This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology, including: - Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society and social behavior. - Major sociological theories include structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. These theories examine social processes at the micro and macro levels. - Foundational thinkers who helped establish sociology as a discipline include Auguste Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber, and George Herbert Mead. Their work influenced major schools of thought.

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© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Kerry Ferris & Jill Stein
Lecture Slides
Chapter 1:
Sociology in the Real World
Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Question #1
Sociology is
a. the study of individual behavior.
b. the study of personal issues and illnesses.
c. the nonscientific study of small group interactions.
d. the scientific study of society and social behavior.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 2
Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Question #2
Ashley just got her driver’s license permit. Today is the first
day she
has ever driven a car. Without questioning why, Ashley begins
driving on the right side of the road. In sociological terms,

3. Ashley
can best be described as a/an
a. everyday actor.
b. social analyst.
c. astute teenager.
d. experienced driver.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 3
Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Question #3
Sociology, as a discipline, took root with a few key thinkers.
Match
the following three people with the appropriate key term or
idea:
a. Auguste Comte aa. coined the term survival of the fittest, and
his
philosophy is often referred to as “social
Darwinism”
b. Herbert Spencer bb. a precursor to naturalistic sociologists,
he
translated Introduction to Positive Philosophy into
English
c. Harriet Martineau cc. coined the term sociology and
developed
positivism as a theory
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 4

4. Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Question #4
Macrosociological theory is the study of grand social behavior
such
as social order, social change, and social inequality.
a. True
b. False
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 5
Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Question #5
Thomas has a degree in engineering, just as his father and
grandfather
do. His grandfather was able to get a job straight out of college
and stay
with the same company until he retired. But after trying for over
a year,
Thomas was only able to find contracted, hourly engineering
work. He
has decided to pursue a graduate degree with the hopes of
finding full-
time employment when he graduates. Using a sociological
imagination,
how might we better understand this change?
a. Thomas is part of a different economy and workforce than his
grandfather so
his experiences are different.
b. Thomas is not putting out enough effort so he is less
successful than his

5. grandfather.
c. Engineering is less important than it used to be.
d. Thomas probably interviews poorly.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 6
Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Question #6
Match each sociological perspective with its assumptions and
approach to understanding society:
a. structural functionalism aa. Meanings are created and
interpreted through interaction.
b. conflict theory bb. Society exists with patterns of
inequality and dominance.
c. symbolic interactionism cc. Society is an orderly and unified
system.
d. postmodernism dd. Social reality is diverse and best
explored via mini-narratives.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 7
What Is Sociology?
Sociology is one of the social sciences—disciplines that
examine the
human, or social, world.

6. • Everyday actor: someone who approaches the world by using
knowledge that is practical or taken for granted.
• Social analyst: someone who approaches the world by using
reasoning and questions to gain deeper insights.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 8
Sociology and the Social Sciences
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 9
What Is Sociology? Its Definition
• Sociology—the study of society
• According to Howard Becker, sociology is the study of people
“doing things together” because neither the individual nor
society
exist independently of one another.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 10
What Is Sociology? Its Interests
• Sociologists are interested in all aspects of society – a group
of
people who shape their lives in patterned ways that distinguish
their group from other groups

7. © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 11
What Is Sociology? Its Focus
Sociology looks at a broad range of institutions – structures in
our
society, like education, economics, and politics – to better
understand social relationships.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 12
What Is Sociology? Its Perspective
• Sociology can help you develop a sociological perspective—a
way
of looking at the world through a sociological lens.
• Sociologists have developed several approaches for
developing a
sociological perspective:
• The Beginner’s Mind
• Culture Shock
• Sociological Imagination
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 13
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
The Beginner’s Mind

8. • Just as it sounds, the “beginner’s
mind” is the opposite of an
expert’s mind.
• Bernard McGrane says that to
explore the social world, it is
important that we clear our
minds of stereotypes,
expectations, and opinions so
that we are more receptive to
our experiences.
14
Culture Shock
• Culture shock is the sense of disorientation you experience
upon
entering a new environment.
• Behaviors that are typical in one society or culture may seem
very
strange in another context.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 15
Sociological Imagination
• Sociological imagination is a term coined by C. Wright Mills.
• Mills says, “To understand social life, we must understand the

9. intersection between biography and history.”
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 16
Sociological Imagination (cont’d.)
• Sociological imagination is a quality of the mind that allows
us to
understand the relationship between our particular situation in
life and what is happening at a social level
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 17
Levels of Analysis
• Sociologists can use different levels of analysis to explore
social
relationships:
• Microsociology: examines small-group interactions to see how
they impact larger institutions in society
• Macrosociology: examines large-scale social structures to
determine how they impact groups and individuals
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 18
The Micro-Macro Continuum
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 19

10. Sociological Theories
•Theories in sociology are propositions that seek to explain the
social world and help to make predictions about future
events.
•Theories are also sometimes referred to as approaches,
schools of thought, paradigms, or perspectives.
• Sociological theories typically address social processes at
either
the microsociological or macrosociological level.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 20
Sociology’s Family Tree
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 21
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Sociology’s Roots: Auguste Comte
• Auguste Comte stated that
sociology needed to be treated
like any other scientific
discipline.
• He laid the groundwork for

11. future sociologists and helped to
establish the discipline.
22
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Sociology’s Roots: Harriet Martineau
• Harriet Martineau a social
activist who traveled the United
States and wrote about social
changes that were radical for this
time period.
• Martineau translated Comte’s
work into English, making his
ideas accessible to England and
America.
23
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Sociology’s Roots: Herbert Spencer
• Herbert Spencer was the first
great English-speaking sociologist.
• Spencer believed in evolution and
coined the phrase “survival of the
fittest.”

12. • He believed that societies evolve
through time by adapting to their
changing environment. His
philosophy is often referred to as
social Darwinism.
24
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Sociology’s Roots: Émile Durkheim
• Like Comte, Émile Durkheim
worked to establish sociology as an
important academic discipline.
• Durkheim studied the social factors
that bond and hold people
together.
• In Suicide, he studied the
relationship between social
isolation and suicide at the macro-
level.
25
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Sociology’s Roots: Karl Marx

13. • Karl Marx was a German philosopher
and political activist who contributed
significantly to sociology’s conflict
theory.
• Marx theorized that capitalism created
social inequality between the
bourgeoisie, who owned the means of
production (money, factories, natural
resources, and land), and the
proletariat, who were the workers.
• Marx predicted that inequality leads to
class conflict.
26
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Sociology’s Roots: Max Weber
• Max Weber also studied how
society was becoming
industrialized.
• He was concerned with the process
of rationalization, applying
economic logic to all human
activity.
• He believed that contemporary life
was filled with disenchantment, the
result of the dehumanizing features
of modern societies.

14. 27
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Sociology’s Roots: George Herbert Mead
•George Herbert Mead studied
the connection between
thought and action—or
between the individual and
society.
•Mead suggested that social
processes give meaning to
objects in our society—people
interact, and meanings come
from these interactions.
28
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Sociology’s Roots: Erving Goffman
• Erving Goffman studied how the
“self” is developed through
interactions with others in
society.
• Goffman used the term
dramaturgy to describe the way

15. people strategically
present themselves to others.
29
Schools of Thought
• Your book refers to paradigms, or schools of thought.
Paradigms
are ways of thinking, or “theoretical umbrellas,” meant to
provide
a broad explanation for the way things work.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 30
Schools of Thought (cont’d.)
• Structural functionalism:
• Society is viewed as an ordered system of interrelated parts, or
structures, which are the social institutions that make up
society (family, education, politics, the economy).
• Each of these different structures meets the needs of society
by
performing specific functions for the whole system (society).
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 31
Schools of Thought: Conflict Theory

16. • Conflict theory:
• Sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 32
Schools of Thought: Symbolic
Interactionism
• Symbolic interactionism:
• Sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes
that meanings are not inherent but rather are created through
interaction
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 33
New Theoretical Approaches: Feminist and
Race Theory
• Feminist theory:
• Looks at both gender inequalities in society and the way that
gender structures the social world and considers remedies to
these inequalities
• Critical race theory: the study of the relationship among race,
racism, and power
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 34
New Theoretical Approaches: Queer Theory

17. • Queer theory:
• Proposes that categories of sexual identity are social
constructs
and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or
normal
• Queer theory was inspired by gay and lesbian rights
movements
in the 1970s and ‘80s.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 35
New Theoretical Approaches:
Postmodernist Theory
• Postmodernist theory:
• Suggests that social reality is diverse, pluralistic, and
constantly
changing
• Postmodernism was a reaction to Modernism, a paradigm that
trusts in the power of science and technology to create
progress.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 36
Sociology and the Real World –
Concept Quiz Question #1
The social sciences include all of the following except

18. a. sociology.
b. psychology.
c. anthropology.
d. economics.
e. biology.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 37
Sociology and the Real World—Concept
Quiz Question #2
If you are a researcher interested in knowing how many people
in
your city live below the poverty line, you might get census data
to
find that information. Then, you could count the number of
people
that meet your criteria. What kind of research are you doing?
a. Quantitative
b. Qualitative
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 38
Sociology and the Real World—Concept
Quiz Question #3
If you are a researcher interested in the relationship between
cultural values and national suicide rates, your analysis will
likely
focus on social processes occurring at which level?
a. Micro
b. Macro

19. © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 39
Sociology and the Real World—Concept
Quiz Question #4
Structural Functionalist theorists are primarily concerned with
social processes at which of the follow levels of analysis?
a. Micro
b. Macro
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 40
Sociology and the Real World—Concept
Quiz Question #5
Dramaturgy, a term describing the strategic presentation of
ourselves to others, is related to which school of thought?
a. Structural Functionalism
b. Conflict Theory
c. Symbolic Interactionism
d. Queer Theory
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 41
Sociology and the Real World—Concept
Quiz Question #6
The sociological imagination gives us a way to look at the
world
beyond our own personal experience.

20. a. True
b. False
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 42
Sociology and the Real World—Concept
Quiz Question #7
Abstract propositions that both explain the social world and
make
predictions about future events are known as
a. theories.
b. social inequalities.
c. ideas.
d. social assumptions.
e. means of production.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 43
Sociology and the Real World—Concept
Quiz Question #8
What are paradigms?
a. Broad theoretical perspectives
b. Specific research methods
c. Dominant sociological applications
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 44

21. Sociology and the Real World—
Concept Quiz Question #9
Marx believed that there was a class struggle between
a. groups of people who worked alongside one another.
b. groups of people who practiced different religions.
c. people who owned the means of production versus people
who worked for a wage.
d. people who were born rich versus people who earned their
wealth.
e. people who were born poor versus people who fell into
poverty due to a poor work ethic.
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 45
Sociology and the Real World—
Concept Quiz Question #10
Which of these sociological paradigms has proved to be the
most
influential of the twentieth century?
a. structural functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionism
d. world-systems theory
e. critical race theory
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 46

22. Chapter 1: Participation Question #1
Are you a sociology major?
a. yes
b. no
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 47
Chapter 1: Participation Question #2
Have you ever taken a sociology class before?
a. yes
b. no
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 48
Chapter 1: Participation Question #3
After learning a little about the major theories in sociology,
which
of the following seems to appeal to you the most?
a. structural functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionism
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 49

23. Chapter 1: Participation Question #4
Have you applied your “sociological imagination” since reading
the
text?
a. Yes
b. No
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 50
Chapter 1: Data Workshop Activity
• Refer to the Data Workshop on pages 31 and 32 to prepare for
this
activity.
• Wait for your instructor to assign you to one of the three
theoretical frameworks noted in the exercise
• Answer the questions for your theoretical framework as listed
on
page 32.
• Be prepared to share your thoughts with the class!
© 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 51
This concludes the
Lecture PowerPoint for
Chapter 1

24. © 2018 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 52