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- 1. GOSAINKUND TOUR BSC 3RD YR 2014 Professor Amulya Tuladhar Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 1
- 2. Gosainkund Educational Tour Start Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 2
- 3. GOSAINKUND TOUR BSC 3RD YR 2014 TO SEE: 1. Tropic to Alpine Vegetation Change 2. Mountain Agriculture / Forestry Link 3. Himalayan Theory of Environmental Degradation 4. Depopulation in Adjoining districts of KTM 5. Ethnic diversity 6. Climate Change Effects 7. Sacred Hill Landscape Conservation Approach Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 3
- 4. Nepal Map Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 4
- 5. Central Dev Regions of Nepal Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 5
- 6. GGIC in Nepal Map Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 6
- 7. Golden Gate Indternational College Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 7
- 8. The Rugged Military-Clad Student Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 8
- 9. Map of Rasuwa District Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 9
- 10. Nuwakot and Rasuwa way to Gosainkund Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 10
- 11. Gosainkund Tour Path Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 11
- 12. Dhunche and Syafru VDCS Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 12
- 13. Reaching Dhunche in Langtang Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 13
- 14. Red Rivers from Rasuwa Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 14
- 15. About to Reach Gosaikund? Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 15
- 16. Gosainkund with 2 other lakes Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 16
- 17. Ganesh Kund Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 17
- 18. Gosainkund at Night Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 18
- 19. Langtang National Park (for the partial fulfillment of EESD 522:Conservation of Protected Areas) A Presentation by Vijaya Tamla M.Ed. EESD (Third Semester), Kathmandu University December 22, 2011Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 19
- 20. Here we are at Langtang NP Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 20
- 21. How to reach the Park? Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 21 Source : Google Map Entry Fee Per Person Per Entry For Nepalese Nationals Free For SAARC Nationals Rs. 100/- For Other Foreign Nationals Rs. 1,000/- (Note: Entrance fee not required for children under 10 years)
- 22. Introduction Date of Establishment 1976 Area 1710 sq. km. (Nuwakot, Rasuwa and Sidhupalchok) Buffer zone 420 sq. km (in and around the park, established in 1998) Highest Altitude Mount Himalchuli, 7,864 m Climate Dry weather except January-February September-May : glacial-craved cliffs, wild flowers, livestock return to lower pastures April : warm weather; red, pink and white rhododendrons bloom, yak and chauri ascend higher elevation Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 22
- 23. Ecoregions of Nepal Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 23
- 24. Ecoregions of Nepal Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 24
- 25. Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 25
- 26. Reading Landscape of Langtang Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 26
- 27. Flora and Fauna (Source : Bhuju, Shakya, Basnet, & Shrestha, 2007) Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 2 7 Flora 1,043 species of vascular plants; 67 pteriodophytes, 976 flowering plants; 15 endemic. Example: Sal, Chir pine, Rhododendron, Nepali alder, larch, oak, hemlock, birch, silver fir, etc. Fauna 45 mammals, 345 birds, four herpeto, and two fish species. Example: Musk deer, Himalayan tahr, Red pandas, Himalayan black bear, Snow leopard, Wild dog, Ghoral, Serow, etc.
- 28. Brrrr Cold Dhunche Morning… Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 28
- 29. Highest number of floral species!!! Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 2 Source : (Bhuju, Shakya, Basnet, & Shrestha, 2007)
- 30. LANGTANG NATIONAL PARK & BUFFERZONE -AT A GLANCE Park Established : 1976 Buffer Zone declared : 1998 Park Core Area : 1710 km2 Buffer Zone Area : 420 km2 No of BZ User Groups : 336 No of BZ Community Forests : 78 No of BZ User Committees : 21 Latitude : 27056’20” 28 0 22” 02 Longitude : 85 012’13” 85 0 52’54” Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 30
- 31. Bio-diversity in LNP BZ Ecological Zones : 18 Birds : 300 Mammals : 46 Butterflies : 58 Fishes : 30 Reptiles : 11 Plant species : 1000 Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 31
- 32. PARK ISSUES Habitat destruction Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 32
- 33. Conservation Issues • Eighteen types of Ecosystems and Fourteen types of Vegetation are identified in LNP by Biodiversity Profiles Project, BPP 1995 • Nineteen species of mammals found in LNP are protected by CITES • Twelve species of mammals, and two species of birds are considered endangered and protected under Appendix I of NPWC Act 1973 Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 33
- 34. Yala Glacier; Glacial retreat Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 34
- 35. Conservation Critiques • Gosainkunda, Panch Pokhari and Kyangjing wetlands (Ramsar site 2007) are significant for biodiversity (WWF and CITES) but enforcement officials are feebly functional for monitoring of the lakes. • Are the buffer zones in LNP successfully contributing in reducing the biotic pressure and sustainable management of natural resources? • Dead bodies of animals like adult Red pandas snow leopards are found in jungle or catchment areas, do all of those bodies undergo sincere post mortem? • Payment for Ecosystem Services has not yet developed Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 35 Snow Leopard Photo Courtesy: Anonymous
- 36. Thank You Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 36
- 37. Thanking Langtang Warden Bed Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 37
- 38. Depopulated districts around Kathmandu Valley Group Members: Ashesh Acharya Alisha Shrestha Binita Sharma Asmita Panta Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 38
- 39. Depopulating Kathmandu… Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 39
- 40. Gosainkund Tour Bsc 3rd Yr 2014Ranking District Population(2001) Population (2011) Pop Growth Rate 1 Kathmandu 1,081,845 1,744,240 61.23 2 Lalitpur 337,785 468,132 38.59 3 Bhaktapur 225,461 304,651 35.12 4 Kalikot 105,580 136,948 29.71 5 Kaski 380,527 492,098 29.32 6 Banke 385,840 491,313 27.34 7 Jajarkot 134,868 171,304 27.02 8 Rautahat 545,132 686,722 25.97 9 Mugu 43,937 55,286 25.83 10 Kailali 616,697 775,709 25.78 11 Humla 40,595 50,858 25.28 12 Rupandehi 708,419 880,196 24.25 13 Dolpa 29,545 36,700 24.22 14 Bajura 108,781 134,912 24.02 15 Bara 559,135 687,708 22.99 16 Chitawan 472,048 579,984 22.87 17 Sunsari 625,633 763,487 22.03 18 Jumla 89,427 108,921 21.80 19 Surkhet 288,527 350,804 21.58 20 Sarlahi 635,701 769,729 21.08 21 Parsa 497,219 601,017 20.88 22 Dang 462,380 552,583 19.51 23 Kanchanpur 377,899 451,248 19.41 24 Kapilbastu 481,976 571,936 18.66 25 Jhapa 688,109 812,650 18.10 26 Bajhang 167,026 195,159 16.84 27 Dailekh 225,201 261,770 16.24 28 Morang 843,220 965,370 14.49 29 Nawalparasi 562,870 643,508 14.33 30 Salyan 213,500 242,444 13.56 31 Mahottari 553,481 627,580 13.39 32 Dadeldhura 126,162 142,094 12.63 33 Dhanusa 671,364 754,777 12.42 34 Saptari 570,282 639,284 12.10 35 Bardiya 382,649 426,576 11.48 36 Siraha 572,399 637,328 11.34 37 Achham 231,285 257,477 11.32 38 Rukum 188,438 208,567 10.68 39 Udayapur 287,689 317,532 10.37 40 Darchula 121,996 133,274 9.24 41 Pyuthan 212,484 228,102 7.35 42 Makwanpur 392,604 420,477 7.10 43 Baitadi 234,418 250,898 7.03 44 Rolpa 210,004 224,506 6.91 45 Sindhuli 279,821 296,192 5.85 46 Ilam 282,806 290,254 2.63 47 Tanahu 315,237 323,288 2.55 48 Doti 207,066 211,746 2.26 49 Baglung 268,937 268,613 -0.12 50 Sankhuwasabha 159,203 158,742 -0.29 51 Myagdi 114,447 113,641 -0.70 52 Dhading 338,658 336,067 -0.77 53 Kavrepalanchok 385,672 381,937 -0.97 54 Solukhumbu 107,686 105,886 -1.67 55 Dhankuta 166,479 163,412 -1.84 56 Palpa 268,558 261,180 -2.75 57 Rasuwa 44,731 43,300 -3.20 58 Nuwakot 288,478 277,471 -3.82 59 Ramechhap 212,408 202,646 -4.60 60 Panchthar 202,056 191,817 -5.07 61 Arghakhanchi 208,391 197,632 -5.16 62 Lamjung 177,149 167,724 -5.32 63 Taplejung 134,698 127,461 -5.37 64 Gulmi 296,654 280,160 -5.56 65 Okhaldhunga 156,702 147,984 -5.56 66 Sindhupalchok 305,857 287,798 -5.90 67 Gorkha 288,134 271,061 -5.93 68 Parbat 157,826 146,590 -7.12 69 Dolakha 204,229 186,557 -8.65 70 Syangja 317,320 289,148 -8.88 71 Bhojpur 203,018 182,459 -10.13 72 Terhathum 113,111 101,577 -10.20 73 Mustang 14,981 13,452 -10.21 74 Khotang 231,385 206,312 -10.84 75 Manang 9,587 6,538 -31.80 Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 40
- 41. Hypothesis Kathmandu Valley is destination for migrants of depopulated districts Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 41
- 42. Returning from Rasuwa… Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 42
- 43. Findings summary Indicators Pull destination Kathmandu Valley Districts Push sources 5 surrounding depopulated districts Total change in population 2001-2011 (%) 51.01% -2.88% Total population change per year (%) 5.10% -0.28% Change in male population (%) 1465934 (47.46%) Less 42487 (-6.42%) Change in female population (%) 1466475 (52.43%) Less 15233 (-2.17%) Maximum change age group and % change 25-29 (247.29%) 0-4 (-31.42%)* Maximum change Male age group and % change 40-44 (259.79%) 0-4 (-31.22%) * Maximum change Female age group and % change 25-29 (238.05%) 0-4 (-31.62%) * Maximum change VDC or Municipality Totals Kathmandu M.P.C (303,607) Katunje VDC Dhading (-1226) Maximum change VDC or Municipality Totals Male Kathmandu M.P.C (151,738) Maidi VDC Dhading (-818) Maximum change VDC or Municipality Totals Female Kathmandu M.P.C (151,869) Nilkantha VDC Dhading(-3423)Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 43
- 44. GOSAINKUND TOUR BSC 3RD YR 2014 Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 44
- 45. Kathmandu & Adjoining Valleys Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 45
- 46. Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 46
- 47. Age Group Nuwakot 2001 Nuwakot 2011 % change TOTAL 287425 277471 -3.463164304 0-4 YEARS 32107 21784 -32.15186719 5-9 YEARS 40793 29670 -27.26693305 10-14 YEARS 40608 37346 -8.032899921 15-19 YEARS 31456 33524 6.574262462 20-24 YEARS 23556 23135 -1.78723043 25-29 YEARS 18796 18884 0.46818472 30-34 YEARS 17084 16073 -5.917817841 35-39 YEARS 15538 15531 -0.045050843 40-44 YEARS 14159 15453 9.139063493 45-49 YEARS 11404 13550 18.81795861 50-54 YEARS 10164 12802 25.95434868 55-59 YEARS 8143 9670 18.75230259 60-64 YEARS 7803 9073 16.27579136 65-69 YEARS 6139 7171 16.81055547 70-74 YEARS 4420 5835 32.01357466 75 & OVER 5255 7970 51.66508088 Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 47
- 48. NUWAKOT Findings • Indicators push source (Nuwakot) • Total change in -6.429 population • Total change in population -0.642 per year • Change in male population -9.682 • Change in female population -3.288 Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 48
- 49. Population Density Population density in 2001 Population density in 2011 Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 49
- 50. Population Density Analysis • The population density of Rasuwa district is same in both figures which is of two different decade. It is because the population increase rate is negative in this district because of out migration and the population of both decade in all VDC falls under the same range. Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 50
- 51. Rasuwa: Average change in age cohorts VDC/MUNICIPALITY Rasuwa 2001 Rasuwa 2011 % change TOTAL 43906.00 43300.00 -1.38 0-4 YEARS 5213.00 3755.00 -27.97 5-9 YEARS 6114.00 4944.00 -19.14 10-14 YEARS 5624.00 6034.00 7.29 15-19 YEARS 4313.00 4521.00 4.82 20-24 YEARS 3834.00 3140.00 -18.10 25-29 YEARS 3123.00 3142.00 0.61 30-34 YEARS 2735.00 2563.00 -6.29 35-39 YEARS 2630.00 2499.00 -4.98 40-44 YEARS 2161.00 2488.00 15.13 45-49 YEARS 1863.00 2170.00 16.48 50-54 YEARS 1492.00 2099.00 40.68 55-59 YEARS 1168.00 1482.00 26.88 60-64 YEARS 1362.00 1421.00 4.33 65-69 YEARS 813.00 1041.00 28.04 70-74 YEARS 683.00 858.00 25.62 75 & OVER 778.00 1143.00 46.92Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 51
- 52. Rasuwa: Average change in age cohorts -40.00 -30.00 -20.00 -10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 0-4 YEARS 5-9 YEARS 10-14 YEARS 15-19 YEARS 20-24 YEARS 25-29 YEARS 30-34 YEARS 35-39 YEARS 40-44 YEARS 45-49 YEARS 50-54 YEARS 55-59 YEARS 60-64 YEARS 65-69 YEARS 70-74 YEARS 75 & OVER Average change in population (%) Average change Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 52
- 53. Rasuwa: < 5yr; >60 yr 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 6<index <65 indev Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 53
- 54. Rasuwa Methodology • Secondary data analysis and verification by field observation and interview Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 54
- 55. Vulnerability Mapping of Rasuwa District Presented by: Usha ParajuliGosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 55
- 56. Method Temperature and Precipitation Education Age below 5 Age above 65 Population density exposure sensitivity adaptation Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 56
- 57. Findings 0 0.5 1 1971 1981 1991 2000 2010 Exposure Adaptive Index Sensitivity Index Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 57
- 58. Climate Change Index 2011- -0.6232 2001- 0.1553 Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 58
- 59. Climate Change Index 1991- 0.0796 1981- 0.2493 Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 59
- 60. Literacy and Population Density Index 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1971 1981 1991 2001 2001 Literacy Index Population Density Index Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 60
- 61. Rasuwa: Literacy Index 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1971 1981 1991 2001 2001 Literacy Index Literacy Index Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 61
- 62. Discussion • The vulnerability decreased in the year 1991 and increased again in 2001. The increase in adaptive index which was based on literacy rate has increased in the year 2010 and it shows that it is education and awareness among people which has controlled the vulnerability. –Thank You Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 62
- 63. Deforested & eroded hillslopes: Midhills, Nepal
- 64. Deforested Denuded Hills Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 64
- 65. Floods, 1998, in Bangladesh
- 67. [WRITE] THE HIMALAYAN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION THEORY • Midhills population growth since 1950 have reached c 3.0-3.5% • 90% of the population (1981 figures) are rural subsistence farmers. • Increases in fuelwood demand, fodder tree cutting and construction. • Deforestation rates increased - with estimates of 50% reserves cut between 1950-1980. • Terrace construction for agriculture on steep marginal land has led to increases in soil erosion. • Increased runoff- summer monsoon High wet -season flow. • River flows are lower in the dry season.
- 68. [WRITE] HIMALAYAN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION THEORY • Loss of agricultural land leads to more deforestation for terracing. Reductions of fuelwood supply lead to increased use of dung for fuel thus reducing nutrient status of hillslope soils. • Terrace soils degrade - giving higher erosion rates • Changes in river flow regime and high sediment yields lead to river bed deposition and increased siltation of reservoirs and increased flood stages on the Gangetic plain. • Increases of siltation in the Ganges/Meghna/ Brahmaputra delta with increased sediment from the upper reaches of the catchment.
- 69. Seeing Himalayan Degradation Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 69
- 71. Indigenous soil conservation and landsliding (Ives & Messerli, 1989) 1978: Kakani - Nepal: Landlside has detroyed terraces.The landslide was forecast to enlarge subsequently The same view: October 1987. The landslide has been repaired. The area would not be considered as severely eroded
- 72. Natural hillslope instability: Terai, Nepal: Steep slopes destabilised by monsoon saturation & occasional earthquakes.
- 73. Two types of terraces • Khet (irrigated terraces) - at lower altitudes slope inward rice & wheat crops • Bari (rainfed terraces) - at higher altitudes slope outwards maize and buckwheat
- 75. Bari
- 76. Bari terraces: Terai, Nepal
- 78. [WRITE ] Downstream effects of catchment degradation: Scale issues,Ives & Messerli (1989) • .
- 81. Khumbu, Pangboche : Jokulhaup or GLOF effects
- 85. Map of the SHL
- 86. PAs in SHL (Trans bolundary PAs)
- 88. THANK YOU FOR TOUR Gosainkund Tour Professor Amulya Tuladhar 88
Editor's Notes
- Revenue LNP 2513093 (2005) 2812625 4428302 5839900 10336815.56 7688099