Bithionol Essay

Bithionol Essay
B6131
Description:
IC50: 19 μM – 60 μM for various ovarian cancer cell lines
Bithionol is a potent inhibitor of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC).
Adenylyl cyclase is an enzyme with critical regulatory roles in cells. All classes of adenylyl cyclases
can catalyse the conversion of adenosine triphosphate to 3',5'–cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate.
In vitro: Bithionol could cause dose–dependent cytotoxicity toward all tested ovarian cancer cell
lines regardless of their sensitivities to cisplatin. Moreover, such cell death appeared to be via
caspases mediated apoptosis. In addition, the mechanism of action appeared to be partially by cell
cycle arrest, ROS generation as well as ATX inhibition [1].
In vivo: Oral toxicity of bithionol sulfoxide was assessed in acute toxicity studies in mice and rats.
The median lethal dose (LD50) values in mice were > 1000 mg/kg and < 5000 mg/kg after 21 days;
the male rat LD50 value was around 5000 mg/kg after 48 h. Moreover, the hepatic toxicity was
observed at all tested doses. Increases in serum AST were observed with the high doses, suggesting
that mitochondria were affected. In addition, the histological study indicated more intense periportal
fatty infiltration with high doses at 5000 and 500 mg/kg [2]. ... Show more content on
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Results showed that all patients were cured. The follow–up period after the first course of treatment
was between 16 and 47 months and no major side effects were found
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Spinal Muscular Atrophy Research Paper
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Eveline S. Arnold and Kenneth H. Fischbeck Neurogenetics Branch,
National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
MD, USAAbstract Autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (Werdnig–Hoffmann,
Kugelberg–Welander) is caused by mutation of the SMN1 gene, and the clinical severity correlates
with the number of copies of a nearly identical gene, SMN2. The SMN protein plays a critical role
in spliceosome assembly and may have other cellular functions such as mRNA transport. Cell
culture and animal models have helped to define the disease mechanism and to identify targets for
therapeutic intervention. The main focus for developing treatment has been to increase ... Show
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These mice, a severe model from the Arthur Burghes lab at Ohio State University, are either
stillborn or die on average at approximately postnatal day 5 with approximately 40% loss of motor
neurons, representing the severe type I SMA phenotype. As is seen in human patients, mice with
higher copy numbers (more than eight) of the SMN2 transgene were phenotypically rescued, once
again demonstrating that the SMA phenotype could be modified by the number of copies of SMN2
(Monani et al., 2000). A similar strategy was used to generate SMA mice in the Hung Li lab in
Taiwan (Hsieh–Li et al., 2000). In contrast to Burghes severe model, the Hung Li SMA mice
showed a range of phenotypic severity within the same litter, from severe to moderate. Further
studies indicated that this variation in phenotypic severity was likely due to hemi or homozygous
transmission of the transgenic human SMN2 allele on the background of heterozygous deletion of
the Smn1 endogenous allele, thereby producing mice expressing varying copy numbers of the
transgene (Gogliotti et al., 2010). Building on the development of the Burghes severe model, mice
expressing a SMN7 transgene in addition to full length SMN2 were also produced
(Smn1–/–;SMN2tg/tg;SMN7tg/tg). Introduction of the SMN7 allele extended the life span of
affected mice from approximately five days to approximately thirteen days (Le et al., 2005) and
indicated that SMN produced from the SMN2 locus could be a valid therapeutic target. To date, the
two most commonly used mouse models are the Smn1–/–;SMN2tg/tg;SMN7tg/tg (SMA7 mice)
and the Smn1hung–/–;SMN2Hungtg/tg (Hung–Li SMA mice), which both have an average survival
of approximately 13 days and recapitulate the clinical manifestations and neuropathology of
intermediate type II SMA

Discuss the Beneficial Effects of Activated Protein C in...
Sepsis is a potentially fatal medical condition where the blood is overwhelmed by the presence of
bacteria; activating the immune response and potentially causing organ dysfunction due to the
disruption of homeostasis, tissue perfusion and limited oxygen supply. Systemic inflammatory
response syndrome can be a key to the recognition of the illness. This condition can be treated with
antibiotics intravenously or by draining the infected fluid. However, treating the infection with
appropriate anti–microbial medication does not always cure the illness. Understanding the activation
of inflammation, coagulation and fibrinolysis in the pathophysiology of sepsis, has allowed further
research and development of therapeutic agents in its clinical ... Show more content on
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It inhibits thrombosis by inactivating co–factors Va, and VIIIa (Neyrinck, 2009). When deficient,
Factor V can cause excessive blood clotting and Factor VIII, being an essential clotting factor, can
cause blood to profusely move out of tissues once cut or damaged (Faust, 2001 and Yan, 2001).
Thrombin may become limited, one reason being the decrease of plasma D–dimer, which again
stimulates fibrinolysis (Bernard, 2001).
Animal models have been used to test the effectiveness of Protein C as a treatment for severe sepsis;
one example is an experiment carried out to investigate the coagulation effects of Protein C which
was tested using baboons (Taylor FB, 1987). Studies of this type have initiated the development of
recombinant human protein C; the activated form also termed drotrecogin alfa (activated).
A variety of variables are considered throughout the research of many experiments in investigating
whether Protein C is a beneficial treatment of severe sepsis. Animal models, specifically sheep, were
used to observe the clinical significance of APC in the work of Wang.Z et al. The results indicate the
beneficial consequence of APC on gaseous exchange and lactic acidosis; a considerably higher
arterial pressure is observed, as well as, higher thoracopulmonary compliance and PaO2/FIO2

Animal Cruelty Essay
Animal Cruelty
The topic of animal cruelty is one of great importance to the wold today. Why we humans have the
right reserved to treat animals as lesser individuals is beyond me. Animals are fulfilling their part in
the ecosystems and communities of the earth, and to the best extent that they are able. For example,
a spider is being the best possible spider that it can be, spinning webs and working diligently at what
it knows best, not bothering any creatures of the earth besides the ones which it needs to capture for
food. We, as humans, decided that we are a much advanced life form and can basically treat
anything else in this world in ways which we cannot imagine being treated. As a result the threads
holding our earth together ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The infamous Draize eye test cannot be forgotten either. Chemicals are instilled into the eyes of
rabbits in stocks, often for up to seven days. And because their eyes are physiologically different
from ours, they cannot produce enough tears to wash the substance away and it remains there for
long periods of time. Unfortunately for them, rabbits are cheap and simple to maintain, and they also
have large eyes.
In the acute inhalation test the animals are subjected to intense amounts of a certain substance or
toxin in a small caged environment for four days to test the effects of chemical inhalants used in
aerosol spray cans and other gaseous materials. The animals which actually survive the test are then
killed to be examined. This is also done with tobacco products and alcohol.
Another instance included the removal of infant rhesus monkeys from their mothers at birth and
isolated or given cheap substitutes to study the need for a maternal figure early on in life. After 4
months some of the babies were able to integrate back into a normal monkey society, the ones
isolated for a year or more had definite social problems.
To attempt to find more out about our sexuality we of course turn to cats.
After some nerve surgery, the cats involved became disoriented and lost interest in sexual activity.
There was also the dastardly one in which

Food Safety And Risk Analysis Essay
This risk assessment has been conducted as a part of the course requirement for Eco. 330. 01– Food
Safety/Risk Analysis to explore the level of concern surrounding caffeine consumption by 18 to 23–
year–old female college students. Using convenience sampling techniques to gather initial data, 50
data sets on caffeine consumption were collected on four categories of caffeinated beverages: coffee,
energy drinks, soft drinks and everything else. Furthermore, the Palisade Decision Tools Suite's Risk
7.5 software was used to process the data to conduct 1 simulation comprising of 1000 iterations,
using the Latin Hypercube type of sampling, of which the results were used to arrive at a conclusion
regarding the research question: "What is the probability that a typical 18 to 23–year–old female
college student is consuming caffeine at unsafe levels?"
Findings from this study suggests a typical 18 to 23–year–old female college student is 19.9% likely
to consume caffeine at unsafe levels (> 400 mg of caffeine per day), hence susceptible to adverse
health effects outlined in detail in this paper. Unfortunately, the findings of this research are not
generalizable to the entire population of 18 to 23–year–old female college students as the sample is
not representative of the entire population due to the sampling methods used to define the
distributions.
Introduction
Since 1958, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulated caffeine as an ingredient in
food (Rosenfeld

Different Standard Of Polyvalent Antivenoms And Improve...
In order to compete with the existing standard of polyvalent antivenoms and improve the quality of
treatment patients are currently receiving, we assembled criteria that would guarantee the creation of
the most efficacious and safe product to combat envenomation. These criteria are the following: 1)
The product must target many venoms. 2) It must have limited side effects. 3) It must have low
toxicity. 4) It must be scalable and cost–effective. 5) The product must stimulate the immune
system. The platform technology we have created satisfies all of the criteria. Our design is a DNA
Origami–Aptamer–CpG complex that has the ability to target may different types of venoms.
Though the specifics of the technology will be explained more in ... Show more content on
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To test the quality of Polymamba, we will conduct both preclinical and clinical trials. These trials
will be conducted according to the World Health Organization guidelines for the production control
and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins. Due to the severity of the cases of
envenomation in Sub–Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, we anticipate accelerated approval of
Polymamba after conducting successful trials. More on FDA For our product, the main objective of
preclinical trials will be to establish safety and efficacy. We will only preclinically assess
Polymamba against the relevant snake venoms in Sub–Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. The first
step in our preclinical trials will be to evaluate how efficaciously Polymamba is able to neutralize
the toxic activity of the snake venom that it is intended to act against. To determine this, we will
carry out venom–neutralizing potency tests in mouse models. This test will be performed for each
venom that Polymamba will be targeting. The first task in this test Is to determine the median lethal
dose of venom. To establish what this dose is, five to six mice will be injected with various doses of
venom through an intravenous route. After twenty–four hours, the deaths are recorded. We then
determine the dose that induces death in fifty percent of the mice, also referred to as the median
lethal dose, by using a non–parametric test, such as the Spearman–Karber method. Determining the
neutralizing

Malathion Research Paper
Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide, its chemicals abstract service number is121–75–5.
Malathion is an amber colored liquid with a skunk like odor used for agricultural andresidential
control of mosquitos, fruit flies, and weevils. One form of Malathion is also used inshampoo used
for head lice.The identified side effects of Malathion although mainly considered a low toxicity are
asfollows. Changes in blood pressure, elevated or lower heart rate, head ache, confusion
andinsomnia. The more severe symptoms include decreased respiration depth, convulsions
andcoma. Children show variety of symptoms including excessive salivation, lethargy,
contractedpupils, muscle weakness, and coma.A number of studies determined Malathion to be non–
carcinogenic

Drugs: The Production of Heroin Essay
In the 1850's, opium addiction was a major problem in the United States. To help reduce the rates,
opium addicts were provided with morphine. The idea behind their logic was that it was less potent
and a non–addictive substitute. Scientists and doctors quickly learned this was not the case as
morphine addiction became a bigger issue than opium addiction. This morphine substitute was
heroin (The Truth about Heroin). Heroin was first synthesized from morphine in 1874 by C.R Alder
Wright whom was part of a German pharmaceutical company called Bayer. From 1898 through to
1910, Bayer marketed it under the trademark name Heroin as a cough suppressant claiming that it
was a non–addictive morphine substitute that is until it was discovered ... Show more content on
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Barrels are filled once more with water and left overnight, resulting in oils floating on the surface.
The morphine is then filtered out into separate containers. Chloride is added while the morphine is
being stirred and it is left overnight once more. The solution is poured into a bucket lines with cloth
that is soaked with warm water. The cloth is squeezed, thus removing the remaining liquid from the
morphine. The morphine is brownish– gray and is left to air dry. It is ready to be converted to
heroin. It is placed in an aluminum pot with some acetic anhydride and is stirred until all of the
morphine has dissolved, then left to sit for 45 minutes. It is then when it is put over a fire to be
heated for 30 minutes. The solution is filtered again with the cloth and baking soda is added to
create a reaction, thus giving off a gas. Once the gas is no longer being produced, the pH level is
about 10. The solution is filtered out in the cloth yet again and the brownish colored heroin is poured
into a bowl to be purified. The brown heroin base is dissolved using dilute hydrochloric acid until
the pH level is about 7–10. Carbon is added and it is left to sit for an additional 30 minutes. It is
filtered twice more, once through a cloth, another through a filter paper. The heroin base is
precipitated out with the use of dilute ammonia solution until the pH level reached 12. It is filtered
yet again, thus leaving a relatively

Persuasive Essay On Euthanasia
Euthanasia, also known as assisted suicide or mercy killing, is the "deliberate action with the
express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable suffering" (Nordqvist). There is much to be
argued about euthanasia because it is such a controversial topic, but there is no logical or moral
reason it should be illegal. If someone is undergoing unstoppable pain, and is terminally ill, that
person should be allowed to die with dignity. Euthanasia should be legal because it is
compassionate, financially conscientious and allows for the practice of one's freedom of choice.
There are two main types of euthanasia; they are voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is
performed with the consent of the patient. Involuntary euthanasia is when it is conducted without
consent because the patient cannot make the decision for himself/herself. These two types are
supplemented by two procedural types of euthanasia: active, when lethal substances or services are
used to end the patient's life, and passive, which is when the life sustaining treatments are
suspended.
One of the most argued reasons against mercy killing is that it goes against the Hippocratic Oath.
The Hippocratic Oath is a pledge taken by all physicians to warrant ethical and honest practice of
medicine. The Hippocratic Oath states, "I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor
suggest any such counsel (Hippocrates)." Now these clearly shows that euthanasia goes against the
Hippocratic Oath. The

Skeletal System Research Paper
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, and associated cartilages. These provide shape and
support for the body and protect internal organs and structures. The marrow cavities within some
bones serve as the site of hematopoiesis. The also skeleton serves as the reservoir of calcium and
phosphorus. A common pathology of the skeletal system is rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is a chronic
systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue
throughout the body. Celecoxib (Celebrex) is a type of non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drug
(NSAID) that will directly target cyclooxygenase–2, COX–2, an enzyme responsible for
inflammation and pain. Celecoxib is available in 50 mg, 100mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg capsules. ...
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The main functions of the digestive system are to mechanically and chemically breakdown nutrients
into smaller molecules, absorb nutrients from those molecules, and rid the body of solid wastes. A
common pathology of the digestive system is gastroesophageal reflux disease (G.E.R.D.). This is the
abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and
the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier and of the esophagus. Treatment is intended to stop the
reflux by reducing stomach acid. Omeprazole (Prilosec) is an antiulcer drug that decreases the
amount of acid produced in the stomach. The usual adult dose for GERD initially is 20 mg orally
once a day before a meal for 4 to 8 weeks, and may be increased to 40 mg per day if needed.
Omeprazole is available in, 10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg delayed–release capsules. Contraindications
include hypersensitivity to substituted benzimidazoles or to any component of the formulation. The
most common side effects include asthenia, dizziness, and headache no serious side effects could be
found. DEA Schedule: Non–scheduled. Toxicity level is

The Fight For Physician Aid
The fight for Physician aid in Dying's nation wide legalization. Ever since Dr. Kevorkian or "Doctor
Death" drove his car around the united states assisting over 40 patients to take the own lives
physician aid in dying has been a topic which has sparked controversy (DiManno). Although his
actions did receive large amounts of negative feed back it did lead much of the population to the
question of whether or not it should be legal for an individual to have medical assistance to take
their life in certain situations such as terminal illness or chronic physical pain. Through the years
this idea has adopted the name physician aid in dying. Personally I believe that we should, because
when it comes to our body we should have 100% control over what we choose to do with it. Even if
that is choosing to take our own life in times of great physical pain and suffering. Although
physician aid in dying is already legal in five states, I believe that it should be legal in the remainder
of the states in the United States. While I know that the thought of a doctor prescribing a lethal
dosage of a medication to help a patient to take their life can be disturbing to some people it should
not be illegal. If that were the case eventually it could be illegal to get tattoos or have hair cuts that
may be disturbing to some people. The way I see it is that if PAD is really what someone wants it
should be an option to them no matter what state they live in. The thought of someone suffering
from a

Argumentative Essay: Montana's Ethical Dilemma
My grandpa lived a long prosperous life up until the last couple months of his life. One evening we
were out and about heading to dinner with my parents and grandparents. We all sat down, ordered
our food, and my grandpa was telling a story about his truck driving days. During his story we
realized that the left side of his face wasn't matching the facial expressions on the right side. My
mom was extremely worried, so we rushed to the nearest hospital. Hours of waiting in the lobby
they came out and told us that he had a pretty bad stroke. The doctors told us our options; they
stressed that surgery would be the best option. This surgery consisted of drilling into his skull to
release the pressure in this brain. My grandpa made it out of surgery ... Show more content on
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Wendelboe is a pharmacist at a hospital in Vegas. I had messaged her over Facebook since I live
eight hours away. I knew she was well invested in the medical field and she could have helpful
insight on the topic. I messaged her, "Do you think PAS should be legalized in Nevada?" Kristen
typed back immediately, "I definitely believe that it should be an option for a patient with very strict
guidelines and check and balances... As a Christian this is a difficult question but I believe modern
medicine has created ways to "artificially" extend life and physician assisted suicide is just the
counterbalance to that." With Wendelboe being a well trained pharmacist and a Christian it can't be
black and white the whole entire time because she understand how helpful medicine can be to a
patient. On the other hand, with her being a Christian she still believes that it should be legalized
and offered to every patient that meets the

Insecticides In Crickets
Figure 1 illustrates the effects of four insecticides on adult crickets at four different concentrations
over the span of 24 hours. Taking the average of all the dead crickets at each concentration, dividing
by five, and multiplying by 100 found the % response. The probit number was found from the %
response number. Taking the probit number, diving by 10, and multiplying by 100 found the %
probit response, which is shown on the y–axis. The log of the four concentrations used represents
the log dose on the x–axis. Series 1 represents paraoxon. Cricket mortality was 35% when exposed
to a concentration of 1x10–10M. In a 1x10–8M solution there was a 45% susceptibility of death. In
a 1x10–6M solution there was 59% mortality. In a 1x10–4M solution

Physician Assisted Suicide Is A Universal Experience
Introduction
"Death is a universal experience. No matter what our culture, our religion, our race, or our country
of origin, we will all die. How we approach death, how we think about suffering and grief, and what
we believe happens after we die vary based on our culture, religion, and spiritual beliefs. Spiritual
beliefs ground our thinking about end–of–life concepts." –Susan Thrane, MSN, RN, OCN
Over the years voluntary euthanasia, also known as physician assisted suicide (PAS), has been a
huge controversy in the United States as well as in other countries. Physician assisted suicide is
defined as a doctor knowingly and intentionally with knowledge, means, or both required to commit
suicide. It includes counselling about lethal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In religion the views differ and vary and suicide can often offend one's religion, recent studies have
shown that Americans who are religious are most likely to oppose the act, according to Gallup as of
2013. People are at greater risk when aid in dying is secret and unregulated rather than open and
regulated strictly and parallels to the regulation of abortion can be made. Assisted suicide and even
suicide in general are difficult topics to debate on because they are essentially based on one's
opinion.
Topic Background
Believe it or not, euthanasia has been a major issue in the first and fifth century in Ancient Rome
and Greece before christianity others tolerated euthanasia. Many pagan physicians conducted
assisted–suicides, which was against the Hippocratic Oath, the oath prohibited doctors from giving a
deadly drug to anyone. People supported this because it gave them the opportunity to decide if they
wanted to participate in voluntary suicide. During the Great Depression, euthanasia increased
dramatically because of the troubled economy. A public poll in 1937, showed that 45 percent of
americans believed it was okay to mercy kill infants born with deformities. The Death with Dignity
Act (DWDA), which was passed in 1994 allowed people living in the state of Oregon to request
physician–assisted suicide if wanted. The state became the first state to allow a law in American
history to permit physician

S. Aureus Crystal Structure
MOL350 paper #1 (Dawson & Locher, 2006) discusses the crystal structure of S. aureus
Sav1866 ABC transporter protein and its relationship to the function of the transporter. Encoding
Sav1866 was amplified by PCR, fused to Nterminal decahistidine affinity tag in a modified T7
expression vector, purified in octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, and analyzed
crystallographically at the beamline X06SA of the Swiss Light Source. Dawson & Locher note that
the part of the nucleotidebinding domains (NBDs) in contact with the transmembrane domain
(TMDs) is "primarily lined with residues around the socalled
'Qloop'"
(183), with notable exceptions at Tyr 391 (corresponds to 409 on Ste6, which is also a Tyr) and Glu
473
(which corresponds to 501 on Ste6, where there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The
A339G mutation (which corresponds to Ste6 position 298, which is a histidine rather than
phenylalanine) replaced Ala with more hydrophilic Gly, resulting in can be seen in the figure to
reduce resistance to all drugs except VCR. A339S with a similar hydrophilic substitution similarly
reduced the resistance to all drugs. The A339D mutation, however, with the most hydrophilic
substitution of Asp, did not significantly affect the resistance of three of the drugs except VCR,
whose resistance was doubled. These mutations are interesting because they typify the effects of
replacing hydrophobic residues with hydrophilic ones. Furthermore, the A339D mutation
demonstrates that hydropathicity alone does not explain drug recognition, as Gly was the most
hydrophilic yet did not reduce resistance.
Rao (1995) describes the alteration of the ATPase function in human MDR1 protein due to mutation
G185V (which corresponds to 185 on Ste6, where there is instead a serine). The mutation was
produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques: a 4.2kb
SacIIXhoI
fragment was inserted into pHaMDRGa as a template, amplified by PCR, cloned into M13

Persuasive Essay On Animal Testing
Animal experimentation causes tremendous harm and suffering to otherwise innocent animals. The
cruelty level on testing ranges from food and water deprivation, to cosmetic purposes, to burning
and chemical exposures, to injections of diseases they would have otherwise never contracted on
their own, to purposeful death of an animal or groups of animals to see how it would take place or
how much an animal can withstand before termination (Humane Society International). The Silver
Spring Monkeys is known as the case that launched PETA. A member of PETA went undercover in a
lab that tested on 17 monkeys living in tiny wire cages that were caked with years of feces that had
accumulated (PETA). These monkeys were subjected to surgeries where their spinal nerves were
severed, rendering one or more of their limbs useless (PETA). "Through the use of shock, food and
water deprivation, and other methods, the monkeys were forced to try to regain the use of their
limb(s) or go without food. The trauma of the monkeys' imprisonment was so traumatizing they
ripped away their own flesh and had lost most of their fingers from getting them caught in tiny wire
cage bars." (PETA). Experimenters also neglected to feed the 17 monkeys and would often force
them to dig beneath their feces to try to locate food. The monkeys would be moved from cage to
experimental tables and rooms only with a choking rod placed around their neck. This case was the
first Supreme Court victory for animals used in

The Internal Defense System Of Moolluscs
World Health Organization (WHO) stated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) for any
molluscicidal material must not surpass (100 ppm) (WHO, 1993). The present results showed that,
match 5%EC (Lufenuron 5% EC) was toxic to B. alexandrina snails at LC50 2.04 mg/l (Table 1).
The internal defense system of molluscs is comprised of cellular and humoral components (Le
Clec'h et al., 2016). Thus, the immune response is carried out by circulating hemocytes and soluble
hemolymph factors (Fried, 2016). In B. alexandrina, there are three main hemocytes categories:
hyalinocytes, small undifferentiated and granulocytes (Cavalcanti et al., 2012). In the present study,
light microscopic investigation revealed that there was significant ... Show more content on
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This is reflecting the damages caused by this insecticide on hepatic cells. These results are in
harmony with the previous study of (Mahmoud and El–Sayed, 2004), where they found an increase
in the activities of AST and ALT in the hemolymph of five fresh water snails species maintained at
LC10 and LC25 Niclosamide ( it is the only molluscicide recommended by WHO for snail control
programs). The recorded changes may be due to animal's trials to restore the amino acid balance in
different body organs (Farkaset et al., 2004). The current study indicated that total protein and
albumin concentrations in hemolymph of the snails exposed to sublethal concentrations of Match
5% EC were decreased compared to that of control group. This observation was previously recorded
by (Mahmoud, 2006), after exposure of B. alexandrina snails to sublethal concentrations of the
insecticides Regent and Mimic for 4 weeks and this decrease is due to the damages and degeneration
of ovotestis and digestive glands cellular structure of treated snails. Also, (Fahmy et al., 2014)
reported a significant decrease in total protein and albumin contents in hemolymph and soft tissues
of treated snails with zinc oxide

Argumentative Essay: My Opinion Of Assisted Suicide
Brittany Maynard was 29 when she was diagnosed with a glioblastoma brain tumor. "I can't even tell
you the amount of relief that it provides me to know that I don't have to die the way that it has been
described to me that my brain tumor would take me on its own." She was told that she had roughly 6
months to live, as the cancer had developed to stage 4 rapidly. Upon hearing how much suffering the
cancer would cause her as it took over her body, she decided to move to Portland, Oregon and
receive a prescription through the Death with Dignity act. Brittany had recently married and was
looking forward to starting a family. She also had the intention of becoming a teacher. Since
discovering her cancer, she has been living out the remainder of ... Show more content on
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Theology plays a huge role in the development of the viewpoint of deontological people. Many
believe that assisted suicide is morally wrong because all life is sacred and a gift from God. They
believe that God should be the only one with the power to take a life and taking their own life is like
spitting in the face of God. Religious people still debate whether a suicide victim's soul will be
allowed into heaven. Many think that they will not be welcome or will have to go through trials in
Purgatory to prove them worthy enough for heaven. As time goes on however, less people rely on
theology. The debate is starting to follow a new path, leading to topics about the patient's mental
state. Many people think that a patient cannot logically choose assisted suicide. They think that
people become fearful of what is to come. This causes the patient to act on their fear and choose
irrationally, as opposed to considering all options and looking into the future. People against assisted
suicide also feel that knowing you are going to die and that your life is going to be degraded will
cause depression that ultimately causes them to irrationally choose. To many, human life is
intrinsically valuable. It is our responsibility to not cause harm to it and instead honor

Lab Report For Daphnia Magna Experiment
Dose–Response of Epinephrine on Daphnia magna
Introduction
The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the physiological effects of epinephrine on the
heart rate of the organism called Daphnia magna as well as to calculate the median effective dose.
Daphnia magna are arthropods found in pools of freshwater or areas where freshwater meets
seawater in Western Europe and the Atlantic Coastline of the United States (Elenbaas, 2013). They
are about two to five millimeters in length and have a transparent shell. Their heart is located on the
dorsal side of the organism and the gills are on the ventral side. Daphnia magna also has two
antennae and six appendages that are used to bring food and oxygen to the organism's gills and
produce movements. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ED50 is calculated to be at 0.00005 mM. This means that 50% of the Daphnia magna
population would react to the 0.00005 mM dose of epinephrine. The physiological reasons for the
results included the magnitude of change between the doses of epinephrine. Each concentration
increased by ten–fold once the threshold has been reached, the Daphnia magna may not experience a
response due to over–stimulation from the epinephrine. The heart rates would have decreased below
the baseline because the body was in shock from the epinephrine. Another physiological reason for
the results could be the use of various Daphnia magna. Each Daphnia magna will react differently to
the epinephrine. These results can be translated into how epinephrine affects the human body.
Epinephrine will cause an increase in heart rate in humans, which is the same effect in the Daphnia
magna and in high enough doses can be lethal. For the future, a larger sample size could provide
more accurate data since some of the Daphnia magna were dying before they were exposed to the
epinephrine. Also, the same Daphnia magna could be exposed to each concentration in increasing
order to see how it is affected from its initial heart rate to each varying concentration. Calculations
could also be performed using the change in heart rate for each Daphnia magna rather than the
average baseline. Overall,

Aspersus Research Paper
Spiking of soil with copper sulphate signficantly affected the survival of subadult C. aspersus snails.
Adult specimens exhibited higher mortality percentages at 30, 44, and 70 days (between 46.20% and
60.20%) after being sprayed with 5% and 10% solutions of the same salt (Schwartz and Capatos,
1990). These results clearly show that copper sulfate is highly toxic to land snails. The death rates of
controls were similar at 30 and 60 days post–exposure, and as a result, environmental factors appear
not to influence mortality distribution between these time points. There is also evidence to suggest
that the level of the initial exposure dose in snails previously exposed to contaminated soils may be
an important factor contributing to tolerance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on the results of the present work, one may be tempted to infer that hepatopancreas levels as
low as 50 µg/g dw may be life threatening to C. aspersus juveniles. This metal was not only
frequently reported to accumulate to higher concentrations in the hepatopancreas of different land
snail species without causing lethality, but it is also homeostatically regulated in eukaryotes
(Balamurugan and Schaffner, 2006), thus drastically limiting the use of gastropod soft tissue levels
as a toxicicity biomarker. Therefore, such reference values are difficult to be used for assessing the
environmental hazard of soil copper. However, recent data provide evidence that rhogocytes from
the hepatopancreas of land pulmonates may function as a sensitive endpoint for this purpose. These
cells contain Cu in granular form, which unlike the metallothionein–bound form, is responsive to
overphysiological uptake (Dallinger et al., 2005). As a result, future studies should be conducted for
assessing tissue levels over which it can induce toxic effects on terrestrial gastropods. It is also
necessary to identify the precise contribution of various additional factors (e.g., chemical form, snail
age, species, and metabolic status, etc.) on the degree to which this metal accumulates in land snails
and the corresponding toxic effects. Moreover, it is suggested to develop molecular biological
techniques to strengthen and facilitate this research. Emphasis should be on gene(s) involved in
synthesizing the specific metallothioneins and gastropod homologues of genes for copper tolerance
in other invertebrates (Nica et al., 2013). Such fundamental work must be accomplished before
standardizing a targeted ecotoxicological test with C. aspersus juveniles

Speech: Animal Testing Essay
Speech: Animal Testing
Introduction:
Rows of rabbits wait in cages, their heads tightly clamped in stocks to prevent movement. The lower
lids of the rabbits' eyes are pulled back. Technicians drip nail polish remover, mascara, shampoo,
and astringent into their eyes, where the chemicals stay for three to 21 days. The chemicals burn and
often blind the animals. Rabbits' sensitive corneas make excellent subjects for this procedure–called
the Draize test–because they cannot cry to wash away the toxic chemicals. They have no tear ducts.
First I will introduce the amounts of animals that are being used in these tests and those tests that
they are being used for. Second I will describe what these tests are used to figure out and ... Show
However estimates range from 2 to 20 million of those animals are not being killed to save lives,
they are being killed in order to provide vain women with cosmetics.
The tests that these animals are being used in range in cruelty. The two that are the cruelest and are
the mostly widely used are the Draize and the LD50 tests. The Draize test, developed in 1944,
involves dropping potentially irritating substances into the eyes of rabbits, whose inferior tear ducts
do not allow them to cry the substances away. The Food and Drug Administration supports this test.
Susan Rick, director of the "compassion program" at People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
(PETA), a Washington, D.C. based animal rights organization.
Points out the fact that "its their test" pointing out that the doctor that developed the test worked for
the FDA. Its not surprising then that according to FDA guidelines, new drugs must be determined
safe as well as effective. While the FDA has no authority to require animal tests per se, it does
require the most accurate tests available. And right now, the FDA believes that means animals.
That's right they have no authority, because there is NO law that requires companies to test their
personal care and household products on animals before selling them to consumers. The second, and
possibly even crueler than the Draize test is the LD50 test.
LD50 stands for

Is Animal Testing Essential For Humanity?
Mekhla Singh
December 7 2015
Period 3
Ene/European Literature Is Animal Testing Essential for Humanity?
Around the world, animal testing has been a controversy for many years. In the cosmetic and
medical industry, doctors claim that animal testing is essential for life and solves many issues.
Although animal testing may have helped the cosmetics industry and has provided opportunities,
this form of experimenting has not been imperative to humanity. Even though animal testing has
been helpful, it is no longer necessary due to the development of science, which provides humans
with accurate and safer forms of testing that exclude cruelty.
Animal testing has been a cruel form to help humanity by fulfilling desires that are not needed for
one's survival. Imperative processes have been executed for minor reasons such as creating
eyeshadows, lipsticks, and many other cosmetic objects. However, these minor reasons are simply
conducted in order to fulfill a human's satisfaction, which is quite unnecessary. There are several
methods of testing on animals, however, two major types include Acute Toxicity tests and Eye and
Skin–Irritation tests. Acute Toxicity tests are being used to identify the intensive effects of any kind
of product, whether it's a little bottle of eyeliner, or a small palette of eyeshadow. According to
PETA,(People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) examiners perform this process by forced–
activity such as inhalation, burning the skin, paralyzing

Ld50 Correlative Model
LD50 or the lethal dose of 50%, is the amount of a chemical which kills 50% of the population of a
test species (used in toxicity evaluations) exposed to that. The EPA study used IC50 toxicity data of
selected chemicals towards HeLa cell lines to predict their in–vivo (LD50) toxicity values. IC50 is
an index of the toxicity of a substance defined as the concentration of that chemical which have
inhibitory effects on the growth of the 50% of the test population. HeLa cell used in this study is an
immortal cell line, which is the oldest yet most commonly used human cell line for scientific
research.21 In the next step, we explain how LD50 data predicted from the EPA's correlative model
can be further used to estimate the human health impacts

Euthanasi An Alternative Mode Of Life Care
End of life care is a prevailing issue in the United States that affects the terminally ill. It includes
physician–assisted suicide, which is legal in five states and the practice of euthanasia which is
illegal. (Barone, 2014). Delving deeper into the issue of end of life care reveals that this issue affects
far more than the patient that is suffering. It raises the question of whether or not it is acceptable to
reject the request of a person based solely on the socio–religious values of protecting life and
ignoring the moral responsibility of ending the misery of another person even when they explicitly
ask to end their suffering. Terminally ill, elderly, or disabled patients that are aware of the physical
and mental deterioration caused ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients, families, and physicians that oppose physician–assisted suicide, can seek alternative modes
of end of life care, such as palliative care which intends to control suffering and not hasten the death
of the patient. Physician–assisted suicide and its alternatives are options for competent patients to
hasten death; however, what are the moral and ethical implications of such practices?
Many people, young and old who are terminally ill or are facing a debilitating disease continually
look for a way to ameliorate their pain and suffering. When the options for cure or successful
recovery are bleak, the patient may ask for physician–assisted suicide. It is a procedure done with
the consent of the patient and the patient administers the lethal dose. Physician–assisted suicide was
first legalized in Oregon and four other states followed suit in 2008, legalizing physician–assisted
suicide either through legislation or case ruling: Vermont, Washington, New Mexico, and Montana
(Gonchar, 2014). Physicians in these five states are protected under the law, allowing them to write
prescriptions for lethal medication if a terminally ill patient makes a request. The prescription drug
administered by doctors to patients used to be pentobarbital, but is now out of production and
instead doctors give secobarbital; the drug consists of a lethal dose of barbiturates, which ultimately
lead to the cessation of brain and nervous system activity (Barone, 2014). A common misconception

Glucocerebrosidase Enzyme Essay
Glucocerebrosidase enzyme (GCase) with alpha–synuclein (SNCA) interaction is a specific
significance to PD because it is a single glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutation is that carries an
increased risk of cognitive impairment. Synuclein alpha is linked to the cognitive impairment and
psychosis of PD and DLB. The lost function of GBA has been found in postmortem brain of
individuals that were diagnosed had a global defect in lysosomal enzymes with those with PD. The
GBA gene within the brain increases the risk of individuals of having PD due to the mutation of the
gene. These genes will reflect the low activity of lysosomal hydrolase β–glucocerebrosidase
(GCase) where the accumulation of α–synuclein occurs in the anterior cingulate and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Participants were asked if they were currently and regularly exposed to certain acids, solvents, coal,
stone, dust, asbestos, and chemicals. They were deemed farmers if their job coded according to the
US Census of 1980 as "farmer". These individuals were then categorized by duration of their self–
reported exposure. Out of the 7,864 participants there were 1,956 people were deemed as farmers,
fishermen, and ranchers. One similarity among those exposed in this particular study was that those
exposed had lower educational levels than those who were not. [13]. Also, both men and women
who were exposed had a 14% higher rate of being a "farmer".
A by–product of heroin synthesis called 1–methyl–4–phenyl–1,2,3–tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has
been identified as a factor of inducing syndromes of Parkinson's disease in humans (Bin Liu, 2003).
Another study suggested that degeneration of MPTP may be caused by oxidative stress (Du–Chu
Wu*, 2002). Dopaminergic neurotoxicity has been reported in animals and thus predicted as a risk
to humans. Paraquat is a highly toxic pesticide that is used as an herbicide that targets weed and
grass control. It is not supposed to have a human counterpart. However, there has been evidence that
says that exposure to paraquat is indeed correlated with the development of PD. (Bin Liu, 2003). A
lethal dose of paraquat for a human is said to be 2.5 grams [14]. Research within the last ten years
has

Toxicology of Propoxur
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Pharmacology 1 – Group B3A
List of Contibutors:
Ali Mourad
10747691
16/4/2013
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Pharmacology 1 – Group B3A
List of Contibutors:
Ali Mourad
10747691
16/4/2013
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract
The purpose of this analysis is to investigate the effect of application of propoxur (a carbamate
insecticide) on the American cockroach. From experimental observations, it has been concluded that
the amount of propoxur needed to kill 50% of the test subjects (referred to as LD50) was ... Show
From the data given we were able to construct table 3 where the Mean Mortality, Mortality
Percentage and Probit were calculated.
Table 2: Group results of cockroach deaths results as per concentration of propoxur ( % w/v). Group
B3A | Control | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.05% | 0.10% | Sample 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | Sample 2 | 0 |
0 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
Table 3: Compiled Data and Analysis of class results. Concentration | Total Number | Mean
Mortality | Mortality (%) | Probit | Control | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 5 | 0.29 | 5 | 3.36 | 0.01 | 5 | 1.14 | 22 |
4.23 | 0.02 | 5 | 1.79 | 35 | 4.61 | 0.05 | 5 | 3.79 | 75 | 5.67 | 0.1 | 5 | 4.86 | 97 | 7.75 |
Tabulated statistical data from the values obtained from Table 1. Probit was calculated to construct

Graphs 1 and 2 thus a linear relationship can be formed and LD50 calculated.
Graph 1: Comparison between Class Mortality results and Group Mortality.
Graph 2: Probit Mortality rate (percent) plotted against concentrations of propoxur ( % w/v).
Results were obtained and a probit regression analysis was constructed. From this, statistical data is
used to determine the LD50 as per Concentration. P–Values were also determined with 95%
Confidence Intervals.
Regression Table
Standard
Variable Coef Error Z P

How N- Is The World 's Best Selling Chemical Herbicide Essay
N–(phosphonomethyl) glycine known as glyphosate is the world's best–selling chemical herbicide.
Usually, it is combined with surfactants called POEA in order to improve the efficiency.
("Glyphosate | Surfactants: A Threat To Fish And Frogs?") The use as herbicide of glyphosate was
discovered by Monsanto chemist John E. Franz in 1970(PENN & LYNCH, 1982). He found out that
glyphosate can block the enzyme that plants need to create amino acids and other important plant
metabolite. Once the glyphosate is absorbed by the plant, it will lead the plant's death by starvation.
("Glyphosate | Glyphosate: mechanism of action", 2016). As the growing use of glyphosate–based
herbicides every year, scientist around the world have raised concerns about glyphosate–based
herbicides' safety. In March 2015 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
concluded that glyphosate belongs in a 2A category which there is a possibility of causing cancer
("Does glyphosate (Roundup) cause cancer?" 2016). There is also a report showing that animals
exposed to products with glyphosate may drool, vomit, have diarrhea, lose their appetite, or seem
sleepy. ("Glyphosate General Fact Sheet", 2016). All these evidence show that using glyphosate–
based herbicides has its risk and possibility of doing harm to our livings and environment. The aims
of this report are to mentioning the ways of detect glyphosate–based herbicides in water, highlight
the toxicity of glyphosate–based herbicides under the

Tests on the Medical Effectivness of Phlomis...
Phlomis Younghusbandii Mukerjee is a perennial herb (family Labiatae) and grows wildly in
Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China. It has been widely used to treat colds, coughs, sores ulceration,
rheumatoid arthritis, pneumonia, bronchitis and other diseases for thousands years. In this paper, 5
iridoid glycosides (sesamoside, shanzhiside methylester, 7, 8–dehydropenstemoside, penstemoside
and 8–O–acetylshanzhiside methylester) and 3 phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, alyssonoside,
and isoacteoside) in the four samples from different places were analyzed by HPLC. The acetic
acid–induced writhing test, the hot plate test, the carrageenan–induced paw edema test, the xylene–
induced ear swelling test, and the acetic acid–induced Evans blue leakage ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Younghusbandii[2–7].
Iridoid glycosides and phenylethanoid glycosides with antinociceptive and anti–inflammatory
activities have been isolated from several plants of genus Phlomis [8–9].In our recent study, the
related plants, Phlomis umbrosa Turcz and Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo, have showed
significant antinociceptive and anti–inflammatory activities in several animal models[10–11].At the
same time,six iridoid glycosides: sesamoside,shanzhiside methyl ester, 7,8–dehydropenstemoside,
penstemoside, 8–O–acetylshanzhiside methyl ester, phlomiol and three phenylethanoid glycosides:
acteoside, alyssonoside, and isoacteosidewere isolated and identified from P. Younghusbandii.
Among of these compounds, 7, 8–dehydropenstemoside, and three phenylethanoid glycosides were
isolated from this plant for the first time [12].In this paper,the acetic acid–induced writhing test, the
hot plate test, the xylene–induced ear swelling test, and the acetic acid–induced Evans blue leakage
test were used to investigate the antinociceptive and anti–inflammatory activities of the aqueous
extract of this plant.5–iridoid glycosides (sesamoside, shanzhiside methylester, 7, 8–dehydro–
penstemoside, penstemoside and 8–O–acetyl–shanzhiside methylester) (Fig. 2)and 3–
phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, alyssonoside, and isoacteoside) (Fig. 3)in three samples of P.
Younghusbandii from different places were

Animal Experiments For Cosmetics And Household Products
Almost every type of human or animal cell can be grown in the laboratory. Animal experiments for
cosmetics and household products continue even though non–animal tests are widely available.
Instead of measuring how long it takes a chemical to burn the cornea of a rabbit's eye, manufacturers
can now drop that chemical onto cornea–like 3D tissue structures produced from human cells.
Likewise, human skin cultures can be grown and purchased for skin irritation testing. Scientists have
managed to coax the cells to grow into 3D structures, such as miniature human organs, which can
provide a more realistic way to test new therapies.
Testing cosmetic products on animals is not effective and is dangerous to the animals. There are
more effective alternatives to the tests that are performed on animals. In Vitro International's
Corrositex (synthetic skin) can provide a chemical corrosivity determination in as little as three
minutes to four hours, unlike the experiments on animals which often takes two to four weeks.
Crude skin allergy tests in guinea pigs only predict human reactions 72% of the time. But a
combination of chemistry and cell–based alternative methods has been shown to accurately predict
human reactions 90% of the time. The standard test on pregnant rats to find out if chemical or drugs
may harm the developing baby can only detect 60% of dangerous substances. But a cell–based
alternative (EST) has 100% accuracy at detecting toxic chemicals.
DakDak, an

Palliative Care Issues
In the past few decades, the population of the industrialized world has seen an upsurge in longevity
due to improved nutrition and medical care. Recent advances in science and technology, such as the
discovery of the antibiotics and organ transplantation, ended an era of infectious disease and
contributed to an increased lifespan. Unfortunately, their contributions were insignificant or
inexistent in curing chronic diseases and terminal illnesses associated with old age and were a factor
in prolonging the agony and pain of the incurably ill. The upsurge in the geriatric population led to a
higher demand of palliative care units, nursing homes, healthcare professionals, etc., and raised an
ethical and legal debate over whether terminally ill ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the source, 55% percent of the patients diagnosed with an incurable disease die in a
healthcare facility, whereas the majority would prefer to die at home (Sevodidio). An analysis on 64
cancer patients in the Netherlands showed that, although there were no significant differences in
pain levels between patients who requested PAS and those who did not, depression, exhaustion, and
a wish to control one's circumstances to die contributed to the loss of desire to live (Sevodidio).
Moreover, a Pew poll shows that sixty–eight percent of Americans support the endorsement of PAS
for painful and incurable conditions, while twenty–eight percent oppose it (Capone). Disagreeing
with the views of the Catholic church, fifty–six percent of Catholics believe a person has a moral
right to end his or her life when suffering from a terminal illness and forty–three percent agree that
the same justification exists for an individual who is ready to die and for whom life is a burden
(Capone).
The debate on decriminalizing Physician–Assisted Suicide has been kept alive for over thirty years
and will continue for many years to come. Regardless of one's position on the issue, denying
incurable patients the right to choose the timing and manner of their death disregards their
individual

Do Animals Have Rights. Animals Are Used To Test The Products
Do Animals Have Rights
Animals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday life. Is it ethical or right to test our
products on animals? If animal testing were not used, how would the safety of the products we use
be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new
medicines and vaccines? Different people have different opinions about this issue. Arguments
abound for both sides.
In order to have an organized argument, there must first be an agreed upon standard by which the
opposing sides of the arguments are judged. For the argument about the use of animals for
laboratory testing, that standard will be the Word of God.
"And God said, 'Let the land produce living creatures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of the Bible as a standard shows that the laboratory testing of animals is acceptable when
used to save or prolong human life.
The organization PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) defines animal rights as
meaning the following:
"...that animals deserve certain kinds of consideration – consideration of what is in their own best
interests regardless of whether they are cute, useful to humans, or an endangered species and
regardless of whether any human cares about them at all (just as a mentally–challenged human has
rights even if he or she is not cute or useful or even if everyone dislikes him or her). It means
recognizing that animals are not ours to use – for food, clothing, entertainment, or experimentation."
PETA ONLINE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS.
PETA separates animal rights from another term "animal welfare". Animal welfare is stated as
follows by PETA, "Animal welfare theories accept that animals have interests but allow these
interests to be traded away as long as there are some human benefits that are thought to justify that
sacrifice." PETA ONLINE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS.
PETA believes that animals should have a certain set of rights. However, those rights are not
immediately evident. PETA acknowledges that the interests of animals are different than those of
humans. In other words, a dog would probably not be interested in having the right to vote, but a
dog would definitely be interested in not having pain inflicted on him or her

Chronic Roentgens
Clinical Tip #5 Prior to taking radiographs, swipe your gloved finger on your patient's palate and
under the tongue to check for a bony protuberance called tori. It is important not to scratch tori when
placing the film or sensor.
Definitions
Acute effects: Results from high doses of radiation (whole body) normally more than 100 rad. It
may cause transient illness to death.
ALARA principle: Efforts to minimize the amount of radiation "As low as reasonable achievable."
Background radiation: Ionizing radiation, both naturally occurring and artificial, present in the
environment.
Cell recovery: Depending on time, interval, dose and sensitivity of affected cells to radiation, the
cells may repair themselves and recover from harm.
Chronic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondary radiation is developed from any matter being hit by primary radiation. Secondary x–rays
have less penetrating energy than primary radiation. Acute (short term) effects of radiation result
from high doses of whole body radiation, 100 rads and above. Clinically, a person may experience a
mild and transient illness to death. It may occur minutes, hours, or weeks after the exposure. The
median lethal whole body dose for humans is 450 rads. Chronic (long–term) effects of radiation can
arrive years after the original exposure. It also may have cumulative effects on the somatic cells over
the lifetime of the patient. Future generations may experience genetic

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
At least 100 million animals die every year from animal testing (PETA). This is not only an
extortionate amount, it is an imprudent and unnecessary practice. Animal testing, according to
Cruelty Free International is, "the use of non–human animals for purposes of determining the safety
of substances such as foods or drugs". By understanding what animal testing is, the history behind it,
the negative implications, and the scientific invalidity, changes can be made and progress can be
made towards to efforts of eliminating animal testing.
Many different tests are used in the process of animal testing. Some tests include the LD50, MTD,
TCL, and LDLO. LD50 stands for lethal dose. A group of animals is given the maximum amount of
the product until 50% of the animals are killed. MTD stands for Maximum Tolerated Dose. In this
test, the largest amount of product an animal is able to tolerate for an extended amount of time is
determined. TCL stands for Toxic Concentration Low. This test determines the lowest amount of
liquid, gas, or vapor that a toxic effect can be produced. LDLO, standing for Lethal Dose Low, is a
test in which the product is administered to animals until the first animal is killed (Davoudian–
Telle). This is just a few of the tests that are performed.
Animal testing is not a new practice. The origin of animal testing dates all the way back to 384 BC.
Rachel Hajar discusses that Aristotle and Erasistratus, Greek scientists and philosophers, tested on
live animals.

Methadone Maintenance
Southwestern Assemblies of God University
School of Distance Education
Methadone Treatment Programs are Effective in Stopping Heroin Use
A Paper Presented to
Professor Loyd Uglow, Ph.D
In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Course
THE 5113 Research Literature and Technology
Sharon Pete
November 28, 2012
THESIS STATEMENT: To investigate Methadone maintenance is found to be more effective in
treating heroin addiction than 180 day detoxification. The objective is how methadone maintenance,
a widely used but controversial method of weaning heroin addicts off the drug–with counseling has
psychosocially enriched 180 day methadone assisted detoxification.
OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
A. History of Heroin
B. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perhaps it gets to be too big of a task before them to be rid of drugs completely, but whatever the
reason, more heroin users will stay in treatment if it involves using methadone or another
medication.

How Is Methadone Used to Treat Heroin Addiction?
For more than 30 years methadone has been used to treat addiction to heroin and other opioid drugs,
including morphine. Like other narcotics, heroin releases dopamine into the bloodstream which
activates the brain's pleasure receptors producing a state of high euphoria. To maintain the same
level of pleasure, heroin addicts must take increasing amounts of the drug to maintain a continuous
supply of opioid to brain receptors. This produces extreme swings in mood and behavior as the drug
peaks and ebbs in the bloodstream. A synthetic opioid, methadone does three things that allow the
cycle of heroin addiction to be broken: 1. Methadone's effects are fast–acting and long–lasting. By
maintaining a constant level of opioid in the bloodstream, methadone acts as a stabilizing influence,
eliminating the frighteningly high and low swings in mood and behavior that characterize heroin
addiction. 2. Taken orally, methadone blocks the high, or "rush," associated with heroin injection,
allowing addicts to "get off the needle." 3. Methadone reduces drug cravings and suppresses
narcotic withdrawal for

Should Marijuana Be Legal?
With the legalization of marijuana having just come around on a state level, arguments have
appeared about the legal status of other drugs. Cigarettes, among the list, have been appearing in
recent news as questions arise on the topic of whether or not cigarettes should be legal.
Originally created in 1865 cigarettes have always held a significant place in American history.
Tobacco, used in the production of cigarettes, was a major product driving the early economy. In
1965, a hundred years later, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) began tracking the percentage of
adults who smoke cigarettes. The findings were published and in 1965 nearly 50% of adults actively
smoked cigarettes, the percentage dropped steadily over time until the most ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Growing up watching media that actively shows smoking normalizes the act of smoking, making it
peer acceptable to smoke in middle and high school.
It could be argued that the marketing of cigarettes to youths has been illegal in the US since 1998.
Although it is illegal to market cigarettes to youths, that does not stop the producers from trying. A
document search done by Cummings (2002) concluded that, while looking at official reports by
cigarette companies, companies an "undeniable interest in marketing cigarettes to underage
smokers." This was the result of an electronic search of millions of documents published, as a result
of a legal agreement, by cigarette companies. Although companies legally could no longer market to
youths, they simply changed their terminology, "several documents indicate that the shift away from
the use of the term 'youth' in internal correspondence was a matter of policy ... when describing the
low–age end of the cigarette business please use the term `young adult smoker ' or `young adult
smoking market.'" The same search by Cummings and her team found that companies changed their
word choice from youth to a legally acceptable term. They never stopped marketing to that group,
they only renamed the age category.
Cigarettes should be illegal because they are detrimental to the American economy. A study by Ekpu
(2014) found that "As part of the indirect (non–health–related) costs of smoking, the total

The Effects Of Gmo And Genetically Modified Organisms
DNA– Deoxyribonucleic acid
GMO/GM– Genetically Modified Organism/ Genetically Modified
HGH– Human Growth Hormone
RNA– Ribonucleic acid
Aah– Androctonus australis hector
LD₅₀– In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD₅₀, LC₅₀ or LCt₅₀ of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen is
the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after specified test duration
AaIT– Androctonus Australis Anti–Insect Toxin
Introduction
Genes are the functional unit of hereditary and carry the genetic information of the body's cells. A
gene is a DNA sequence that contains instructions for a specific protein. Genes encode instructions
that make a number of types of proteins that involved with the growth and development of the
human body. Genetic engineering involves the modification of these different traits in organisms.
DNA is extracted from one organism and combined with another organism to give new hereditary
traits to the organism receiving the traits. Combined DNA is then placed into a host cell and the
DNA produces clones of itself. One method of technology used is called recombinant DNA
technology. This method creates recombinant DNA molecules that can transform cells into groups of
genetically identical cells. Even the slightest changes in combinations can cause significant changes
for an organism.
There are a number of ways that Genetic Engineering has been utilised within modern society.
Agriculture and Medicine have been the major sectors in which research has been

Caffeine is Not as Addictive as Scheduled Narcotics Essay
Caffeine is Not as Addictive as Scheduled Narcotics It is a common misconception that caffeine is a
highly addictive compound. Caffeine does, however possess some mild stimulating properties.
These properties are not enough to claim it an addictive substance, and definitely not a candidate to
be a scheduled narcotic. "Today caffeine is greeted with near–universal approval and caffeine may
well be the most commonly–used psychoactive substance on the planet"(Erowid). Caffeine is not as
addictive as some claim when discussing the chemical effects and its addictive nature. Caffeine, also
known as trimethylxanthine, is a white stimulant drug in the xanthine alkaloid family. It has a
crystalline structure and is bitter in taste. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They create temporary improvements to mental or physical functions. In the case of caffeine, they
make the user more alert. Drugs that are classified as stimulants are used to treat Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder as well as other disorders. Caffeine is classified as a eugeroic. A eugeroic
drug is a wakefulness–promoting agent that improves wakefulness and alertness, while reducing the
need for sleep. Other drugs in the stimulant category are: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA), also known by its street name "ecstasy"; methamphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine.
(Drugs and Human Performance Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) In order to understand how
caffeine affects the human body, one must understand the chemicals produced within the human
brain. One such chemical, adenosine, is responsible for drowsiness. Adenosine binds itself to
adenosine receptors which result in slowing down nervous activity as well as causing blood vessels
to dilate. Adenosine receptors cannot distinguish the difference between caffeine and adenosine,
thus allowing the caffeine molecule to bind to the adenosine receptors. The cells bound to caffeine
can no longer identify adenosine molecules. Caffeine has the opposite effect that adenosine has on
the brain. Instead, caffeine causes the nerve cells to speed up. The increased speed of the nervous
cells causes the brain to constrict blood vessels instead of dilating them. This also causes increased
neuron

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay example
In today's society, one of the most controversial issues is physician–assisted suicide for the
terminally ill. Many people feel that it is wrong for people, regardless of their health condition, to
ask their health care provider to end their life; while others feel it is their right to be able to choose
how and when they die. When a physician is asked to help a patient into death, they have many
responsibilities that come along with that single question. Among those responsibilities are:
providing valid information as to the terminal illness the patient is suffering, educating the patient as
to what their final options may be, making the decision of whether or not to help the patient into
death, and also if they do decide to help, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adkins contacted Kevorkian after hearing about his suicide machine' and asked for his help in
assisting her into death, according to Kathlyn Gay. After hearing Adkins describe her illness,
Kevorkian refused to help the patient and suggested that she try experimental drug treatments. After
six months had gone by Adkins informed Dr. Kevorkian that the drug treatment had been
unsuccessful and Kevorkian finally agreed to help with her request (44–45).
Adkins and her husband flew to Royal Oak, Mich., on June 3, 1990, for an interview with
Kevorkian. On the basis of that one face–to–face encounter, the doctor concluded that Adkins'
euthanasia request was rational. The following day, as her husband waited in a nearby motel, Adkins
was hooked up intravenously to an inverted bottle of saline solution hanging from a metal frame in
the back of Kevorkian's parked van. Acting on Kevorkian's instructions, Adkins pressed a button
that shut off the flow of saline solution and opened the line of sodium pentothal, causing her to lose
consciousness. After one minute, an automatic timer closed the pentothal line and released the
contents of the third bottle. Adkins' heart stopped beating within six minutes. (Worsnop "Assisted
Suicide" 157–158)
One source reports that the second and third assisted suicides occurred on, October 21, 1991. One
patient, Sherry Miller, was a multiple–sclerosis victim, and the second patient,

The Discovery Of Roentgen Rays And Radioactivity
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Radiation has been an ever present ingredient in the evolution
of life on the Earth. It is not something new, invented by the ingenuity of man in the technological
age, it has always been there.
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF RADIATION THERAPY
THE DISCOVERY OF ROENTGEN RAYS AND RADIOACTIVITY
On Friday, November 8, 1895, while passing an electric current through a Hittorf–Crookes high–
vacuum tube, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen noticed a light coming from a workbench about a yard
away. He identified the shining object as a piece of paper painted with barium platinocyanide. He
realized that this light must be caused by a new kind of ray, which he called x– rays and which later
became known as roentgen rays. He continued investigation of these rays and found that when he
replaced the fluorescent screen with a photographic plate, he could obtain pictures. The most
dramatic was one showing the bones in his wife's Bertha Roentgen hand, which was taken on
December 22, 1895. X–ray image of Bertha Roentgen's Left Hand Wilhelm Roentgen (1845–1923)
On December 28, 1895, Roentgen delivered a written presentation of his discovery to the Physical –
Medical Society of Wurzburg. Within a few weeks, this Preliminary Communication entitled

Bithionol Essay

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