Cell Culture Contamination

Cell Culture Contamination
Cell Culture Contamination is a major problem in the field of scientific research as it obstructs the progression of science greatly. It is the one of the
most common problem every researchers have encountered at least once in their lifetime. Cell culture contamination is the very simple process of cell
cultures becoming infected with foreign unwanted substances. And these foreign invading substances varies from shapes and sizes to their molecular
properties due to the fact that they do not come from a single family of contaminants. Cell cultures often face contamination from chemicals used in
laboratories. They however also face contamination from living microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, mold, etc found in the air and from other cell
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Effect Of Cell On Cell Mortality
Introduction Cell differentiation is the process that leads generalized cells to change patterns of gene expression and move towards the phenotype of
specialized cells. Terminal cell differentiation occurs when a cell reaches its final specialized characteristics, and is usually where the cell permanently
ceases division (Alberts et al. 2008). Some cell lines can be used to study differentiation. For instance, the PC–12 cell line differentiates in response to
nerve growth factor by extending neuritic outgrowths from the cell body (Das et al. 2004). Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin that regulates
cell differentiation, plays an important part in various pathways and signals (Sofroniew et al. 2001). For instance, NGF plays an... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
PC–12 cells, however, do not produce epinephrine (Greene and Tischler 1976). PC–12 cells differentiate reversibly in response to nerve growth factor
(NGF) by forming neuritic outgrowths (Greene and Tischler 1976). The following study uses a derivative of the PC–12 cell line, called PC–12 Adh,,
that shows increased adherence to Corning CellBINDВ® flasks which makes it easier to measure neuritic outgrowths. PC–12 Adh produces the same
hormones as PC–12, but has not been vigorously tested for differentiation in response to NGF (ATCC). Yin et al. tested PC
–12 and PC–12 Adh in
response to NGF and found that both lines differentiated similarly within 48 hours (2015). This study will help to determine if the PC–12 Adh cell line
differentiates similarly to PC–12. This would be helpful to researchers who want to use PC–12 Adh for its adhesive qualities but are unsure of how it
will compare to results from PC–12 studies. These types of studies are also helpful for medicinal research. Past studies on the PC–12 cell line has
offered insight into the mechanisms of the action of neurotoxicants and altering neuronal differentiation via chemicals (Das et al. 2004). Work on these
cell lines may also be useful for research in neuronal injuries (Yin et al. 2015). The following study tests varying concentrations of NGF on PC–12 Adh
cells to compare the two cell lines, and to quantify the effect that different concentrations of NGF have on

The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks By Rebecca Skloot
McKenzie BowlesBiology PaperDecember 9, 2015
Introduction The book the Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot is about an African American woman who lived with her husband Day
and her children Sonny, Dale, Elsie,
Lawerence, and Zakariyya in baltimore, Maryland. There in Baltimore, Maryland is where
Henrietta died of Stage I Cervix Cancer at the age of 31. Henrietta 's cells were taken to study on. her cells were sold and bought by billions and
billions of scientists. Once Henrietta died she was famous for her cells. Rebecca Skloot wanted to know more about henrietta 's life so she met with her
family, like cousins and sisters. Key Idea 1 HeLa cells are the human epithelial cells of a strain maintained ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Henrietta 's father couldn 't handle any of the children after Eliza died, so Henrietta 's father sent them all to Clover, Virginia to be divided among their
relatives. At the age of 4, Henrietta got the nickname Hennie, ending up with her grandfather Tommy in a two–story log cabin that use to be a slave
quarters. Henrietta shared a room with 9 year old cousin Day.
Key Idea 4 In 1935, at 14, Henrietta gave birth to her first child Lawrence. In 1939, Elsie her daughter was born. On April 10, 1941, Henrietta got
married to Day. Close to the end of 1941,
Day was told to leave the tobacco field, so he moved to Maryland, with Henrietta and the children following. Not too long after the move, Fred was
called to fight in World War II and so he gave all his savings to Day. Day used the money to buy a house in Dundalk, Baltimore
County, Maryland. That community was one of the largest and earliest African American community. Day moved with Henrietta and their three other
children: Sonny, Deborah, and
Joseph. Joe, the last child was born at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in November of 1950. Their first daughter was "different" or "deaf and dumb" and
soon after Joe 's birth Elsie was placed in the hospital for Negro Insane. Elsie then died there in 1955.
Key Idea 5 After George learned that Henrietta was dead, he wanted cell samples from hr organs.
George knew that a lot of scientist wanted to grow different types of cell

Results of Drug Testing on Rats
Materials and Methods 2.1 Animal studies 2.1.1 Materials Ketamine, xylazine, carprofen, vetadine, lacrilube, terramycin, sodium lactate, penicillin G
sodium, heparin sodium, pentobarbital and supramid wire were obtained from Provet (Auckland, NZ). Ethanol was obtained from PureScience
(Wellington, NZ). Cocaine–HCl (BDG Synthesis, Wellington, NZ) was dissolved in physiological saline (0.9%) containing heparin sodium (3 U
/mL) and made up to a solution of 1.65 g/L (rats were considered to average 330 g). Each intravenous infusion was 0.1 mL and delivered over a period
of 12 s (0.5 mg/kg/infusion). For intraperitoneal injections, cocaine–HCl was dissolved in physiological saline to a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Surgery
equipment: silastic and tygon tubing were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Auckland, NZ), silicon, cotton buds and Bostik superglue were obtained
from the Warehouse (Wellington, NZ), while gauze swabs were purchased from Global Science (Auckland, NZ). Large screws (CS00395) were
obtained from Coastal Fasteners (Wellington, NZ) and small screws (MCPF40210) from Eyeline Optical (Wellington, NZ). The Ostron powder and
liquid were obtained from Henry Schein Shalfoon (Auckland, NZ). Syringes and needles were acquired from Becton Dickinson (Auckland, NZ) while
the minisart filters (0.2 Вµm) were from MicroNZ. 2.1.2 Subjects Male B6–SJL mice were obtained from the Malaghan Institute of Medical Research
(Wellington, NZ) for tail withdrawal assays while male Sprague–Dawley

Rhetorical Analysis Of Elizabeth 's ' Henrietta '
Three Sections Argument Quotes Rhetorical Strategy Life (1–11) Discrimination, ulterior motives and misguided treatment impacted Henrietta just as
much as her cancer. Henrietta Lacks suffers immensely throughout her short life, due to discrimination, her disease, and the ineffective and crude
treatments applied in a drastic attempt to save her life. Additionally, the medical staff saw her as a source of precious material beyond her needs as a
patient. Imagery:"Sadie gasped: The skin from Henrietta's breasts to her pelvis was charred a deep black from the radiation. The rest of her body was
its natural shade–more the color of fawn than coal." (48) Imagery/Parallelism: "Doctors examined her inside and out, pressing on her stomach,
inserting new catheters into her bladder, fingers into her vagina and anus, needles into her veins." (40) Word Choice: "'Henrietta is still a miserable
specimen,' they wrote. 'She groans.' 'She is constantly nauseated and claims she vomits everything she eats.' 'Patient acutely upset... very anxious.' 'As
far as I can see we are doing all that can be done.' (66) The author liberally uses Pathos to characterize Henrietta's suffering, using descriptive imagery to
convey the negative effects of her treatments. Additionally, the author uses Parallelism to place emphasis on the invasive procedures that she had
endured. Quotes from the medical staff, beyond affirming her suffering, also demonstrate a clearly dismissive attitude towards Henrietta, referring

Rebecca Skloot Hela Cells
Rebecca Skloot is a scientific journalist who first heard the name 'Henrietta Lacks' in a college classroom in the 1980s, when she was a teenager.
Henrietta was a black American woman who died of cancer in 1951 at age 31. Before she died, a sample was taken from her tumor, without her
knowledge or consent, and used for medical research. The cells in Henrietta's tissue sample, known as HeLa (pronounced hee–lah) were the first human
cells to survive in culture – they not only survived, but thrived and multiplied. Consequently, HeLa cells have since been used in scientific research all
over the world, and have played a fundamental role in numerous medical advances and developments.
For over two decades, Henrietta's identity was unknown and her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, combines the story of the HeLa cells with that of Henrietta and her family. Skloot works
hard to gain the trust of the Lacks family, who were angry and distressed about HeLa and the way in which they had been treated. No one had ever
explained to them what HeLa was and what it was used for; they struggled to reconcile the immortal existence of their mother's cells with their own
religious beliefs; they have had experiences of being misled and patronized by scientists and other people trying to exploit them; and some members
of the family, who live in poverty and cannot afford health insurance, feel that they are entitled to a share of the vast profits that HeLa has made. Over
several years, Skloot forms a relationship with the Lacks family, who begin to realize that she is not trying to exploit them. She becomes particularly
close to Henrietta's daughter, Deborah, who desperately wants to learn everything she can about the mother who died when she was just a toddler.
Deborah also wants her mother's story to be

Efforts to Improve the Production of Insecticidal...
Although the production of insecticidal baculoviruses in insect cell cultures has been proposed as an alternative to overcome the limitations of the in
vivo processes, so far no in vitro process could be even implemented on an industrial scale in India, and baculovirus occlusion bodies are still produced
in infected insect larvae. Some factors that 25 years ago have hindered the development of large–scale production processes for baculoviruses in insect
cell cultures, such as the sensitivity of insect cells to the stresses linked to the mechanical agitation in stirred tank reactors and to the bubble rupture in
sparged bioreactors, have been resolved and several cell lines can be cultivated today in industrial bioreactors of large volume to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The cultures can grow as suspension culture on shakers and found to be successful for in vitro production of wild type/recombinant baculoviruses as
bio–insecticides. However, most cell lines have not been sufficiently characterized certain issues related to economic feasibilities for entrepreneurs
and those issues will be addressed in the present proposal such as 1.Simplification of the composition of the culture medium: The cost of the culture
medium will be reduced by applying the more empirical approaches like replacement of costly ingredients, such as amino acids and lipids, by
optimized mixtures of raw materials of lower cost such as protein hydrolysates and cooking oils. 2. Possibility to obtain high volumetric yields of
viral OBs: The usual strategy to produce baculovirus occlusion bodies in insect cell cultures has been the infection of batch cultures. Generally in
batch cultures the high yields are impaired by the "cell density effect". Whenever possible, the adoption of alternative strategies of infection could be a
way to overcome the cell density effect and thus improve the viral productivity. The fed–batch culture, which has proven to be a feasible alternative to
increase the yield of recombinant proteins and BV in Sf9 cell cultures at high density, could also be an alternative strategy to increase the yield of
occlusion bodies. A deeper understanding of the causes that lead to the

Observing A Cell Culture Was Like Exploring Uncharted...
Observing a cell culture was like exploring uncharted territory–I was simply fascinated by it. As I watched my mentor 'feed' and rinse her osteoblasts, I
imagined cells clumping in their container and multiplying in vitro. Eventually, when the cell line reached its optimal growth rate, the cells were
cryopreserved to be retrieved only months later, leaving me in astonishment. Having the opportunity to observe and conduct such research procedures
enthralls me; through the Metcalf SURF Program, I can couple such experiences with my strong academic interest in conducting biomedical research
using marine animal models.
As a pre–medical first year student pursuing biological and computer sciences at the University of Chicago, I have a diverse ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, I have conducted clinical research in psycholinguistics for an upper–level Introduction to Language Development course by recording and
transcribing utterances of a child, analyzing the speech for mean length of utterance, and investigating how contexts affect speech and gesture
production in the child. These diverse research experiences provide me with a strong foundation to learn more advanced genetic techniques at the
Marine Biological Laboratory.
Building on my scientific research experiences, my background in data analytics allows me to consider cancer research from a high–level perspective.
As an intern at Molina Healthcare in the summer of 2016, I used tools such as Microsoft Excel, Visio, and SQL Server to improve server
management and resource allocation. Currently, I am a student research assistant in the Kovler Diabetes Center at the University of Chicago, where I
create maps of proteins based on their amino acid sequences, analyze and input patient medical records, and make data entry systems on REDCAP. I
am also proficient in R and have used it to develop mathematical models and analyze biological systems through my Advanced Quantitative Modeling
course.
Balancing research with quasi–clinical experience, I have engaged communities through service and leadership as a volunteer for

Alternatives to Animal Experimentation Essay
Alternatives to Animal Experimentation The search for alternative methods to animal testing is underway in many laboratories across the entire world.
While success has been made, the research is far from over. These alternatives have been developed using the concept of the three R's. In 1959,
William Russell and Rex Burch defined the principle of the three R's in the book Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The three R's are
reduction, refinement, and finally replacement (5). The first concept, reduction alternatives, covers any strategy that will result in fewer animals being
used to obtain the same amount of information. Also, reduction refers to maximizing the information obtained per animal so as to limit or avoid... Show
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It does not require excessive funding to enrich the environment in which the animals live in. For example, toilet paper rolls, egg cartons, and PVC
tubing can provide rodents with places to hide. Bales of straw and rubber tires can be used to create an area for rabbits to interact with other
members of their species. Dogs can be given numerous toys to play with, and be provided with a raised platform so they are not forced to stand in
their own waste. It is also important for the staff of the facility to be well trained in handling the animals that are being used, and that they have the
correct attitude when working with the animals. Anesthesia should be used whenever possible, and at the end of the experiment, the most humane
method of euthanasia should be chosen. The final concept of the three R's is replacement. Any experimental system that does not use whole, living
animals is considered to be a replacement alternative. Some of these techniques still involve the humane killing of an animal for the purpose of
obtaining cells, tissues, or organs for in vitro studies. Other techniques involve no use of any biological material from a fully developed vertebrate,
non–human animal. In some cases, replacement methods can be used for the total replacement of animals in a study, in others they will complement
animal experiments and reduce the total number of animals used in the whole project. Replacement alternatives can be

Henrietta Lacks Ethics
Henrietta Lacks died in 1951 of cervical cancer, leaving behind a husband, five children and some cells taken from her without her permission. These
cells continue to revolutionize the scientific field today and have played an integral role in some of the most important advances in medicine: cloning,
chemotherapy, gene mapping, the polio vaccine and in vitro fertilization. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks answers a lot of questions regarding the
Lacks family, but also poses a number of questions regarding ethics, consent and how far society is willing to go to make medical advances.
George Gey was the head of tissue culture at Hopkins and was determined to grow the first immortal human cells. Researchers in 1943 proved an
immortal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people would assume that, because of HeLa's impact on society, the Lacks family is probably very wealthy and well informed about HeLa cells;
unfortunately, that is not the case. Not only did the Lacks feel taken advantage of by the medical community, but it wasn't until an article by Howard
Jones in December 1971 that Henrietta's real name was finally revealed. That same article was used to inform Bobbette Lacks, Henrietta's
daughter–in–law, that the immortal cells she had been reading about in the paper were Henrietta's. Bobbette was the first member of the Lacks
family to learn about the fate of Henrietta's cells and she immediately ran to the family yelling, "Part of your mother, it's alive!"(181). The family felt
misinformed, confused, betrayed and most of all, angry. In 1976, Mike Rodgers published an article in Rolling Stone that informed the Lacks family
that people were buying and selling Henrietta's cells. The family immediately accused Hopkins of withholding money from them. Lawrence,
Henrietta's eldest son, was quoted saying, "Hopkins say they gave them cells away, but they made millions! It's not fair! She's the most important
person in the world and her family living in poverty. If our mother so important to

Summary Of The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks
Polio, AIDS, cancer, and influenza are just some of the diseases that HeLa cells helped treat. These diseases are now manageable if not curable due to
the use of a special string of cells, all stemming from one poor, African American woman in the 1950's.
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot tells the story of how the world famous HeLa cell line was created and the medical, legal, and
cultural issues surrounding it all. This book doesn't just cover how scientists used these cells to create life saving vaccines and treatments, it shows us
the woman behind these extraordinary cells and what she and her family have went through. The woman behind these ever prevalent cells is Henrietta
Lacks. At the time she was a poor, African... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
George Gey then was able to use these cells to culture the first ever immortal human cells in his lab. These cultures were grown from one of the
samples taken without consent to spark the beginning of the medical consent crisis. This issue of implied consent verses written/informed consent is
what called for stricter guidelines surrounding human research and informed consent for doctors and hospitals who had historically been known for
misconduct by today's standards. This is the main focal point of the book and how Henrietta's race and the social norms at the time allowed for this
to happen. At the time African Americans were still not completely equal in all parts of society and were often used for research without their
consent or being informed that they were undergoing testing. Though this was most common among African Americans it still did happen among
other races due to the fact that it was more socially acceptable in the 1950's and back. In addition to taking samples without Henrietta's consent, so
called "cell factories" began to profit from the sales of these cells and the family didn't receive money from such sales. The Immortal Life of Henrietta
Lacks tells the story of a woman and her family stuck in the tangles of a legal and cultural battle over whether or not the samples were taken

Why Are They At High Risk For Having Children With Genetic...
Zach Duncan
1.How were Day and Henrietta related? Why are they at high risk for having children with genetic disorders?
Day was Henrietta's cousin. They lived together on a tobacco plantation with Tommy Lacks. When two related individuals, such as cousins, have
children there is an increased chance for genetic disorders. The chances for genetic disorders for related parents have been mentioned to be around 5%
(3% for non–related parents). The reason is that most of these diseases are recessive. If one family has numerous carriers for a genetic recessive
disease, and an individual possesses the recessive copy of the allele and marries someone who is not related to them (assuming that they do not also
have the recessive allele for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Telomerase is able to add DNA nucleotides to the ends of telomeres (the end of DNA sequences). After replication, a small amount of the telomeres are
cut off. When the telomeres are cut too many times, the cell has met its Hayflick limit. It is believed that when an individuals cells have divided too
many times, that they die.
3.What did Gey hope to accomplish with HeLa cells? What did HeLa allow scientists to do for the first time?
Initially, Gey wanted to grow the first live human cells outside of the body. After creating a sterile environment for the cells, Gey was able to ensure
that they would be able to stay alive. Instead of being selfish, Gey decided to share his immortal cells with other scientists. With HeLa cells, other
scientists were able to begin testing vaccines (such as Polio) on these cell cultures due to the fact that these immortal cells could divide into multiple
cultures. Therefore, if one cell culture was killed by a vaccine, there are plenty of others available.
4.Where does Cootie think Henrietta's cancer came from? How would you explain her condition to Cootie?
Cootie believed that Henrietta's cancer was brought to her by a voodoo. In addition, he believed that the doctors at Hopkins had a large role in her
death. Also, Cootie is from a very small town called Clover. Basically, Cootie is fairly uneducated and wouldn't understand much of the

A fresh-water, nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga...
A fresh–water, nitrogen–fixing blue–green alga (cyanobacterium), Scytonema sp. No. 11 (TISTR 8208), was isolated from a paddy field in northern
Thailand. This alga produced bioactive substances and sec– reted them into the culture medium. These substances have antibiotic activity toward B.
subtilis, and mitogen activity. The production of antibiotics was easily monitored with a spectrophotometer, because they are produced concomitantly
with colored substances. The conditions for antibiotic production were investigated and optimized with respect to pH, temperature, nitrogen source,
and light intensity. Immobilization of cells was investigated in connection with its subsequent application to photobioreactors. The filamentous nature...
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However, the production of bioactive compounds in a photobioreactor with immobilized algal cells has never been reported (8). Several techniques
have been utilized for algal cell immobilization; the most popular method is the entrapment of algal cells in polysaccharides (agar, agarose, alginate,
and carrageenan). Most of the techniques have been applied to H2 production (8,9). Nevertheless, one of the most suc– cessful studies has been the
production of hydrogen and ammonia in a bioreactor with the immobilization of a symbiotic blue–green alga, Ana– baena azollae, on polyurethane
foam (10). In our studies, the crude sample of violet solution that was secreted by Scytonema sp. No. 11 was tested for its bioactive properties. This
com– pound showed antibiotic properties toward gram–positive Bacillus subtilis and also mitogen activity on mouse spleen cells. Because this alga has
a filamentous form, it can secrete extracellular products as bioactive com– pounds. Owing to these properties, it was selected as a suitable model to
study the development of a photobioreactor with immobilized algal cells for antibiotic production. In addition, the effects of light intensity and CO2
concentration on algal growth and antibiotic production in the bio– reactor were also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microorganism
The filamentous N2–fixing blue–green alga (BGA) Scytonema sp. No. 11 (TISTR 8208) was obtained from

Major Steps in Plant Tissue Culture Essay examples
The increasing in the world's population nowadays has lead to the increase in the demand for food. It is being a priority for the crops and food
industries to find a solution to this matter in order to produce high amount of food and provide good quality food for the consumers. This is where the
technology of plant tissue culture steps in. As Lineberger (n.d) mentions, plant tissue culture can contributes to the agriculture industry in the future
and give advantageous to the growers because the mass production of plant and crops can be produced in a short period of time using the tissue
collected from single parent plant. He also include that the plant can be maintained and monitored in the regulated environment like greenhouse so that
the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, size and source of the explants must take into consideration as well as the plant genotype (Smith, 2013). Smith has stated that smaller size
explant is harder to culture compare to the larger explants where it contain enough nutrient and plant growth hormone to support its growth. He also
added that plant material that is taken from the field is more contaminated compared to the plant material that taken from greenhouse. As mentioned
by Beryl (2000), the media, explants, culture vessels and apparatus used should be maintained in sterilized condition to ensure an ideal medium for
the culture to growth. The tissue is washed with the warm soapy water and rinse in tap water to remove surface contaminants. Tween 80 and Tween
20 can then be added to further sterilized the plant and then rinse three times with the sterilized distilled water (Daud, Jayaraman, & Mohamed,
2012). Ethyl and isopropyl alcohol also been used to surface sterilize the plant tissue (Bhojwani & Razdan, 1996). Autoclaving at 121В°c with a
pressure of 15psi for 15 min is used for sterilized the equipment such as scalpel, needle, forceps and the media (Beryl, 2000). The aseptic procedure
should be carried in the Laminar flow hood with the high standard of air filtration (Street, 1973). According to Dodds and Roberts (1985), laminar
flow hood is designed to direct a gentle flow of ultra filtered sterile air to minimizing the airborne contamination. Thus, a

Lauren Duckowrth
Mr. Sanders
Anatomy and Physiology
8 December 2015
Introduction
"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" by Rebecca Skloot, is the story of a young mother who is diagnosed and treated for cervical cancer. During
her cancer treatment, her cells are taken without her consent for research. These cells, known as HeLa, go on to provide many important scientific
discoveries. However, the cells are very controversial as her family is never compensated or given the proper information about what these cells are
used for. Henrietta's cancer is found late and severe. She dies, leaving behind a husband, five children, and her immortal HeLa cell line.
Key Idea 1
Henrietta was diagnosed with epidermoid cancer of the cervix, stage one and was treated by Richard Telinde, who was one of the top cervical cancer
experts in the country. Telinde did her treatments at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Henrietta was going to receive radiation treatment for her
cancer and during her treatment, the doctor took a biopsy without her knowledge, "though no one had told Henrietta that TelLinde was collecting
samples or asked if she wanted to be a donor–Wharton picked up a sharp knife and shaved two dime–sized pieces of tissue from Henrietta's cervix",
(Skloot, 33). These cells went on to be known as HeLa and were used worldwide in research. We learned this semester that cells make up tissue and
the different types of tissues. Henrietta's family was kept in the dark for many years. How

Exemplification Essay: Two Different Types Of Carcinomas
At this point in time, 1951, cell cultures were unable to sustain life when taken to the lab. George Gey's goals was to be the first scientist to be able
to grow live human cells outside of the human body which up until HeLa, was never done before. Also, in this time era, racism was still a big issue
that limited the hospitals Henrietta was able to go to. Who knows what would've happened if she didn't go to John Hopkins Hospital and they didn't
take her cells. From Henrietta's biopsy she was diagnosed with cervical cancer. With that I learned that there were two different types of cervical
carcinomas; invasive and non–invasive. Henrietta had non–invasive which they also called carcinoma in situ because the cancer was in its original
place. This type had been possible to diagnose for only 10 years. Before Henrietta's diagnosis he had began a study to prove carcinoma in situ was
just as dangerous as invasive carcinoma. When Henrietta's cells were taken to the lab, Mary Kubicek didn't thing anything of it because all previous
cells had died over and over again. However, soon after the cells were growing with " mythological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was kind of surprised with the reaction she got from Pattillo with him being super hesitant and not really wanting anything to do with the production
of the book. However, Deborah was different and gave a lot of random information that Skloot could piece together later on. With the second phone call
she was informed that Deborah was instructed not to provide any more information that could help Skloot. I then realized that the Lack's family sat in
the cold with the HeLa cells and never got any recognition. Another thing, with Hela being very important in the science industry many people had
already tried to get in contact with the family but, with the wrong intentions. Skloot's intentions were pure however, there was no way they coulee
known

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks In The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Rebecca Skloot follows the story of the famous HeLa cell line,
introducing us to the woman behind these cells, the family she came from, and how her cells swept the field of science. This book tells the story of
how race, poverty, and the practices used in the fields of science and medicine in the last 100 years has led to the many of the modern day innovations
we have, all thanks to the HeLa cells. In 1951, a young black woman admitted herself into Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore to have doctors look
at what she described as a knot on her womb. It turned out Henrietta had an aggressive case of cervical cancer, and almost 9 months after first visiting ...
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After undergoing removal of his spleen as treatment for his cancer under Dr. Golde's recommendation, Moore continued to return for what he was told
were follow–up exams. Moore eventually found out that Dr. Golde had used his cells to patent a cell line, so Moore filed suit against him for the
profits. As the book tells, after numerous previous trials, the Supreme Court of California ruled against Moore in what would become the
"definitive statement on this issue: When tissues are removed from your body, with or without your consent, any claim you might have had to
owning them vanishes. When you leave tissue in a doctor's office or lab, you abandon them as waste, and anyone can take your garbage and cell
it." This meant that Moore no right to any profit made off of his own cells. The fact that this was occurring during these times is a major issue in
my eyes. How can one possibly fathom the idea that even when taken without your consent, your cells can be used to make a profit by someone
else? It would seem that it would be human nature to think that one would have control over their own body, and what can and can't be done to it
and any tissue originally taken from it. All too sadly this is the position the Lackses found themselves in. The cells originally taken from their mother
had helped people all across the globe, been bought and sold by the millions, and their own DNA had been used to help create a genetic map of the
HeLa

Rebecca Skloot
We like to believe that science is a very precise field. We record every bit of data we can find so as to validate our results and obtain the most
accurate information. However, if science is supposed to be a field where facts and statistics are safeguarded for future review, how is it that the story
behind the origin of the famous HeLa cells went untold for so long? In The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Rebecca Skloot aims to shine a light on
the events that lead to the discovery of the HeLa cells, how it has changed not only the scientific field, but also the world in general, and how it has
affected the family of Henrietta Lacks a woman whose name was almost forgotten.
The book opens up by describing the first incidents where Rebecca ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Laws that now prevent things such as invasions of privacy and define requirements of informed consent. If these laws had been in place during
Henrietta's life, the story of the Lacks family may have been very different. In the last couple of chapters, we learn how Rebecca works with Deborah
to piece together her mother's story. Deborah, who suffers from crippling anxiety, comes to befriend Rebecca and is comforted in the idea that her
mother's story is finally being

Henrietta Lack Research Papers
Since 1920, a scientist named George Gey, and his wife, Margaret Gey, had been working in their lab at Johns Hopkins to grow malignant cells
outside of the body. They wanted to create the first immortal cells (continuously dividing lines of cells that would constantly replenish themselves and
never die). What Henrietta and her family didn't know, was that when a biopsy of her tumour was sent to the pathology lab, the tissue was never
thrown out afterwards. After being looked at by a pathologist, Henrietta's biopsy was then given to George Gey on February 8th, 1951. At Gey's
laboratory, one of the workers there named Mary Kubicek, placed cells obtained from Henrietta's biopsy specimen into cell culture. Throughout the past
years, Gey had been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mary Kubicek went through the same procedure with Henrietta's cells as she had done with hundreds before, writing HeLa on each of the vials of cells
in culture. At the time, she was just taking the first two letters of Henrietta Lacks' first and last names to make a short form, as was done with all of the
other cells. Little did she know that the name she just wrote (HeLa) would soon be a common word in laboratories around the world. The Gey
laboratory had been trying for years to get human cells to reproduce outside of the body, but most cells that they worked on died quickly and the
few that didn't, hardly grew at all. Some hours after placing the cells into the vials, Mary returned to check on them, not expecting anything to have
happened, as had been the case hundreds of times before. When she looked in the vials, the cells had grown and started to reproduce, so she had to
move some into new vials to let the cells have more room to grow. She told George Gey, but he didn't want to get very excited since they still could
die any minute. But the HeLa cells continued to grow, reproducing an entire generation every 24 hours, and they never

Rebecca Skloot's The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks
In Rebecca Skloot's The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, she told the story of how a widely known and used cell culture known as HeLa came to
be. She also brought to light the story of Henrietta, her family, and multiple scientists involved with the research of these cells and the impact HeLa has
on scientific research and the world. Within this story of HeLa's legacy and Henrietta's life, many people have partaken a role that was significant in
order to put this book together. One of these people, whom without his help Rebecca may have never even met the Lacks family, is Roland Pattillo;
one of George Gey's (one of the first scientists to work with Henrietta Lacks' cells) (Skloot 77) students and a professor of gynecology at the
Morehouse School of Medicine (Skloot 413). Roland Pattillo first heard of Henrietta Lacks during his postdoctoral studies in Gey's lab and ... Show
Pattillo organized the first HeLa Cancer Control Symposium at the Morehouse School of Medicine on October 11, 1996 and got the date of the
conference to be officially proclaimed as Henrietta Lacks Day within the city of Atlanta (Skloot 287). It was because of this conference that Rebecca
Skloot knew she should contact Pattillo if she wanted to speak with Deborah Lacks (Skloot 86), since Deborah spoke at the conference (Skloot 288).
Without this meeting, Skloot would not have been able to speak with Deborah or learn about the Lacks family, meaning, Pattillo placed a small yet
vital role for the creation of this

Budget Justification For The Program
Budget Justification
The budget requested in this competitive renewal application is about 20% more than the current budget. The primary reason for this increase is due
to an increased expenditure in breeding animals and animal service charges as we expanded the use of animals in the proposed grant. In the past 4
years, employee salaries at the UT Heath Center were increased by about 10%. This contributed a minor fraction of the increase. We used a 3%cost
escalation in preparing the budget for future years.
Personnel
Vijaya M. Lella (also known as L. Vijaya Mohan Rao), Ph.D. Principal Investigator, 3.6 calendar months effort and salary. The P.I. will devote 30% of
his effort on the proposed grant. He will assume overall ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jue Wang, Post–doctoral fellow, Ph.D. 12 calendar month's effort and salary. He will be primarily responsible for generating rFVIIa variants, their
purification, and characterization. The fellow will be responsible for performing most of the experiments requiring cell model systems. He will also
perform some of the animal experiments described in the proposal.
Anuradha Rajulapati, Research Associate, M.S., 6 calendar month's effort and salary. Ms. Rajulapati is responsible for breeding animals and
genotyping them. She will also assist the post–doctoral fellows in cloning and expression of recombinant proteins, as well as in performing animal
experiments and immunohistochemistry. She will be responsible for ordering supplies and maintaining inventory related to this grant.
Materials and Supplies: $36,000/year. This is based on our current expenditure related to this grant. The approximate break–up of the above cost is:
Procurement of cells, culture media, and serum, $6, 000. Human and mouse endothelial cells, HEK cells, CHO cells, and fibroblasts. Each vial costs
$200 to $500. The culture medium for endothelial cells costs about $100/500 ml.
Plastic supplies, $6, 000: Plastic supplies include daily routine plasticware, culture flasks and dishes for culturing cells, and syringes for injections.
PCR reagents/molecular biology reagents, $6,000. PCR reagents are needed for constructing mFVIIa variants and

Henrietta Lacks Thesis
The central idea of chapters 20 "The HeLa bomb" and 22, "The Fame she so richly deserves" is the truth behind HeLa, or the coming out of Henrietta
Lacks, the owner of the HeLa cells. The first time Henrietta was identified in print for her belongings was during the journal Jones and his colleagues
published, which read "The biopsy... has secured for the patient, Henrietta Lacks as HeLa, an immortality which has now reached 20 years." (Chapter
22, Page 173)
Sadly, although Henrietta's name was published in the journal Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henrietta's name was not known to the common crowd until
the War on Cancer. Where Russian scientists claimed to find the cancer virus in cells of Russian patients, however "...those cells weren't from

Henrietta Lacks Thesis
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, by Rebecca Skloot, is the story of Rebecca's journey in discovering the truth behind HeLa cells. HeLa cells are
the first line of"immortal cells" grown in culture; scientists have tried to culture cells before, but the cells died within days of incubation, so HeLa cells
were a revolution in the scientific world. With HeLa cells, scientists created vaccines for polio, tested nuclear radiation, and saw how cells reacted in
space. Companies benefited when they produced HeLa cultures, and made millions. Although, not many people knew where HeLa cells came from or
Henrietta Lacks, whose cells were cultivated without her consent and named HeLa, died of cancer without her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This book kept me drawing conclusions and I could think of the good and bad too most of it. "But Henrietta's cells weren't early surveying, they
were growing with mythological intensity...Soon, George told a few of his closest colleagues that he thought his ab might have grown the first
immortal human cells. To which they replied, Can I have some? And George said yes" (40.5). Skloot gives an insight to the secret 'deal' between
the doctors to emphasize her point, once again, that taking cells were okay at the time without consent from the patient. The audience sees and irony
here as they read about Gey's answer to his colleagues question, can I have some, as a yes. Even though Gey doesn't own the cells, he is giving other
people Henrietta's cells as if it is his. Henrietta, herself, is not asked the question, before Gey took away her cells without asking her. "Not lont after
Henrietta's death, planning began for a HeLa factory– a massive operation that would grow to produce trillions of HeLa cells each week. It was built
for one reason: to help stop polio"(93.1). This setting shows the inhumanity that had went on in the 1900's. Henrietta's death was considered to be
nothing at all. Henrietta's cells were the only ones that were welcomed and meaningful, who and where that they came from didn't matter, HeLa cells
were widely spread and praised for its immortality, but Henrietta was not. She probably lived through

Grady McGlawn
Mr. Sanders
Anatomy
8 December 2015
Introduction
In "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks", by Rebecca Skloot, is about an older woman named Henrietta. Henrietta was an older woman who had
kind of a rough background in her childhood. Her childhood made her a little tougher as she got older, for example, she had a bump that was
bothering her but for some reason she refused to get it checked out by the doctor. When Henrietta finally decided to get it checked out she learned
that it was something that the doctor wasn't too sure about so she then made a few more trips which later on led to the doctor telling her she had
cervical cancer. Henrietta soon passed from the cancer because it was covering her whole body.
Key Idea 1
After she passed, the doctors took some of her cells to study and after studying them they had come to figure out they were a one of a kind and very
special cell. Her cells are the first immortal human cells that have been grown in human culture which is basically saying that her cells are reproducing
and never are dying nor decaying. The doctors named them HeLa cells because of the "H" and "e" in Henrietta and the "L" and "a" in Lacks. These cells
also were huge because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She grew up without a mother because she died when Deborah was just one year old and her fifteen year old sister, Elsie, who died in a mentally ill
hospital. Her mother's cells were being tested on constantly and you know she didn't feel too great when they were infected with viruses and sent up to
outer space. The family also got nothing from Henrietta's cells being tested all time from the scientists. Let's just say that Deborah was probably
nothing but frustrated and sad while the scientists used her mother's cells to test different things out because it just made her think of her mother that
she never knew and the fact that they were using Henrietta's cells by hurting them

Should Henrietta Lacks Receive Financial Compensation
In 1951, Henrietta Lacks went to John Hopkins Hospital because of pain and bleeding in her abdomen and was diagnosed with cervical cancer.
During one of her radiation treatments, doctors took samples from Henrietta's cervix without her knowledge to see if her cells would grow in culture
and it did. Her cells were the first immortal cells to grow in culture. From there everything changed. Henrietta's cells were used to create the polio
vaccine, they went in space to what would happen to human cells in zero gravity, and many more. But as HeLa cells were bought, sold, and used for
these scientific researches her family did not receive any money from it. Many people think that they should receive financial compensation but they
should not. The family of Henrietta Lacks should not receive financial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an article called "A Lasting Gift to Medicine That Wasn't Really a Gift" by D. Grady it states "Most of what is removed from people is of no
value anyway and researchers say it would be too complicated and hinder progress if ownership of such things were assigned to patients and
royalties had to be paid." If the Lacks' were given financial compensation it would impede researchers. It would also cause other patients to want to
receive money too and as it says would be too complicated. Another reason why the Lacks' should not receive financial compensation is because of
informed consent. "Steinmetz and his team had no legal obligation to obtain permission to sequence and publish the HeLa cell genome . . . That is
because the tissues from which they were derived were discarded in 1951, and no laws at the time prevented the use of such materials without
consent," (Callaway). Informed consent is permission granted in the knowledge pf the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient
to a doctor for treatment with full knowledge of the risks and benefits. Many people, including the Lacks', claim that

Summary Of Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks
Skloot's "Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" documents of the story of Henrietta Lacks. The novel shares the story of how scientists collected cells
from Lacks and created a human cell line that has continued to multiple indefinitely. Moreover, the cells of Henrietta Lack has enables discoveries and
further research which has contributed to the fields of cancer research and gene mapping. The novel addresses the scientific story and exposes of the
unethical practice of medical testing on African Americans; furthermore, Skloot bring the world of science, politics, and social justice to one common
accord. A poor African American field worker,Henrietta Lacks died from cancer in 1951. Doctors had secretly collected parts of her cell tissue with
her notification or permission. Today these cells are known as HeLa cells and are the first human cells ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part 2 opens in 1951, Gey's lab assistant Mary, who has continued to develop and collect HeLa cells watches as Dr. Wilbur begins to sew up Lacks
corpse after depositing parts of Lacks organs in a petri dish. This may be one of the most pivotal scenes of the novel because Mary finally comes to
the realization that the cells she has swindled actually comes from a human being and not just a scientific subject. After the autopsy Henrietta was
then sent back to Clover where her wake as held. Skloot continues to describe the uniqueness of HeLa cells. Apparently, HeLa cells do not need
room to grow and expand in culture. HeLa cells have influenced polio vaccines, cell cloning, chromosome studies, isolating stem cells, and much
more. Although HeLa cells have raised high profits, it is very surreal how Lacks daughter Deborah and the family complains about how they are not
able to afford doctors. Still in 1954, Henrietta Lack's family do not know her cells are still alive. The unethical practices continue in 1966 as Head of
Virology at Sloan–Kettering Institute

Henrietta Lacks Was Born Loretta Pleasant
Henrietta Lacks was born Loretta Pleasant on August 1st, 1920 to Eliza and John Randall Pleasant, in Roanoke, Virginia. It is uncertain how her
name changed from Loretta to Henrietta. After her mother, Eliza, passed away giving birth to her tenth child in 1924 her father, John, distributed
his children to relatives in Clover, Virginia. Henrietta ended up with her grandfather in a log cabin that previously had been slave quarters for a
white ancestor's plantation. Henrietta shared a room in the cabin with her cousin, David Lacks. In 1935, when Henrietta was 14 years of age, the
cousins had their son Lawrence. Four years later the couple had Elsie their handicapped daughter, following her birth they proceeded to marry in
1941. In Maryland, where they moved at the urging of their cousin, they had three more children: David Jr., Deborah, and Joseph. At Johns Hopkins
Hospital on January 29th, 1952, Physician Howard Jones quickly diagnosed Henrietta with cervical cancer. On October 4th, 1957, at the age of 31,
Henrietta Lacks passed away at Johns Hopkins Hospital. A researcher George Gey was given the cells of Henrietta's tumor for research. George
Gey discovered that Henrietta's cells were unique and did something by no means seen before; they could be kept alive and grow. Before Henrietta's
cells, cultured cells would only be able to survive a few days. More time was spent on observing and preserving Henrietta's cells than actually using
them for research. It was

Cell Culture was first practice with cells of a donor...
Cell Culture was first practice with cells of a donor named Henrietta Lacks in the early 1900's. Cells primarily originated from complex multi–cellular
organisms such as animals. Mammalian cells are grown in controlled environments that are generally outside of the cells natural environment because
their easiest to grow and maintain when constantly checked for having the correct nutrients and right conditions. Controlled environment that these
cells are cultured in mimics the conditions of the human body. This allows for a constant supply of cells to be used for experiments such as observing
the effects of certain drug reactions to the cell or even just studying the components of the cell to better understand the organism it was derived ... Show
As to anything we do there are advantages and disadvantages, and cell culture is not the exception. First advantage of cell culture is that we can work
and analysis the cells more comfortably than working with the whole human body and considered ethical. By this process we can also have the control
of the cells and how much we want from it. This method also has disadvantages because we are not working with the whole organism, along with the
cost to maintain the cell, or with the stress of not making unethical errors.
Equipment/ Supplies Inventory:
Equipment's
Cell culture laboratory settings have a chance to be different than others by having certain equipment related to the type of field of research being
conducted. However there are certain things that are used by all laboratories, which include the necessary equipment needed to start culturing cells in a
sterile environment in which reduces the risk of contaminating the cultures. The basic equipment and supplies needed to start a culture of your cells for
the lab experiments are listed below. Basic Lab Equipment:
1.Cell Culture Hood
Used for cell culture to protect the environment from contamination 2. Incubator
Environment where cells are grown. It requires being at 37ВєC as normal human body temperature.
Humidity has to be set at 95%, 5% CO2 used for buffering to control pH level for

The Immortality Of Hela Cells
Vishalkumar Patel
010–388–130
The Immortality of HeLa Cells God created everything good and men's efforts towards creativity by using technology makes it better. Tissue culture is
the technique that involves removal of cells, tissues or organs from the animal or plant and their subsequent placement in to an artificial environment
suitable for their growth, which mimic the in–vivo environment from which it derived. In culture, cancer cells can grow indefinitely, if they have
continuous supply of nutrients and environmental conditions and thus it called "immortal", and cells from this tissue called cell line (Skloot,5). One of
the important things that revolutionize the medical field was HeLa cell line derived from cervical cancer cells of Henrietta Lacks a black
African–American woman died at 12:15 a.m. on October 4, 1951(Skloot,86). Dr. Wharton had shaved a dime sized tissue from her cervical tumor and
that tissue was given to the Dr. George Gey who was the head of tissue–culture research at Johns Hopkins Hospital (Skloot,33). George was a first
person who developed the technique to grow HeLa cells form cervical tissue of Henrietta Lacks in his lab and given the name HeLa after the first two
initials of Henrietta's first and last names (Skloot,37).
In order to determine function of cells and to evaluate certain theory concerning the cause and treatments of disease, cell line needed for that must have
immortal property means able to grow indefinitely. However, the normal

A Brief Note On The American Association Of Orthopedic...
FIC AIMS
Background and problem to be addressed: According to the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeon's (AAOS), chondrosarcomas are the second
leading cause of bone cancers, as well as the most difficult to treat (1). Currently, the only effective treatment includes chemotherapy and wide surgical
resection of the bone and cartilaginous tissue surrounding the tumor, which is incredibly invasive and painful for the patient (2). Depending on the
location of the tumor, however, surgical resection might not always be possible. Also, if the margin is not wide, the tumor can recur. Alternatives to
resection include debulking and intralesional surgery, but these are associated with a recurrence rate of up to 93% (3,4). Therefore, developing a
less–invasive alternative treatment would be a significant advancement in quality of life for patients with chondrosarcomas.
Long–term goal: The long–term goal of this research program is to find effective treatment for chondrosarcomas. Here, we propose to test whether iron
depletion therapy can be used to improve outcome for patients with chondrosarcoma tumors. A first step toward reaching this initial goal is to test
whether iron deprivation controls tumor cell growth in vitro and in a rat model.
Hypothesis: Our experimental model will utilize chondrosarcoma cell lines that will be studied in tissue culture and in rats. We hypothesize that
chondrosarcoma cancer cell lines depleted of serum iron will exhibit decreased growth and

Culture Expansion Of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
This thesis aimed to develop culture expansion of undifferentiated human mesenchymal stem cells for potential use as autologous cell source for
women for gynaecological disorders especially using small molecules, especially A83–01 (ALK 4/5/7 inhibitor). MSCs secret cytokines that act via
paracrine effect to exert anti–inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Identification of MSCs in almost all postnatal tissues (bone marrow,
adipose tissue, umbilical blood, menstrual blood, placenta and pre–/post–menopausal endometrium) have made it possible for women to choose to
source MSCs from for autologous use. In addition, surface markers such as CD271, Stro–1 and SUSD2 have been identified that enrich highly
clonogenic MSCs beneficial... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We were also able to demonstrate their multilineage differentiation ability confirming their potency. We were also able to further determine that by
targeting TGF–пЃўR signaling pathway which are responsible for apoptosis, apoptosis could be prevented in long term eMSCs cultures. Additionally,
replication associated senescence was also mitigated. SUSD2 is a new cell surface marker. Recently, it was identified as a type I transmembrane
protein with a large extracellular and a small transmembrane region (Sivasubramaniyan et al., 2013). However, little is known about how it is
regulated. In our study we established decrease SUSD2 expression following eMSCs passaging which significantly increased following A83–01
treatment at RNA and protein level through qRT–PCR and flow cytometry analysis. Further, A83–01 blocked phosphorylation of intracellular SMAD2
/3 protein indicating the activity of TGF–пЃў signaling in the . The most interesting inference we could make is that SUSD2 is regulated by TG–пЃўR
signaling pathway, at least in eMSCs. In summary, eMSCs fate is regulated by TG–пЃўR signaling during culture. Small molecules such as A83–01
that promote eMSC proliferation in the undifferentiated state may provide an approach for the expansion of undifferentiated MSC for use in tissue
engineering and cell–based therapies. Discovery of regulatory pathway for

How The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks
Viridiana Munoz
SWK 312–1
The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks is about an African–American woman whose cancer cells were harvested in culture by a doctor, Dr. George Gey.
Her cells were used for scientific experimentation and have been referred to as immortal. Because there is not much information about Henrietta and
her family the author, Rebecca Skloot, wrote the book titled "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" to tell their story. Throughout the novel, we learn
about the medical treatment that Henrietta received as an African American woman in the 50's. Additionally, Skloot writes about the experiences that
she had when contacting the Lacks family to learn about Henrietta. While the reader learns about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She explains that the law was behind on providing consequences for the atrocities that researchers were doing. In the novel, we learn about the
Tuskegee syphilis studies where black men were injected with syphilis and left untreated for the sake of learning what would happen. (and their
relationship to the story of HeLa cells), Chester Southam's infamous cancer studies and the more anecdotal stories of "night doctors" who allegedly
snatched black men and women off the streets of Baltimore in order to experiment on them. Skloot is a science reporter and she explains that the
advances in medical science have been revolutionary. However, she tells a story about the dark side of medical and scientific research, which has a
history of racism, exploitation, and the objectification humans. I believe it is important that she discussed these topics because they bring to light the
topics that have been covered up for so long. It is important for people to be informed about how some of the medicine and vaccines that they so
heavily rely on came from and, mostly importantly, at the expense of

The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks Essay
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks investigates both abstract and concrete subjects. The story of Henrietta's cells and their use in science is
intertwined with the narrative of the family, as well as ethical questions, HeLa left behind. The tangible topic of HeLa cells is the foundation for this
book– cells that were taken without the patient's informed consent, never died, and became the catalyst for extraordinary scientific advances as well as
extraordinary profits. HeLa's history invites less palpable subjects; themes of racism, exploitation of the Lacks family, and questions of scientific ethics
and tissue ownership also characterize this book. We are first introduced to the topic of Henrietta's cells as the author encounters the subject,... Show
A conflict between "scientific progress" and individual ownership the body, "whether you own or have the right to control your tissues" is an abstract
debate key to Henrietta's history (Skloot 316–317). These intangible ethical issues that Skloot discusses are interrelated with the story of HeLa– racism,
exploitation, and the moral as well as legal dilemmas of tissue ownership. While HeLa cells themselves may be tangible, aspects of their story are
clearly abstract. Rebecca Skloot explores both concrete and conceptual aspects by telling the narratives of both the "'birth of HeLa, and the death of
Mrs. Lacks,'" (Skloot 224). These stories illuminate each other; the reader sees both scientific and the social subjects in a new perspective as
components of a single narrative. An alternate title for The Immortal Life ofHenrietta Lacks could be HeLa and Henrietta's Eternal Legacy, as this
illustrates the integral juxtaposition of the story– the narrative of science and discovery that surround the physical cells Henrietta left behind, as well as
tale of the social and ethical conflicts that comprise Mrs. Lacks's

The Remarkable Story Of Henrietta Lacks
The remarkable story of Henrietta Lacks was just the beginning of successful cell culture: a process by which cells are grown in a laboratory under
controlled conditions. Prior to this, researchers had attempted to cultivate human tissue in the lab, but failed. Through the pain and anguish the Lacks
family experienced, a new era in the scientific world was born. As a black woman in the fifties, she had the least resources available to her in terms
of medical care. When she got sick, there was only one hospital that admitted black people, and she was kept in a separate colored ward. Due to the
fact that cell culture had never been successful, there were gaps in the knowledge of cancer treatment. Therefore, while the doctors thought they were
curing her, they actually were killing her. The Immortal Life ofHenrietta Lacks, aside from the horrific death of Henrietta and the mistreatment of her
family after the fact, hones in on the relationship between Rebecca Skloot, the author, and Henrietta's daughter, Deborah. They have their ups and
downs, but nearing the end of their journey there is familiarity between the two and a steadiness that resembles mother and daughter. Skloot explores
every aspect of the Lacks family and includes the sadness and hopefulness expressed by all. She also writes copiously about the scientific significance
of Henrietta and her particular situation.
When Henrietta Lacks was admitted into John Hopkins Hospital, she was already consumed by a golf–ball

Henrietta Lacks Legacy Research Paper
Legacy has been a goal for many because it supersedes even death. It is the one thing that everyone wants to leave behind. No matter the size,
whether grand or small, a legacy is a person's aim because it involves becoming someone that will be remembered. Some may spend their entire
lives seeking out a legacy that will allow them to be remembered by many. Others do the same but to be only remembered by those dear to them. Some
were given the luxury of being born a legacy while others die a legacy. Some take in order to grow a legacy, while others give. However, there are only
a few cases in which people are given a legacy without asking for one. Henrietta Lacks is an example of that case. She was unaware of her
contributions and how her cells... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gey will always have a lasting legacy in the story of Henrietta Lacks for the contribution that he gave to Henrietta's legacy and for science. If it
wasn't for Dr. Gey, Henrietta wouldn't have a story to tell. This is because Henrietta's cells would never have been found and tested in his lab. If it
wasn't for Dr. Gey, Henrietta's story would have ended with her death at John Hopkins Hospital. It didn't end there because when Dr. Gey took her
cells, she was able to live forever. Dr. Gey plays such a vital role in Henrietta's story that he will also have a lasting legacy in her story. Dr. Gey will
always be the one known in Henrietta's story as the one that "developed the techniques used to grow HeLa cells from Henrietta's cancer tissue in his
labs" (Skloot 331). However, Dr. Gey's legacy doesn't end there because he was also able to make so many advancements in science that involved
HeLa cells. He was able to ship the HeLa cells, show the technique of growing in suspension, and help with the process of spontaneous
transformation, all of which was the legacy that he left in the story. Some would say that Dr. Gey didn't follow the rules of protocol of allowing a
patient to decide if they want their cells to be used so he doesn't deserve to be in this story. However, at the time there was no such protocol and
having the story of Henrietta Lacks without Dr. Gey is like writing an essay without an introduction. Dr. Gey will always have a lasting legacy in
Henrietta's story

The Effects Of Microbial Cell Culture On Human Development...
ABSTRACT
Microbial cell culture techniques are essentially needed in order to culture microbes so that it helps in various fields of biology such as households
products, curing certain diseases, also in sewage management. Microbes are needed in almost every fields in one of the other ways we need to
culture them in required conditions in order to cure manlier diseases and for the production of many products, also it plays a very important role in
sewage disposal plants therefore microbes plays a very significant role in human development needs. Microbes isolation and its proper usage needs to
be understand well for this study of MICROBIOLOGY is done. Therefore proper microbe culturing its isolation its enrichment needs to be well known.
INTRODUCTION
MICROBIAL CELL CULTURES TECHNIQUES
Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used extensively as a in research tool in molecular It is important to have pure
culture isolation. A pure culture is a population of cells as a multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types.
A method in which microbes are cultured by letting them reproduce in the predominated culture media under controlled laboratory conditions, its
abundance in the medium being checked before contamination and after contamination. It is one of the primary diagnostic method of microbiology
and used as a tool to determine by letting the agent multiply in a

Experiment of HeLa Cells in Patients
In chapter 17, we learn about how in the 1950's Chester Southam wondered if the cancerous HeLa cells would effect the scientists working with the
cells. Other scientists had injected HeLa cells into rats and thus grew tumors as a result. These scientist often touched, breathed, or ate lunch near these
cells such a close interaction with them could mean contracting cancer as well. A cancer researcher and chief at Sloan–Kettering Southam decided to
see if these cells could be harmful. He injected a woman with leukemia with a syringe of HeLa cells and saline solution. He later tattooed the spot
where he injected the cells so he could easily find it later. He didn't tell the woman or the dozen other patients that he was injected with live cancer
cells. Tumors emerged, removing some to see if it was cancerous and leaving some to see if the immune system would react. Only one patients spread
to her lymph nodes. Now to test healthy patients. Southam looked to the Ohio State Penitentiary for 25 volunteers. Hundred–fifty signed up for the
study, but in the end he chose sixty–five patients. He chose Ohio State because the prisoners had participated in studies before without resistance. At
the time it was legal to conduct studies on prisoners but fifteen years later actions would be taken to change this. The media praised these brave
prisoners and in response many felt this was a way to give back for all the wrongs they have done. The prisoner's bodies seemed to fight off the cancer

Cell Culture Contamination

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