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C'DOTS FOR CANCER TREATMENT
- 1. CARBON DOTS What And Why? By Amit Kumar M.Sc. Biotechnology
- 2. CONTENT 1. What are C'dots ? 2. Properties of C'dots 3. Synthesis of C’dots 4. Applications of C’dots 5. New era of cancer treatment 6. References
- 3. What are C’dots? • First discovered by XU et al., in 2004 • Carbon dots (Cdots) have been acknowledged as discrete, quasispherical particles with sizes below 10 nm. • generally possess a sp2 conjugated core. • contain suitable oxygen content- COOH, OH, CHO.
- 4. Continued… • Wide attention has been focused on carbon-based quantum dots because of their good solubility and strong luminescence, for which they are referred to as carbon nanolights.
- 5. What are the properties of C’dots? 2.1. OPTICAL PROPERTIES 2.1.1 Adsorption 2.1.2 Fluorescence
- 9. Continued… 2.1.6 Up-conversion photoluminescence (UCPL) 2.1.7 Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) property
- 10. Continued… 2.2 Biocompatible 2.3 Excellent water solubility 2.4 Good conductivity 2.5 Photochemical stability 2.6 Low toxicity 2.7 Environmental friendliness
- 11. SYNTHESIS OF C’DOTS • Many methods have been proposed to prepare CQDs during the last decade, which can be roughly classified into “Top- down” and “Bottom-up” approaches, and they can be modified duringpreparation or post-treatment.
- 12. Continued… • Top-Down approach • slicing or successive cutting of a bulk material to get nano sized particle • Bottom-Up approach • the build up of a material from the bottom: atom by atom, molecule by molecule • Atom by atom deposition leads to formation of Self- assembly of atoms/molecules and clusters • These clusters come together to form self- assembled monolayers on the surface of substrate
- 13. Continued…
- 14. Continued… 3.1. Natural methods 3.1.1 C’dots using biomass 3.1.2 C’dots using plasma induced pyrolysis 3.1.3 C’dots from coffee grounds 3.1.4 C’dots using Pollen as carbon source 3.1.5 food wastes and harmful cyanobacteria 3.1.6 by carbonization of oleic acid
- 15. Diagrams for the large-scale synthesis of carbon dots by adopting (a) Chinese ink (b) orange juice (c) bee pollens (d) sucrose Continued…
- 16. 3.2. SYNTHETIC METHODS 3.2.1 Chemical ablation Continued… + Carbohydrates dehydration Dehydrated Carbohydrates C’DOTS Passivating with amine-terminated compounds A simple route to prepare luminescent CQDs in an aqueous solution by dehydrating carbohydrates with concentrated H2SO4, followed by breaking the carbonaceous materials into individual CQDs with HNO3, and finally passivating with amine-terminated compounds (4,7,10-trioxa-1,13- tridecanediamine).
- 17. Continued… 3.2.2 Electrochemical carbonization •via the electrochemical carbonization of low-molecular-weight alcohols •Two Pt sheets used as the working and auxiliary electrode •a calomel electrode: reference electrode •sizes and graphitization degrees ∝ applied potential
- 18. Continued… 3.2.3 Laser ablation nano-carbon material was dispersed in solvent the suspension was dropped into a glass cell. laser irradiation YAG pulsed laser 2H 532 nm supernatant containing the CQDs centrifugation
- 19. Continued… 3.2. 4. Microwave irradiation. •carbon source: sucrose •reaction media: diethylene glycol
- 20. Continued… 3.2.5. Hydrothermal/solvothermal treatment Firstly, graphene sheets obtained by thermal treatment of graphene oxide sheets were cut by mixed acids under mild ultrasonication. Subsquently the treated suspension was transferred to Teflon-lined autoclave to get small GQDs mainly distributed between 5 to 13 nm (average diameter: 9.6 nm). Later, they further modified their method by high-temperature thermally-treated graphene sheets on the strong alkaline condition to prepare wellcrystallized GQDs
- 21. The features of the different synthetic methods used for the preparation of CQD
- 23. Continued… 4.1 BIOMEDICINE 4.1.1 Bioimaging attractive to integrate multiimaging technology (MRI, OIM) for one agent for comprehensive understanding of the state of the illness. For in vivo imaging, the IO-CQDs were introduced into rats through intravenous injection. Fluorescence signals due to the IO-CQDs were observed in the spleen slide samples.
- 24. Continued… 4.1.2. Biosensor. • The CQDs-based biosensors can be used for visual monitoring of glucose, cellular copper, phosphate, iron, potassium, pH, and nucleic acid. • CQDs can be used as: for nucleic acid detection with selectivity single-base mismatch. (FRET) probe for detecting and imaging mitochondrial H2O2
- 25. Continued… 4.1.3. Biomedicine delivery system. • It is an attractiveprospect to combine medical therapy and bioimaging diagnostics for visual drug distribution and monitoring of their effects. A theranostic agent (CD-Oxa): anticancer agent (oxidized oxaliplatin, oxa(IV)–COOH) conjugated onto the surface of CDs containing amine groups. REMARK : it is possible to follow the track or distribution of the drug by monitoring the fluorescence signal of CD-Oxa, which helps customize the injection time and dosage of the medicine
- 26. Fluorescent carbon dots integrated hydrogels for lung cancer therapy • Due to inherent compatibility to living tissues, hydrogels can potentially serve as multifunctional vehicles for simultaneous loading of imaging agents and drugs for cancer therapy. • 5-FU has been proven effective against a variety of cancers including skin, colorectal, liver, breast, pancreatic and lung cancers with a known mechanism of action. Now a days , New era of cancer treatment involves 5FU and C’dots combination for cancer treatment. It was possible to combine the merits of both CDs and 5-FU on a common platform through hydrogels
- 27. Continued… Multifunctional carbon dots integrated hydrogels loaded with chemotherapeutic drug, 5-Fluorouracil (5- FU@CD-HY) for simultaneous monitoring of cellular uptake and triggering of apoptotic signalling pathway in cancer cells. Abbreviations used: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Carbon dots (CDs), Hydrogels (HY), B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl 2), basal cell lymphoma-extra large (bcl-xl), bcl 2 associated X protein (bax), bcl 2 associated death promoter (bad), cytochrome c (cyt c).
- 28. Continued… The interactions between the encapsulated drug and the hydrogels allowed a sustained release of drug for 48 h. The hydrogels displayed a slow release of 5-FU at physiological conditions (pH 7.4) compared to acidic environment. The 5-FU loaded hydrogels were able to significantly inhibit the growth of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner in contrast to non drug loaded counterparts. Therefore, hydrogels as a novel versatile means for synchronized bioimaging and controlled drug release in cancer theranostic applications.
- 29. REFERENCES Abhay Sachdev, Ishita Matai and P. Gopinath Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Carbon dots incorporated polymeric hydrogels as multifunctional platform for imaging and induction of apoptosis in lungcancer cells; 2016 May 1 Youfu Wang and Aiguo Hu* Carbon quantum dots: synthesis, properties and applications; Journal of Materials Chemistry C; The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Mhetaer Tuerhong, XU Yang2,, YIN Xue-Bo; Review on Carbon Dots and Their Applications; CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Volume 45, Issue 1, January 2017. Jia Zhang and Shu-Hong Yu; Carbon dots: large-scale synthesis, sensing and bioimaging; Materials Today Volume 19, Number 7 September 2016, ELSEVIER.