace. Close frames in
the dialogue scenes help the viewers connect the dots of the storyline. The camera and editing do
not follow common rules but are used with the experimental side of the movie. Transition
techniques like fade–in, fade–out & wipe are used at several instances. Cross–cutting and split
screens are used to establish the events and are effective at some places like in the scene that shows
three frames (Lola, Manni & the clock ticking). The wipe is a technique where one shot is replaced
by another by the movement of an edge or line which replaces the previous shot by "wiping" it
away. By revealing a new scene, environment, or space the wipe offers a

How Is Editing Different From Classical Cinema
Editing is an art of its own, and is the sole backbone of a film. Classical Hollywood Cinema and
Neorealist Cinema depicted reality through their numerous films, however their approaches were
very different from one another. Classical Hollywood Cinema leaned towards enhancing a shot with
extravagant lighting, music, and very carefully thought out camera angles. Neorealist Cinema
focused on the story itself and the way film replicates reality and projects it on screen. A film like
Mildred Pierce is a prime example of Classical Hollywood Cinema, where the story is enhanced by
the editing techniques. On the other hand, a film like Bicycle Thieves follows the editing techniques
of Neorealist Cinema, where the focus is not on the editing, but rather on the replication of reality
and how raw the setting of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Mildred Pierce, Joan Crawford, Ann Blyth, and the other female actors are dressed to emphasize
their roles. They are adorned with fine clothing, their facial features are enhanced with eyeliner, fake
eyelashes, and contouring, and they are given extravagant hairstyles to make them more appealing
on screen. In the beginning of the film where the audience is introduced to Mildred as a housewife,
she is shown working in the kitchen, with flawless makeup and carefully set hair. In Classical
Hollywood Cinema, the female actors are always shown to be very tasteful in their appearance. In
Bicycle Thieves, the female lead who plays Maria Ricci is also shown to be a working housewife,
however her appearance is far more realistic than that of Joan Crawford. Maria Ricci is shown to be
wearing tattered clothing, her hair is unkept, and she has what appears to be a completely naked
face. Neorealism in Bicycle Thieves captures the raw essence of a woman living in poverty, who's
life revolves around her home, and the living conditions she has to endure on a daily

Editing, Cinematography, and Sound in Gladiator Essay...
Editing, Cinematography, and Sound in Gladiator
The film that I have chosen to analyse is Gladiator. I have chosen to analyse the scene where the
gladiators are battling in the Middle East. The scene contains many features and editing techniques
which make the fight sequence exciting and thrilling. The scene begins with a medium high angle
shot of a goat with blood dripping down its body. This shot frames the body of the goat and gives it
a sense of vulnerability. The shot creates meaning to the viewer who can predict that the scene
might contain violence or bloodshed of some sort. The camera then zooms outward into an
establishing shot to give the viewer an idea of the setting. The mise en ... Show more content on
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The lighting is very low key and most of the light filters from the roof, overhead. The overhead
lighting dominates the gladiatorÂ's faces and brings out their facial features. This effect shows the
faces of the gladiatorÂ's and their anticipation of the battle which is about to commence. Non
diegetic orchestral music starts to begin once more building the tension. The camera then cuts into a
close up of every gladiator whilst moving slowly to the side where it stops and gives us a side view
shot of the gladiatorÂ's showing in detail their facial expressions. This is where the dialogue of the
main character begins and the camera moves slowly to a medium low angle shot, thus giving the
character a sense of authority. The character speaks slowly and when he accentuates an important
point the camera moves to a close up of the main character of the film (Russell Crowe), showing the
viewer his feelings and his anticipation. In the background there is the external diegetic sound of the
crowd chanting, kill, kill, kill. This along with the orchestral music sounds like a heart beat as there
is a short pause between every chant. Again the heart beat sound reiterates the anticipation of the
gladiators; this is effective as it makes the scene more exciting and exhilarating to watch. The mimic
of the heart beat and chanting are

Editing and Montage Film
"Once I understood that editing is crucial to how a film is made, I was hooked. Imagine: placed in
your hands is fantastic raw footage that 250 people have created during shooting. You and the
director are then allowed to sculpt this raw material into something that has structure, rhythm and
pace, that builds characters, that creates dramatic peaks and lows and that hopefully has a good
ending. Editing is an incredibly rewarding profession.
Film editing is described, when typed in to google as "the activity of selecting the scenes to be
shown and putting them together to create a film" `but it is much more than just that. If done well it
is invisible but also has the ability to control a film, even control the viewer watching the film. The
process of editing film has been around nearly as long as film itself. After the cinema of attractions,
people realised a narrative story could be constructed by splicing ends of celluloid together to tell a
story. The most famous early example of this is The Great Train Robbery (1903) directed by Edwin
S. Porter. Before Porters film the cinema of attractions consisted of single shot films of streets and
crowded areas, projected later that day so that the people could see themselves on the big screen.
As the 1900's marched on so did editing and montage. The Great Train Robbery had established that
it was possible to create a narrative by cutting film. The next decade would build on that and
establish rules which apply to films today. One

Video Editing Experience : My Video Editing Experience
My Video Editing Experience
A long time I decided to live the zombie life as a video editor and during that time I had to
experience a lot of workflow to get good at it. In the beginning of learning it was difficult and there
were so many different programs to edit with, but during the time I did not know about which were
professional or not. For example, when I first started I used a program called Window Movie Maker,
and without doubt it was not very useful since there were only limited tools that the program holds;
Since I did not know any better at the time I easily continued to work with the program for a couple
months, which was the most difficult start of my experience. For example, there were obstacles such
as slow render, 15 effects or less, and very rigid transitions from clips to clips. When it came to
actual editing, I was amateurish as well, but that's normal for anyone that's new to a hobby that they
want to learn by experience; The way I synched the lyrics or beats to my clips were off at first, as
well as the quality, which was poor. In fact, I did not even know how to discover a source to
download the type of footage I worked with at the time. After 3 or 4 months of editing, I finally
made my first friend that does the same hobby as me, and he then helped me locate high quality
clips. My friend was from Germany and of course I was from the United States, so we both helped
each other grow as editors as time passed, even as it was difficult we had fun

Alfred Hitchcock Psycho Editing Analysis
In the movie Psycho, Alfred Hitchcock's techniques created a dynamic film with his use of sound,
editing style, and camera movement. This generated an illusion, mimicking humans normal outlook
of their surroundings, which resulted in engaging the viewer from the beginning to the end of the
movie. Hitchcock's distinctive techniques were demonstrated in this short gripping clip from the
movie.
Through Hitchcock's point of view editing and his quick cuts the viewer gets a sense of how the
woman, Marian, feels in this clip. Every time she moves, the camera would movie with her; if she
were walking left then the camera would track left. The camera movement went along with her
actions and the viewer got a better understanding of her surroundings and emotions. For example,
when she sat on the bed then the camera tilted downward as she went down to sit and camera
seemed to match all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The non–diegetic music starts when the camera is showing the envelope of money and at moments
of the scene the music gets louder creating a captivating mood. The non–diegetic music ends when
the woman is in the car but then we hear what seems to be a man's voice talking. Since that is the
only sound, the audience speculates the importance of his speech. When the talking ends the
audience begins to hear the footsteps and then the music plays loudly when Marian's boss stops to
look at her. The diegetic and non–diegetic sounds trigger a sense of anticipation of the connotation
the scene will portray and what important events it would lead to.
Overall the editing style of the film resulted in the audience wanting more to figure out what will
happen next. The eye line match editing provided the viewers a sense of understanding of the plot.
In addition to this, the sound in the movie highlighted essential moments and forced the audience to
pay attention so they do not miss a crucial moment of the

Gene Review : Gene Editing
Gene editing with CRISPR–Cas9 will be the next cure for cancer, many other diseases and could
change many lives. Even though this ground breaking technology has not been put to use on humans
yet, when it does it will be well worth the wait. Many countries have been working on the CRISPR–
Cas9 for months to allow it to be used to cure the many diseases that can not be cured with modern
technology.
Gene Editing is a method that can be used to change or edit the genetic code. Researchers and
doctors can add or delete a sequence in the genetic code. Adding or deleting a sequence in the
genetic code is just like copying and pasting in a word document. Gene editing is being used to cure
disease and/or disorders, and has been around for years but has never been very accurate or precise.
Now, with the breakthrough technology of the year, the CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing could be easier
than ever.The CRISPR–Cas9 has the potential to cure diseases that many have died from. The
CRISPR–Cas9 is like a little pair of scissors that will cut out, repair , or even replace DNA. The
changes that are made with this machine will be passed on from generation to generation. Like said
before, gene editing is not new to the world, but the CRISPR–Cas9 is the first technology being
used to undergo gene editing. Before the CRISPR–Cas9 there was the TALENs. Out of all the
technology for gene editing CRISPR–Cas9 has been the most precise of them all. As soon as it is
perfected it will be the next

Editing Decisions
In this essay, I will demonstrate the importance of editing decisions as they help to create mood into
a movie. I will be using the film Crash by Paul Haggis (2004) as an example. I will examine the
camera shots close up and fast cutting along with over the shoulder shots , to show how they
contribute to the overall mood of the film. I will also show how the director Paul Haggis has used
music as an element to help us understand what is going on and how editing music into the scenes
helps adds emphasis to the movie.
The clever use of the camera techniques such as close up, contributes a great deal to the mood of the
scene and how the characters are feeling in the film. By having a close up on one of the characters,
the shot is then close ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3 seconds or less). It can be used to convey a lot of information very quickly, or to imply either
energy or chaos. Crash has used this technique as a way of creating intensity by the quick changes
of the camera facing one character to the other while they are arguing. We can see this being used in
the scene where Jean and Rick are arguing about how Jean would like the locks to be changed the
next morning after they were carjacked near the beginning of the movie and the locksmith is
someone who Jean believes will sell the new key to his "homies", while Rick is trying to calm her
down. We see the camera start at Jean, the shot is a close up of her face that allows us the see the
anger and the seriousness of what she is telling Rick about. While she is speaking the camera cuts to
Ricks face and we can then see how Rick is feeling about what she is saying. The close up of their
faces gives the viewers the understanding of how each of them are feeling about the topic. The
quick camera cuts keep up with the heat of the argument. The use of this helps to imply the the
energy and anger of what Jean is saying. The use of fast cutting during this scene has been used to
shoot the dialouge between Jean and Rick, by changing the views perspective we are able to focus
on their reactions to what the other is saying and it brings attention of the non–verbal actions of the
speaking

Examples Of Editing In Run Lola Run
The 1998 German film Run Lola Run interestingly told three separate narratives of the same story
and characters. Each of the narratives began the same way, however each one saw a slight temporal
or behavioral difference in the lives of Lola and Manni, which caused drastically different outcomes
for each of the separate realities. The film followed Lola and Manni's journey to acquire one–
hundred thousand dollars to make up for Manni's loss of the money to his drug dealer. The same
story was told three separate times, and each story illustrated slight changes in the characters'
timelines that drastically shifted the outcome of their situations. Through the use of editing, the film
was able to jump through time and space and clearly portray the transition from one run to the next.
The film also had a fast rhythm that captured the frantic nature and peril of Lola and Manni's
situation, with innovative editing techniques such as showing the two shots of Manni and Lola side
by side. Altogether, the transitions were effective in telling the story with a unique, and clear
sequencing pattern that made sense and contributed to the thrilling atmosphere of the film. Editing
"determines the duration of a shot" and Run Lola Run illustrated several types of editing including
freeze frames, jump cuts, and dissolve cuts that allowed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Towards the end of the first two narratives, a shot of Lola running and yelling for Manni was spliced
on the screen next to a shot of Manni walking away, not hearing Lola. This editing proved profound
because it illustrated how close Lola was to stopping Manni, but how she was never close enough.
The editing exemplified this through the proximity of the shots being directly next to each other, yet
still being separate. The splicing of the scenes proved an innovative technique of editing in Run
Lola

College Essay On Film Editing
Editing is one of the most important parts of filmmaking. Film Editing is one of my favorite things
to do. But let's get to the point. I have recently graduated from a recognized film school and I just
created a short film that goes viral. I am anxious for a TV/ film production company to see my
produced video. Or if that doesn't work you make ads to get your name out there for local job
openings, or recruitments. Well no one's interested in an award winning filmmaker! A production
company with standards is not going to consider a student who just graduated from a film school. A
degree in law, master's or engineering degree all are bait for finding a job easily. Sure I may know
how to block a scene, move a dolly, edit, correct colors and mix

Editing In Geman Expressionist Films
The editing, use of frame and shot sizes in this sequence clearly establish the idea that every part of
the aesthetics in Geman Expressionist films are important. This movement of film borrows some
conventions from the films of the United States at this time, they use continuity editing to establish a
clearly defined narrative. Similarily, the camerawork is "typically functional rather than
spectacular". This continuity style of editing emphasises the importance of story in this sequence,
first the audience is shown a murder followed by the subsequent reaction, the narrative is clear cut
and establishes the intended horror, common in German Exprassionist films. The camera work
coupled with the editing style in this sequence highlight the other elements of the sequence
including set, actors and lighting as well as emphasising the horror of the narrative to ensure that the
audience is drawn into the terryfying world of Dr. Calligari. The realative normality of the editing
and camerawork is used to highlight the unreality of the other visuals thus each technique is
coordinated creating what Rotho would term "studio constructivism and a sense of completeness"
that was produced across German Expressionist films (Kracauer 194). However, camera and editing
can be and is used in this case both naturally and unaturally to create more horror. During the
murder, the camera remains still and at eye–level but the victim is placed at the bottom of the frame
to make him appear small and

Ann Homaday Editing
A) I read an article, "To Appreciate the Art of Film Editing, You Must Start With a Frame of
Reference," by Ann Homaday. She mentions editors take a shot and then using technology put
scenes in, take them out, or recombine them. In editing a film it is useful to have the reactions of the
test audiences. Based on their response the editor will take out dialogues, switch shots, etc.
Moreover, a good film is in which the editing does not stand out. Homaday states, "Just because a
film is hyper–edited doesn't mean it was more of a challenge," which I agree with. For instance, an
action movie may be the easiest to edit in terms of cutting out scenes.
In class, as we watched a film the professor pointed out the editing in the movie. I found the ...
2009, www.washingtonpost.com/wp–dyn/content/article/2009/04/02/AR2009040204296_2.html?
sid=ST2009040302333.
B) I watched the movie The Hunger Games edited by Alan Bells. Towards the ending of the movie
Katniss is holding her baby in her arms and talking to her. This is an expressive sequence in which
the director tried to show the mother and child communication. The mother and child are shown
communicating by looking into each other's eyes. However, I am pretty sure the baby did not have
his eyes open the entire time. I believe the baby was asleep and the part shown in the scene was the
seconds her eyes were open. Also, other times when scenes were shot of her holding the baby was
not really the baby but was a doll. She did a good job with that editing though because it was hard
for me to tell. However, if people observe the editing skills one will be able to figure that out. I
would find it amazing if they baby was that patient through the shooting. After observing this scene
I also believe the editor moved the babies arm to show movement continuing from the previous
shots, so the scene does not look off. She could have also replaced doll parts with the babies to make
the scene look more

Editing Marley And Me
Editing design is the creative part of the postproduction of a film. Without editing the film would
have no meaning and be in loose ends.
One of my personal favorite movie whose editing has also caught my attention is Marley and me.
Marley and me is a wacky comedy about the world's worst dog, but ultimately it's a thoughtful
journey through life. Based on the best–selling memoir by John Grogan, Marley & Me follows John
played by Owen Wilson, his wife Jenny, Jennifer Aniston and their relationship with a disobedient
golden lab named Marley.
Mark Livolsi has edited this film marvelously. This is one particular movie that begins as a comedy
and transforms into a drama till the end. The first half is briskly paced.
I noticed that in editing comedy, scenes cannot be dragged and too much since the movie would
start loosing focus. Therefore the fast pace of Marley coming into ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then it starts to become serious in the second act, dealing with real issues such as when Jen has a
miscarriage and she and Owen fight a lot, but there are still comedic moments. By the third half, I
can safely say there is no comedy.
It was basically the drama that invested me. It was when I started relating to the characters and what
they are going through did I connect actually with the film. No scene according to me was too long
or too short that's where I felt the editing played a major role.
Marley and me happen to be a movie filled with emotion that dog lovers connect with. Prominent
scenes of the movie are therefore the ones like where Marley is very sick, Owen Wilson's character
talks to him as they're walking up a hill, asking Marley to let him know when "it's your time to go."
The next scene shows Owen finding Marley lying near the fireplace, too old to climb the stairs. So
then the fireplace scene makes clear that time had passed, that the scene on the hill and the dying
scene weren't happening one right after the

The Editing Process of To Have and Have Not Essay
Editing
The editing process of a movie is a very important part in which a film editor can proudly show his
creative abilities. A lot work and effort goes into editing a film. Film editors can edit out a scene
from a movie that they did not like. They can also shoot two scenes separately and then edit it
together to make it seem as if it was shot together. The film editor works with many parts to make a
finished movie; such as, sound, images and characters' dialogs. Editing can be used in many
different ways in a film and a film editor must edit all these aspects in a way that produces a
coherent and smooth transition of the story. The sequence of "To Have and Have Not" begins with a
medium shot of people sitting in a cafe then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As he tries again, she gets up and walks to the piano. The shot then cuts to her leaning on the piano
then cuts to the jazz pianist as he tells her to sing. She starts singing in the same shot and then she
glances across the room. The shot cuts to Bogart and we know that she was looking at him because
Hawks used eyeline match to make it clear. The shot then cuts back to Bacall who is still singing
near the piano then it cuts back to the jazz pianist as they finish the song. The next shot is of the jazz
pianist and Bacall; however, they are shot from a different angle and in a long shot rather than in a
medium shot as it was earlier. In the same shot, the man who Bacall was sitting with earlier
approaches and speaks to her, soon after they finish he leaves. The shot then cuts to man who is
making his way through the crowd to Bogart's table. He then sits with Bogart and speaks to him
briefly and then leaves. The shot then cuts back across the room where Bacall picks something up
off the floor and hides it, then she waves goodbye to the jazz pianist. The shot after that cuts to her
as she makes her way through the crowd. As she is walking out, she glances to Bogart. We know
that she was looking at him because the next shot cuts to him glancing back. He starts following her
out of the cafe still in the same shot. Then it cuts to a shot of Bacall in the hotel hallway as she tries
to open the door to her room. In the same shot, Bogart enters the hallway and walks up

Editing Proofreading
Editing and Proofreading
This handout provides some tips and strategies for revising your writing. To give you a chance to
practice proofreading, we have left seven errors (three spelling errors, two punctuation errors, and
two grammatical errors) in the text of this handout. See if you can spot them!
Is editing the same thing as proofreading?
Although many people use the terms interchangeably, editing and proofreading are two different
stages of the revision process. Both demand close and careful reading, but they focus on different
aspects of the writing and employ different techniques.
Some tips that apply to both editing and proofreading
 Get some distance from the text! It's hard to edit or proofread a paper that you've just finished ...
When you read silently or too quickly, you may skip over errors or make unconscious corrections. 
Separate the text into individual sentences. This is another technique to help you to read every
sentence carefully. Simply press the return key after every period so that every line begins a new
sentence. Then read each sentence separately, looking for grammar, punctuation, or spelling errors.
If you're working with a printed copy, try using an opaque object like a ruler or a piece of paper to
isolate the line you're working on.
 Circle every punctuation mark. This forces you to look at each one. As you circle, ask yourself if
the punctuation is correct.
 Read the paper backwards. This technique is helpful for checking spelling. Start with the last
word on the last page and work your way back to the beginning, reading each word separately.
Because content, punctuation, and grammar won't make any sense, your focus will be entirely on
the spelling of each word.
You can also read backwards sentence by sentence to check grammar; this will help you avoid
becoming distracted by content issues.
 Proofreading is a learning process. You're not just looking for errors that

Ken Dancyger Editing History
However, In Ken Dancyger: The Technique of Film Video Editing History Theory and Practice
states that the first invention of film was back in 1895 were editing was not even something they
hoped to achieve. Edwin S Porter sued dynamics to show continuity in his film which consisting of
20 shots. He discovered that shots are the building block of the film, which is true, the whole film is
made of shots that are compiled together, edited to make it seem like a one scene. The things we see
today for editing to be specific we not taken into consideration, screen direction and continuity of
the story. The cameras we placed fixed to one position and the act is far away from the screen. D. W
.Griffith is the father of editing techniques, his techniques ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
After the camera takes the wide shot to show the environment they are in to invite the audience in
the play. We will use the 180 degrees role the characters chat placing the camera behind their
shoulders revealing the movement of their mouth at the same time without losing the audience and
also the concept of the story. Again applying the same role when the male character comes closer to
the female character, the shot will start with a wide angle then pan with the male character as he
moves closer to the female character. The cut will be so calm and natural and the audience will not
even think of this as a film. The cross cut is when is introduced at this point when the characters are
arguing back and forth, keeping the eyeline match editing at the back of my mind so as to keep the
audience

Video Editing Essay
TASK 1 – PROPOSAL (Typed document – minimum 1000 words)
Special investigation into editing
I will be talking about editing work through the industry of media, we will start some of the
software that is used in the industry today, these include, Premier pro, Avid, and final cut, avid has
always been a strong editing software in the industry, but as some technology rises and falls premier
pro is just edging the gap into the industry, as regular updates of this software make it the better
choice for editing films together as different filters, transitions and bugs with in the software are
updated, for the software to be crisp. Final cut on the other hand is mostly use by educational
establishments for training people to use software like this in the future as in the last few years final
cut has dropped down in consumer use as it is not been updated and is less consumer friendly for
use then premier and avid, This is reason for it being used in education.
Methodology of Video Editing
There are several different ways to edit video and each method has its pros and cons. Although most
editors go for non–linear editing for most projects, it makes sense to have an understanding of how
each method works, as some people prefer different options or how some look, i.e Vintage
Film Splicing
film editing was the first way to edit moving pictures and conceptually it forms the basis of all video
editing, as film had to be spliced and put together back in the day.
Traditional

Continuity Editing And Montage Editing Analysis
Within the editing process, directors and editors have different choices as to how they wish the final
product to be edited together, and the method in which they choose to do that greatly affects the
overall quality of the film. Two major methods are continuity editing and montage editing. First,
continuity editing focuses on describing scenes within the film where shots that are relevant to each
other come together seamlessly, and they maintain continuity and physical appearance of everything
in the shots to create a story sequence that is easy and enjoyable to watch. Montage editing,
however, uses shots that wouldn't usually be shown together in continuity, but when they are put
together correctly they have the potential to create either ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The knowledge given by the three articles unlocks potential for the amateur and student filmmakers,
and it can be applied to any given assignment or any personal project in the future. Even for the
professional director, these methods must be the standard if they wish to produce a quality film,
because these methods have proven to result in films that are both groundbreaking and awarded for
their editing; films old and new. Unlike continuity editing, montage editing has two separate
strategies. One strategy being Hollywood, and the second being Soviet. The Soviet montage is the
montage that induces emotions from the audience, while Hollywood montage is used to tell a story
that occurs over a long period of time. The Hollywood montage shrinks the long story into one that
can last as little as a minute. It is clear that despite the difference in these editing methods,
continuity and montage, they are capable of resulting in something great when applied and followed
correctly, and it is vital for every filmmaker, new or experienced, to learn them and utilize

Editing Techniques In The Departed And Space Odyssey
This use of editing is one of the most important things in a film. It is what literally puts an entire
film together. There are many compelling techniques for editing and much of so are different. The
films that I choose this week, The Departed is a film that has one of the most captivating editing
techniques, however none of which are new to Scorsese and his go to film editor Thelma
Schoonmaker. One of the most interesting film editing techniques is the use of the montage
technique. So when asked to discuss the use of montage in The Departed and Space Odyssey, I had
to choose probably the most interesting and talked about scenes of the 2001 Stanley Kubrick film
and the scene in the 2006 Martin Scorsese, film that sets the tone for the second half of the film. ...
The beginning of the film tells the story of how each character got into the situation that they were
currently in; however, the middle is where it gets really remarkable. When looking for the rat, the
use of montage to tell the story of Matt Damon's character's head space is incredible, although this is
something that it not innovative for a Scorsese film, it is something that I have always found
interesting. The scene follows in the characters finding out that a rat has been made aware of and the
race to both keep themselves hidden while finding their own counterpart. The editor uses the
montage to grab the audience's attention and to get them in the mind of that particular

Literature Review Editing Process
Literature Review In examining recent literature on the topic of "editing" in the writing process,
three areas appear to be of some concern in dealing with this issue: 1) The true definition of editing
and the editing process, 2) The perceived role and responsibilities of the teacher and students, and 3)
Effective editing strategies that will increase student learning. In order to truly implement editing
strategies that will impact the learner, the first two areas must be addressed.
In the review of the literature, I found that many students and teachers alike had some
misconceptions about the true definition of "editing" and the roles that each must play. Often times,
the editing process and the revision process were mistakenly mixed, or thought to be one and the
same process. Marchisan and Alber (2001) define the revision stage as the time to look for changes
in concepts and improvements to the paper in order to help achieve its purpose for the audience. In
this stage, the writer becomes a problem solver to improve the concept (idea) of the paper.
The editing stage is on a different scale. It is not used to make changes in the concept of the paper,
rather it is to improve and clarify the meaning. Enders (2001) states that in the editing stage,
students should check for errors in spelling, usage, and clarity of expression. Too often teachers mix
both the revision stage and editing stage, creating confusion with the students in what they are really
suppose to do

The Technique Of Film And Video Editing
Summarizing
The Technique Of Film & Video Editing.
Film first began in 1895. By the time the first motion picture was made, editing was non–existant.
The very first films made were less than a minute long. Only films like Melies' used at least a little
bit of editing. Melies' films also grew longer in length, however they were all still single shots.
Although the films were edited to have multiple shots and to tell a story, they were not made in a
manner that we are now used to. It was only until the movies of Edwin S. Porter that film editing
started to have a meaning.
EDWIN S. PORTER– FILM CONTNUITY BEGINS
Intrigued by the length and quality of Me´lie`s's work, In 1903 Edwin S. Porter began to use a visual
continuity to make his films more compelling. In one of his films The Life of an American Fireman
(1903)he uses 20 shots in six minutes to show how the mother and child are saved. Porter believes
that a single should stand as the basic principle of editing. The job of the camera was simply to
record the shot and not add ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Griffith. Emotional relevance plays a major role in this film, and to capture the most emotional
scenes in the narrative I will be using Close up shots. A camera technique made famous by D.W.
Griffith(Dancygey 2011: 5). Like Mr. Griffith tried to achieve with his audience, I want the
spectators watching our film to show sympathy towards our protagonist. This will make them feel
emotionally involved with the film(Dancyger 2011: 5). The scene in the beginning of the film where
the actor sheds a tear, I will be using the close up shot and paying clearly emphasis on the tear as it
drops from his eyes. This scene immediately tells us that the car guard is not proud with the position
of life he is in. Another scene that I will be using a close up shot will be the ending scene as the car
guard starts to realise his life is about to

Editing And The Writing Process
Literature Review In examining recent literature on the topic of "editing" in the writing process,
three areas appear to be of some concern in dealing with this issue: 1) The true definition of editing
and the editing process, 2) The perceived role and responsibilities of the teacher and students, and 3)
Effective editing strategies that will increase student learning. In order to truly implement editing
strategies that will impact the learner, the first two areas must be addressed.
In the review of the literature, I found that many students and teachers alike had some
misconceptions about the true definition of "editing" and the roles that each must play. Often times,
the editing process and the revision process were mistakenly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The second area that needs to be addressed is the role the teacher and students play in the editing
stage. Teachers, English teachers in particular, are "experts" in editing. This is suggested through
their daily activities of correcting papers (Littauer, 1996; Parsons 2001). Joel Littauer (1996) also
suggests that students have no editing skills because the teacher does all the editing. It is of no
wonder that students do not have the skills of editing. Parsons (2001) states that unless students are
taught and forced to implement correct language, they will continue to make the same mistakes. He
also makes the point of putting the responsibility of editing back to the person who does the writing.
In the case of a classroom, the teacher must teach the students to edit their work, and the students
must take the responsibility to do so. In accomplishing this task, the students will have taken one
more step in becoming successful writers. In order to accomplish this task however, teachers must
find and implement editing strategies that will work for them and their students. In conducting my
literature review, I found three strategies that were dominant in much of my research. The first
strategy was one that was technology driven. In this strategy, the computer word–processor is used
as a tool for the stages of writing. Jarvis (1997), Diehm (1998), as well as Parsons (2001), all give
good reasons to use this tool as a strategy for editing. In

Editing In Walter Much's Movie Mother
Editing like directing is key to bringing a story to life, having proper guidelines on when and how to
make a cut while executing this art is very important and below are some of the guiding principals
that different editors have used.
Editing to bring out emotion
According to walter Murch an editor should preserve emotion at any cost because when the story
moves the audience emotionally then the editor has done a great job.( Walter M 2011, P18)
Another principal by walter Murch is editing by carrying the story forward in a meaningful way
because when the story doesn't advance , it becomes confusing and boring to the audience. .( Walter
M 2011, P18)
Every cut must make rhythmic sense, this is another guiding editing principal from walter ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In films information with in a narrative is is impacted on through he selection of shots to affect the
narrative and below are some of examples of films that did just that.
Steven Spielberg's saving private Ryan( 1998) the purpose to recreate brutality and human cost of
the first day of the European invasion, close ups are used to emotionalize the action, increasing pace
is used to show chaos. (Dancyger 2011,p267)
Fellini's 81/2 (1962) focusing on Guido the main character who has a life full of pressure from his
producer, from his wife, mistress and potential actors.
He ruminates on his past in a series of fantasies that focus on his realationship with his religion, his
parents and women.
Fellini juxtaposes am image of Guido's ego floating high in the sky with an image of his producer
pulling the rope then cuts to Guido's body plunging on the earth. A visual cue , the raising of eye
glasses higher on the bridge of his nose, to move us from Guido's present reality into his fantasy all
convey a subtext that differs substantially from Guido's present. His inner life is rich while his outer
is barren. ( Dancyger, K,

Seamless Editing In The Field Of Film Making
Film editing was the concept related with the process of film making. However as the developments
are taking in the field of technology; hence this concept has changed towards the use of digital
technology. The film editor works with the raw footage, selects the best shots and then combine
them into sequences to create a finished motion picture.
Film editing is defined an art that can be used in various ways. It can create sensually provocative
montages; help in bringing out the emotional truth in an actor's performance. Also it can be used for
telling of a story and also for creating illusions.
Editing is considered an important part of film making as it helps in creating the mood and theme
which is being thought of portraying in the eyes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concept of seamless editing was used because it was one of the first films to use more than one
scene. This was the first narrative film that audiences could see going somewhere and was very
successful amongst different audiences. This film became so successful because alongside using
traditional editing techniques; it included new techniques such as Parallel Editing, Minor Camera
Movement and Crosscutting.
Later editing was also made to add color to the movies through the process of colorization. Also
specific techniques like flashbacks, close up and parallel actions were given in the movies to arouse
specific reaction from the audience (Poland, 2007).
Theories of editing
Soviet montage theory is an approach to understand and create cinema that relies heavily upon
editing. This was based on the concept of montage which was idea that arises from the collision of
independent shots wherein each sequential element is perceived not next to the other, but on top of
the other.
The following montages were used during editing:
Metric – where the editing follows a specific number of frames cutting to the next shot no matter
what is happening within the image. This montage is used to elicit emotional reactions in the

Eisenstein's Use Of Continuity Editing In The Conversation
Within The Conversation the use of continuity editing is seen through the use of shots often being
cut away from Stan to Harry even though Stan would still be speaking, this is used to signify that
Harry's private space is being invaded by Stan and his curious nature. This 'invasion of space' is
again reinforced by the many shots which have Harry facing away from Stan, which is a
connotation of Harry avoiding communication with Stan, this also signifies Harry's secluded nature .
Costanzo states "In film the objective of continuity editing is to create the illusion that the movie is
not made up of a series of short, separate shots, but that it is, instead, one on going, unsliced
(seamless) whole." This relates to The Conversation sequence as Francis Ford Coppola makes his
shots continual through the use of realistic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This contrasts the idea of continuity editing used in The Conversation, as he uses it as a
psychological stimulation rather than a narrative device, this gives Eisenstein a chance to convey his
political opinion through emotional senses to the audience. Eisenstein takes this and constructs shots
that are opposite to create a new meaning within the sequence. Gazetas also states that "when
Eisenstein applied dialectical montage to editing his films, he strove to capture a visual counterpoint
of opposing images that would mentally combine in the spectator's mind into an abstract idea" The
shot which shows the woman being indecisive of pushing the carriage with her baby in it down the
steps, and being unfortunately shot by the troops marching down "The Odessa Steps". Her fall is
edited in many overlapping cuts. Furthermore this shows one of Eisenstein's most famous editing
scenes. Montage within this scene returns to her every few seconds as she gradually falls to the

The History of Film Editing
My grandpa is always talking about how much movies have changed with time. His favorite movie,
E.T.: The Extra–Terrestrial, is an example of how editing and special effects have changed
drastically since 1982 and even before that. Watching a movie from this year compared to a movie
from the 1930s, you would notice many differences. In the beginning, there was no digital
technology to edit films. There have also been important contributors to help evolvement in film
editing. In the process of editing film, there are some common editing techniques that have been
used ever since film started. The way you edit a scene can also affect the mood and feeling of it.
Although the editing of filmmaking has changed a lot over time, there are many reasons for the
cause of this including humanities drastic evolvement in technology.
In the beginning, there was no digital technology to edit films. The initial editing of all films was
done with a positive copy of the film negative called a film work print. This was done by physically
cutting and pasting together pieces of film, using a splicer and threading the film on a machine with
a viewer, which was a Moviola, "flatbed" machine or Steenbeck. The 2" Video Tape Recording
System (VTR) created by Ampex Corp. was introduced in 1956. This device was also called the
splicing block. The user of the machine was able to view the splice point through a microscope. The
machine also had a cutting blade that was mounted across the guide to be able to

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