This is a Masters of Environmental Science thesis done by Pramila Manandhar of Khwopa College, under my supervision, Professor Amulya Tuladhar; She discovered that temperature was increasing and rainfall was decreasing based on 30 year meteorological data from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology and that women had suffered the effects of increased drought and general increase in morbidity.

1. Presented by
Pramila Manandhar
M.Sc. Environmental Science
Symbol No. 350
T.U. Reg. No5-2-408-6-2010
Khwopa College
Dekocha, Bhaktapur
1
Supervisor:
Prof. Amulya Ratna Tuladhar
Co-supervisor:
Miss Hishila Sujakhu

2. Introduction
Climate Change
- Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), 2014
• Women and climate change
-Ministry of Population and Environment
(MOPE), 2014
2

3. Objectives
1. General objective
 To assess the impacts of climate change on
women of Panchkhal valley.
2. Specific objectives
 To analyze the temperature and precipitation pattern in the
study area.
 To assess the local peoples' perception towards climate
change and its impacts on their livelihood.
 To identify the adaptation measures adopted by women to
combat the problems aroused from the changing climate.
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4. Study Area: Panchkhal Valley
4

5. Google map of Study Area:
Panchkhal
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6. Methodology
Primary data collection
1. Reconnaissance survey
2. Focus Group Discussion
3. Key Informant Interview
4. Questionnaire survey
 (Arkin, 1963), at 95% confidence level.
n = NZ2P (1-P) / Nd2+Z2P (1-P)
Where,
n = Sample size
N = Total number of Households = 2766
Z = Confidence level at 95%, Z = 1.96
P = Estimated population proportion (0.05)
d = desired error, (0.05)
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7. = n + 10% of non responsive error
n = NZ2P (1-P) / Nd2+Z2P (1-P)
n = 2766*(1.96)2*0.05 (10.05)/2766*(0/05) 2+
(1.96)2 0.05 (1-0.05)
n = 504.73/7.097
n = 71.11+10%*71.11
n = 78.22~78
Secondary data collection
-Department of Hydrology and Meteorology(DHM)
-Literatures, dissertations, etc
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8. Results and Discussions
y = -0.6508x + 1387.8
R² = 0.0603
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Precipitation(mm)
Year
Average Annual Precipitation (mm) Vs Year
Average annual
precipitation(mm)
Linear (Average
annual
precipitation(mm))
Figure : Average annual rainfall variability from 1986-2015 in Panchkhal Valley
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9. y = 0.0294x - 30.533
R² = 0.3657
27.40
27.60
27.80
28.00
28.20
28.40
28.60
28.80
29.00
29.20
29.40
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Temperature(oC)
Years
Average annual
temperature max
Linear (Average
annual temperature
max)
Figure : Mean annual maximum temperature variability from 1986 to 2013 in Panchkhal Valley
Average Annual Maximum Temperature
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10. Average Annual Minimum Temperature
y = -0.0078x + 29.782
R² = 0.0192
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
15.50
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Temperature(0C)
Years
Average annual tem min
Linear (Average annual
tem min)
Figure : Average annual minimum temperature variability from 1986 to 2013 in Panchkhal Valley
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11. Knowledge about climate change
28%
72%
0%0%
Yes
No
Figure:% of the respondents knowing about climate change in Panchkhal Valley
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12. Perception on temperature and precipitation
patterns in Panchkhal Valley
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Increased Decreased Same Don’t Know
72
20
5 3
%oftherespondents
Response
Local people Perception on Temperature pattern
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Increased Decreased Same Don’t know
34
61
4
1
%oftherespondents
Response
Local people perception on Precipitation pattern
Figure : Local people perception on Precipitation patternFigure : Local people perception on temperature pattern
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13. Impacts of climate change on health
33%
12%
13%
25%
17%
Sickness
Diarrhea
Nausea/Vomiting
Headache
Cough/coldness
Figure : Impacts of climate change on health of women in Panchkhal Valley.
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14. Main energy source in the house
54%
43%
3%
Firewood
Gas
Bio gas
Figure : Main source of energy in the house in Panchkhal Valley
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15. Disasters that have the most impact in
livelihood
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
8
77
5 7
0 3
%ofthepeople
Disasters
Figure : Disasters that have the most impact in livelihood in Panchkhal Valley.
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16. Problems due to drying of water
resources
 Walk longer distance to fetch water
 No time for other works
 Impure water for drinking
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17. Measures to protect health from climate
change
53%
45%
2%
Seasonal clothes
Health consciousness
Nothing
Figure : Measures to protect health from the changing climate in Panchkhal Valley.
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18. Alternatives to problem of drinking
water
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Storage in water tank Rain water havesting Digging of well
55
24
21
%oftherespondents
Alternatives
Figure : Alternatives to solve the problem of drinking water in Panchkhal Valley.
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19. Processes to make water suitable
for drinking
41%
31%
4%
24%
Boiling
Filteration
Use of chlorine
Direct
consumption
Figure : Methods used to make water suitable for drinking in Panchkhal Valley
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20. Adaptation measures to cope with
disaster
36
44
2
0
5
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Reforestation Change in
agricultural
practices
Use of
bioengeneering
practices
Early warning
system
Knowledge
transfer
Use of media
%oftherespondents
Adaptation measures
Figure : Adaptive measures to cope with the disaster in Panchkhal Valley
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21. Conclusions
 Average annual precipitation decrease, 0.65mm/year
 Increasing trend on average annual maximum temperature, 0.029ºC/year
 Decreasing average annual minimum temperature, 0.007ºC/year
 Drought increasing at present
 Burden to fetch water
 Health problems
 To adapt with disasters flood they had planted trees like banana trees,
salla, litchi, Mango trees, guava etc in their own field changing the
agricultural practices.
 To protect health, the seasonal clothes, use of mask during work in the
field.
 For water scarcity, 3 deep borings
 Well construction in their own home and some have the system of rain
water harvesting.
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22. Recommendations
 Knowledge about the climate change and its impacts
 Women themselves, active participation in activities like
disaster preparedness, knowledge transfer about the
adaptation measures.
 Intervention of the government, NGOs and local
institutions to built the adaptive capacity.
 Bio fuels, Improved Cooking Stoves, rain water
harvesting system in a reserved ponds upgrade to mitigate
increasing effects of Climate Change.
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23. Acknowledgement
 Supervisor – Prof. Amulya Ratna Tuladhar
 Co- supervisor – Miss Hishila Sujakhu
 Prof. Dr. Siddhi Bir Karmacharya
 In charge – Mr. Pramod Prasad Awal
 Lecturer – Mr. Kamal Raj Gosai
 Miss Anju Prajapati
 Friends, family and Khwopa College
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24. THANK
YOU
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