Reinforcement theory

3. Group Members (5th )
 Ammara Batool.
 Munawar Sultana
 Palvasha Gilani.

4. Learning Objectives
 Reinforcement theory.
 Behavior modification:
1) Positive reinforcement.
2) Negative reinforcement.
3) Extinction.
4) Punishment.
• Social learning theory.
• Processes:
1) Symbolic processes.
2) Observational learning.
3) Self control.

6. ◦ The worker’s behavior due to consequences in the
environment.
 Law of effect.
 Theoretical basis for
manipulating consequences.
 Behaviors having pleasant or positive
consequences are most likely to be repeated.
 and the behavior having unpleasant or negative
outcomes are less likely to be repeated.
Definition

7. Principles governing reinforcement.
 Law of contingent reinforcement.
 The reward must be delivered only if the desired
behavior is exhibited.
 Law of immediate reinforcement.
 The reward must be given as soon as possible
after the desired behavior is exhibited.

9.  Behavior modification:
 Four types of reinforcements are available for
managers.
1) Positive reinforcement.
2) Negative reinforcement.
3) Extinction.
4) Punishment.
 The technical term for these
processes is called operant
conditioning.

10. Positive reinforcement.
 “The administration of positive consequences to
increase the desired behavior ”.
 Praise and pray (stimuli).
 Positive rewards lead to Repetition of desired
behavior
 A reward is a positive reinforce only if the behavior
improves.

11. Negative reinforcement.
 Also known as avoidance.
 “Provision of unpleasant stimuli so that an employee
demonstrates the desired behavior in order to stop
the disagreeable stimuli”.
 Focuses on increasing behavior.

12. Drawbacks
(Negative reinforcement)
 Negative feelings for manager.
 Worker may switch to low performer.

13. Punishment.
 “A technique that involves providing negative
consequences in order to decrease or discourage a
behavior.”
 Example:
 By criticizing unwanted behavior.
 Suspending an individual without pay.
 Different from negative reinforcement.

14. Extinction. (disappearance)
 “It is a means to stop someone from
performing a learned behavior.”
 An attempt to extinguish a behavior by
withholding the positive reinforcement
that encouraged the behavior.

16. Definition:
 “Learning occurs through the continuous
interactions of people behavior, various personal
factors and environmental factors”.
 Combines the elements of both cognitive and
reinforcement approaches.

17. •Processes:
1) Symbolic processes.
2) Observational learning.
3) Self control.

18. Symbolic process:
 Use of words and images for learning
behavior.
 “Various ways people use verbal and
imagined symbols to process and store
experiences in representational forms.”
 It incorporates “Self-efficiency”.
E P

19. Symbolic process:
 Confidence on one’s capabilities.
 Can be explained by observing the level of
goals, tasks, efforts and persistence.

20. Observational learning
 “People’s ability to learn new behaviors and/or
assess their probable consequences by observing
others.”
 Individuals do not have to perform to learn about
consequences.
 “The process of observing and attempting to imitate
the behavior of others is called Modeling”.

21. Stages of modeling:
 Attention stage:
 People select a model for observation because of
the perception of model’s success and skills.
 Retention stage:
 People retain information about behavior.
 Reproduction stage:
 Try to reproduce same behavior.
 Motivation:
 Motivated to adapt same behavior.

22. Self control: (Self-regulation)
 “It is the ability of an individual to exercise control
over ones own behavior by setting standards and
providing consequences.”
 It enhances performance.

23. Behavior Aim Stimuli Applied
Positive Increase
desired
behavior
Pay raise and
praise.
Repetition of
desired behavior
Negative Increase
desired
behavior
Unpleasant
stimuli.
Before involvement
in undesirable
behavior
Extinction
Punishment Decrease
undesirable
behavior
Unpleasant
stimuli.
After demonstration
in undesirable
behavior
Summary (Reinforcement)

24. Summary (Social learning)
Processes Short points.
Symbolic process: Use of words and images for learning
behavior.
Observational
learning
Learning from other person’s behavior
without doing any thing.
Self control Rewards and punishments on one’s own
action.

25. Reference
 Chapter # 6 “LEADING”,
Topic = “REINFORCEMENT THEORY”.
Pg # = 55-57,
book = MARKETING AND MANAGEMENT by
“Dr. Nadeem Irfan Bukhari”.
 Michael K.McCuddy, Valpraiso University.
 study.com/.../reinforcement-theory-in-the-
workplace-definition-examples-quiz.html

26. Ch# 6