Steel Industry

Steel Industry
Analysis of Indian Steel Industry
Submitted by: Purvi Tibrewalla Roll 146, Sec B.
Submitted to: Ms. Paramita Sarkar
1
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work presented in this Project entitled "Analysis of Indian Steel Industry" submitted to Ms. Paramita Sarkar full–time faculty
at Smt. J.D.Birla Institute (Department of Management), Kolkata is an authentic record of my original work. The total word count of this paper is
18113 words.
Purvi Tiberewalla
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
"A student is always incomplete without the guidance of his teachers."
The successful completion of a task is incomplete without mentioning the name of the person who extended his help and support in making it a
success. Firstly, I would like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
20 III.2. Steel production processes ................................................................................. 22 III.3. Types of steel
....................................................................................................... 24 III.4. Components of the cost of production ..............................................................
25 IV. Institutional Design ............................................................................................... 27 IV.1. Introduction
........................................................................................................ 27 IV.2. Policy regime for the Steel sector in India........................................................
28

5
IV.3. Role of Government ........................................................................................... 29 V. Performance of the Indian Steel Industry
............................................................ 30 V.1. Production of Steel ............................................................................................... 30 V.2. Steel
Producers In India ...................................................................................... 32 V.3. Export and Import Of Steel
................................................................................ 33 VI. Industry Analysis36 VI.1. Michael Porter's Five Forces Model
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Iron & Steel Industry in India
The objectives of the study are as follows: To analyze the top and bottom five Iron and Steel Industries in India Analyzing the trend of key ratios
across the top and bottom five Iron and Steel companies in India Finding the factors responsible in the production of Iron and Steel To analyze the data
of the associated factors and finding a model for demand in Indian Iron and Steel Industry in 2010 Overview The steel industry is a dynamic, innovative
sector, which is constantly adapting and refining itself to become more competitive in the market. The industry does this by developing new, improved
steel grades and production procedures that produce better and more cost–effective product lines for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the 1973–4 oil crisis put a brake on the fast pace of steel production growth and further led the global steel industry into a transformation era
lasting two decades. The period 1975–2000 was characterized by production stagnation, in terms of scale, and structural transformation driven by
widespread technological innovation which created 75% of the categories of steel products used today. Current Global Scenario In the year 2000, the
World Crude Steel production was 848 million tonnes, showing an impressive growth of 7.6% over the previous year. The world steel consumption
also rose by almost 8%. The international steel trade constituted around 303 million tons or 40.5% of the production. In 2001 and 2002, world crude
steel production was 833.70 million tonnes and 886.70 million tonnes, respectively. The following significant developments have been witnessed
recently in the global steel scenario: There has been a spate of mergers and acquisitions all over the world in the steel industry. This is a relatively new
development in the steel industry and is not confined only to companies within the same country but often involved cross border acquisitions and
mergers. China has emerged as the most vibrant market for steel production and consumption. The crisis of excess capacity and

Basics Of Steel Making : Oxygen Steelmaking And Electric...
As mentioned in the introductory part, there are two basics of steel making: oxygen steelmaking and electric arc furnace. Steel manufacturing sites,
sometimes–called integrated sites, use blast furnace to refine iron ore into steel. The most basic process applied by most steel manufacturing
companies if the Basic Oxygen Furnace to change iron into steel. At the site of production, liquid iron flows into the BOF section where pure oxygen
is blown into the iron at very high speed. The oxygen comes in through a lance put at the entrance of the BOF. This oxygen serves to eliminate carbon
and other impurities. The next step involves the addition of lime and certain fluxes to transform it into a liquid slag that absorbs impurities. Addition of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second basic in steel making is electric steelmaking. In this process, there is the employment of electric arc furnaces. The type of furnace takes
steel scrap, DRI, HBI, or pig iron as mentioned in the introduction. These forms of iron are solid; therefore, an electric arc furnace melts them to
produce steel. In the EAF, electricity is the main source of energy used to melt steel scrap (Engineer 's Handbook, 2004). Some furnaces may use
oxygen, carbon and hydrocarbon fuels to speed up the process. In this process, there is no need to remove much carbon, as is the case in the BOF
process. However, some impurities should be removed to increase the purity of the final steel produced. Regardless of the process used in steel making:
integrated sites or EAF, the most important thing is the economics, location or history. Available literature shows that at the beginning of steelmaking,
there was evidently little scrap traces. However, in today's production, it is hard to meet the demands for steel. The implication is that depletion is
taking effect in steelmaking processes.
Secondary Steelmaking Process Essentially, steel produced using the two processes discussed initially is the same except for minimal differences
that are crucial only in special grades. These procedures of steelmaking are a bit different at the secondary stages of steelmaking. Secondary stages are
called ladle metallurgy. The process happens after the tapping the crude steel from the BOF or EAF

Essay on Nucor Case Analysis
Nucor Corporation – Case Study and Recommendations on Strategy
Nucor Corporation – Case Study and Recommendations on Strategy
Introduction
Nucor Corporation: Competing against Low Cost Steel imports deals with leading steel manufacturer Nucor Corporation and trends in the steel
industry affecting Nucor. Steel manufacturing is an old business, but is currently facing the fast changes associated with new technologies, the rise of
globalization, and changes in cost and efficiency. To date, Nucor has maneuvered business cycles and market challenges to maintain a positive profit
margin in every quarter since 1966 (Thompson, 2008). The company's strategy of decentralized structure, focus on disruptive technology, unique
employee engagement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The increased level of empowerment allows each division manger control over day–to–day decisions that will increase profitability. This key success
factor contributes to mitigating threats related to price and cost including the cyclical nature of industry, raw material cost, and low cost competitors.
Strong Employee Relations – Nucor's employee relations practices were a key factor in their successful growth through the ability to produce steel at
margins that could compete with imports. Perhaps Nucor's most important key factor of success, the building of successful employee relations is more
difficult to imitate by competitors than tangible business factors.
Use of Disruptive Technology– Nucor has an extremely a strong technological focus. Their introduction of the mini–mill has proven to be industry
changing with the manufacture of raw sheet for the auto industry. Additionally Nucor introduced the first electric arc furnace, continuous casting, the
process to avoid reheating billits, and the twin shell furnace. The value added by Nucor technology in mitigating threats is proven by a high sales
volume and steady profits.
Strong leadership – While Nucor did have a decentralized management structure, it relied heavily on the aligned visions of managers under the
charismatic leadership of Ken Iverson. The company

The Iron Metal Of Steel
Introduction
Stainless Steel is a generic term for a large family of corrosion resistant alloys from iron (FE), are containing carbon (C) and chromium and may
contain other alloying elements to get different properties of steel like Nickels, Molybdenum, Titanium and Manganese.
Steel metal is the most common and most widely used in major construction industries because it 's can be malleability to sheets, beams and bars, and
also its very god to transfer the heat, electric and liable to Magnetization.
There are no limited period on the discovery of steel, but the period since 300 BC _ 200 BC is a period in which the human use of mild of steel , it's
been industries, home tools, war and hunting tools such as swords and shields.
The modern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into five type
Stainless steels can be divided into five categories:
1.Martensitic Stainless Steels:
These alloys have a chromium content that ranges from 11.50 to 18.00%. They have relatively high carbon content from 0.15 to 1.20% compared to
other stainless steels and molybdenum can also be used. These grades can be hardened through heat treatment to offer strength and hardness. They are
magnetic. The common uses are knife blades, surgical instruments, shafts.
2.Ferritic Stainless Steel:
Alloys In ferritic grades, carbon is kept to low levels (C<0.08%) and the chromium content can range from10.50 to 30.00%. only chromium is present as
the main metallic alloying element. Common uses are automotive exhaust systems (11.00%Cr), automotive trim (17.00%Cr–1.50%Mo), hot water
tanks (18.00%Cr–2.00%Mo–Ti).
3.Austenitic Stainless Steels:
Alloys In austenitic grades, carbon is usually kept to low levels (C < 0.08%). Chromium content ranges from 16.00 to 28.00% and nickel content ranges
from 3.50 to 32.00%. This chemical composition allows them to maintain an austenitic structure from cryogenic temperatures up to the melting point of
the alloy. These alloys cannot be hardened through heat treatment. The key properties of these types of stainless steel are excellent corrosion resistance,
ductility and

Case Study on Nucor Corp
Case 2: Nucor Corporation: Competing Against Low–cost Steel Imports
The Company, Nucor Corporation, started its operation in nuclear instrument and electronics business in early 1950s to early 1960s. Facing
bankruptcy, the board of directors opted for a new leadership and appointed Kenneth Iverson as president and CEO. He concluded that to be able to
avert bankruptcy is to exit the nuclear instrument and electronics business and rebuild the company around its subsidiary, Vulcraft, which is engaged in
steel joist business. After its integration, it has expanded its operation in steelmaking seeing opportunities on newly emerging technology to produce
steel more cheaply.
At the turn of the century, Nucor was the second largest steel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These strategies have been very effective in terms of expanding its resources as well as conceptualization of new technology (using electric arc furnace
as alternative to conventional furnace) and improvement of plant efficiency thru equipment upgrades. The usage of the technology has allowed low
investment cost for facilities and equipment that eliminated expensive steps in steel making. Also the use of scrap materials has lessened the
purchase of ore for steel making. Furthermore, joint ventures have given them option to join global market of steel producers. However, Nucor
should be also wary on possible entrants that could offer low cost steel which might be a reason for a loss of customers which in–turn loose potential
income and worst cut jobs.
Steel, being a commodity that is dictated by market demand, has been changing continually. But being a low cost provider, it has resulted to numerous
customers entering into non–cancellable contracts.
Organization and Management in Nucor had a simple and streamlined structure to allow employees to innovate and make quick decisions. The
company was highly decentralized with most day–to–day operating decisions made by division or plant level managers and their staff. When someone
is performing below expectations in

External Analysis Tools Pest, Porter 's Five Forces And...
1.The industry which Nucor operates can be described using the external analysis tools PEST, Porter's Five Forces and Major Strategic Groups.
Environmental Analysis – PEST
Political
State Tax Breaks: In the U.S., when a manufacturing firm is looking for a new location to set up operations, there is a large incentive for local
governments to offer large tax credits towards the organization in order to entice them to locate within their region. This is because the jobs that a
manufacturing plant brings greatly improve the prosperity of the region. An example of the tax breaks available is when Nucor opened a steel mill in
North Carolina costing $300 Million, Hertford County offered Nucor $155 Million in tax breaks to bring 300 jobs to the region.
Anti–Dumping Tariffs: During the early 2000's, U.S. Steel prices were plummeting to 20–year lows and all but the two largest manufacturers were
posting losses. In 2001, Bush posted anti–dumping tariffs in order to protect the US steel industry from bankruptcy. While this upset the World Trade
Organization, steel prices began to recover in 2002 and 2003 until Bush withdrew the tariff. In addition, China imposed their own three–year tariff on
Imports which improve steel prices as well.
Economic
Rising Energy and Ore Prices: Energy and ore prices have continued to increase, threatening integrated mill producers. In addition, U.S. steel scrap
prices have been increasing, affecting mini–mill producers the same. With these

The Use Of Secondary Steelmaking Techniques On The Control...
Introduction
The use of secondary steelmaking techniques has made a major input to the optimisation of inclusion population for the control of modern steel
properties. The development of new secondary steelmaking techniques was due to an increasing demand for improved and consistent qualities of high
grade steels for chemical, petroleum, aerospace, and nuclear industries (Kiessling, 1989).( pg45). Secondary steelmaking includes provision for
temperature control, bath agitation, efficient slag–metal interaction and precise addition of alloying elements and reactants. With those technologies of
secondary steelmaking process the number, size, morphology, and composition of inclusions can be controlled (Kiessling, 1989). (pg45).
The global demand for clean steel has increased in the last years due to the demand for better performance. There is need to develop steel with fewer
inclusions to improve performance. Steel inclusions impede performance as they may act as sources of crack growth and propagation. Some inclusions
affect steel properties such as fatigue, ductility and weldability. According to Riyahimalayeri et al. oxide inclusions reduce the rolling contact fatigue
life of steel products even when the total oxygen content is below the 10 ppm (Riyahimalayeri, et al., 2013). Inclusions like sulphur reduce steel
toughness which hinders performance. It is imperative to develop methods that are aimed at reducing steel inclusions for better performance. Improved
steel cleanness

Life Cycle Assessment Paper
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life–cycle assessment is a tool for systematically analyzing environmental
performance of products or processes over their entire life cycle, including raw material
extraction, manufacturing, use, and end–of–life (EOL) disposal and recycling (Cabeza et.al.
2013). Hence, LCA is often considered a "cradle to grave" approach to the evaluation of
environmental impact.
The concept of life cycle studies has been developed over the years, mainly in the
70's and 80's. Moreover, life cycle studies had focused on the quantification of energy and
materials used and wastes released into the environment throughout the life cycle. With the
current push toward sustainable construction, LCA has gained importance as an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, it also
includes Sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons carbon monoxide and
hydrogen fluoride.

Account for the Different Physical Properties and Uses of...
Diamond is a giant covalent network structure, having each Carbon atom sharing electrons with four other Carbon atoms, therefore having four single
covalent bonds formed. These Carbon covalent bonds are extremely strong and account for two of diamond's most prominent physical properties
among all elements, hardness and a high melting point. Diamond has a high melting point due to the fact that diamond is a covalent lattice, hence,
melting this covalent lattice involves breaking many strong covalent bonds. This melting process requires a large amount of energy and, as a result,
melting diamond requires a high temperature, approximately around 35500C. Having strong covalent bonds, diamond also has a high level of hardness
due to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It are these properties which allow graphite to be used to draw with (using a pencil), as the friction against weak intermolecular forces on paper causes
layers of graphite to rub off onto the paper. It is this layered structure and the weak bonding between the "sheets" that determines the soft slippery feel
of graphite, thus, creating graphite's self lubricating property. Being used a lubricant, graphite can be used at very high or low temperatures for many
different works, such as: steelmaking, wire die extrusion lubricant, gear lubricant for mining machinery and to lubricate locks. While natural graphite
can be used in zinc carbon batteries in electric motor brushes and other specific works.
From all of these uses, graphite also has the ability to conduct electricity, and we can the reason as to why when looking at the electron arrangement in
graphite. As each Carbon atom bonds to three other Carbon atoms, there is a fourth electron remaining in the bonding level. These remaining
electrons in each Carbon atom form into a "sea" of delocalised electrons, moving around the whole sheet of atoms in the one layer. It is the ability of
these delocalised electrons to move freely through their own Carbon layer, hence, making graphite a good conductor of electricity. Being a good
conductor of electricity graphite, can be used as electrodes to an arc lamp and to carry the electricity that heats electric arc furnaces.
Due to graphite's layered structure,

Welding History
History of Welding The history of welding has traveled from all around the world and has improved so much.Welding has believe to have started
from 4000 B.C. and is still going on right now. The people that are making these tools are called Blacksmith and still are called that right now even
from many years ago.The role of the Blacksmith was very diverse on how it was not just called a toolmaker but a dentist, or a doctor.The Blacksmith
was at the heart of every country and was often thought as a magician, due mostly to his great understanding the mastery of the iron working and the
ability to understand the metallurgy of that iron he used to get the result he wants. The Blacksmith made many type of tools and other objects out of
metal.

Nucor Steel Case Study
Nucor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nucor Corporation
TypePublic (NYSE: NUE)
S&P 500 Component
IndustrySteel & Iron
Founded1940
HeadquartersCharlotte, North Carolina, USA
Key peopleDaniel R. DiMicco, Chairman, CEO, & President
RevenueUS$ 11.2 Billion (FY 2009)[1]
Net incomeUS$ 293 million (FY 2009)[1]
Employees20,400 (2010)
Websitewww.nucor.com
Nucor Corporation (NYSE: NUE), a Fortune 300 company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, is one of the largest steel producers in the
United States, and the largest of the "mini–mill" operators (those using electric arc furnaces to melt scrap steel, as opposed to companies operating
integrated steel works with blast furnaces). Nucor claims to be North ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, Samuel Siegel, an accountant with Nuclear (and friend of Iverson) who had actively been looking to leave the company, informed the Board
of Directors he would remain with the company under two conditions: Iverson would become President and he (Siegel) would become Chief Financial
Officer, conditions the Board quickly accepted.
[edit]The Nucor Era
Iverson and Siegel quickly reorganized Nuclear around its only profitable business, steel–fabricator Vulcraft. All other businesses were either sold or
liquidated. The company moved its headquarters yet again, this time to Charlotte, North Carolina in 1966, to be closer to its main Vulcraft plant.
Unable to get favorable prices from American steel manufacturers, and unhappy with the imported steel available at the time, Iverson (a metallurgist by
training) decided to integrate Nuclear backwards into steel making by building its first steel bar mill in Darlington, South Carolina in 1968. The
company chose to purchase an electric arc furnace, which was far cheaper than the traditional steel blast furnace, courtesy of a US $6,000,000 bank
loan from Wachovia. Although the early days were tough (once the American steel manufacturers learned Nuclear was operating its own mill, they

Nucor Case Analysis Essay
Nucor Corporation Case Analysis
Section 1: Recommendations
Recommendation 1: To expand more internationally by building plants in lower property taxed areas with low tariffs to ship products out.
Recommendation 2: To put in place job descriptions for employees. By doing this it will save Nucor litigation fees and troubles if something arises in
the workplace between the employee and Nucor about job duties, injuries, etc.
Recommendation 3: Other than expanding internationally, Nucor should make joint ventures with suppliers to keep the cost down of the product. A
lot of scrap that is used is imported so it would be a good idea for Nucor to utilize that to reduce costs of making their products.
Section 2: Problem(s)
Even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another recommendation that I have for Nucor is instead of buying existing plant capacity, make new plants elsewhere or form a joint venture
with a supplier to help save money. (Exhibit 3) This would decrease cost of supplies so they would have the extra money to build elsewhere or
build a ne plant. By using the SWOT analysis (Exhibit 1) it let me break up Nucor into different parts to see what their strengths and weaknesses
are. Nucor is solid with technology and treating the employees correct but the weaknesses that affect Nucor are more market based with some
internal problems. Nucor has products for many different industries including automotive and housing. This can cause issues for Nucor if those
industries take a fall, which they have over the last 5 years. It's a good idea to be in these industries but Nucor has to realize what can happen to
sales and revenues when one or both of those industries take a fall. Nucor has been expanding more in the United States, recently just building a plant
in Louisiana (Exhibit 5). This plant will be a 750 million dollar purchase and will be a mill for pig iron. Nucor is expanding all over the United States
but needs more presence internationally plan and simple. Nucor is a solid company with shareholder equity increasing each year; they have a solid
stock in the NASDAQ market and continue to be a healthy steel company. They can and will

Construction Industry Council ( Cic )
Steel has been one of the key materials for a modern society from the past to these days, while its manufacture is one of the main contributors of carbon
emission in the world. In order to drive the construction industry to apply more sustainable materials, Construction Industry Council (CIC) has
launched a voluntary and Hong Kong–based Carbon Labelling Scheme for Construction Materials covering Cement, Reinforcing Bar, and Structural
Steel. Steel, being a very significant material in building industry in Hong Kong, has a considerable carbon footprint throughout its life cycle.
There are two different routes of steel making, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) and Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking (EAS).
Basic Oxygen Steelmaking is a primary steelmaking method, in which convert carbon–rich molten pig iron into steel due to oxidizing action. Oxygen
was blown into the melt under a basic slag. It is the most powerful and effective steel making method. The converter used for steel making is called
as Basic Oxygen Furnace. There is about 67% of steel in the world is produced using Basic Oxygen Steelmaking. The process of Basic Oxygen
Steelmaking was developed in 1948 by Robert Durrer and commercialized in 1952–1953 by Austrian VOEST and Г–AMG. The modern furnace takes
a charge of up to 350 tons iron and converts it into steel within 40 minutes.
The advantage of using Basic Oxygen Steelmaking is cost efficient, as it doesn't burn fuel. However, it requires the separate creation of

Recycling For A Green Economy
Recycling is a process where waste materials are transformed into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the
consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing
the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic production.
Steel is the most important material in construction simply because it always contains recycled content. It is completely recyclable at the end of its
product life and may be recycled an unlimited number of times without loss of quality. Steel is 100% recyclable, which means it can be reprocessed
into the same material of the same quality again and again. Also, it is easily recovered by magnetic separation. Once steel is produced, its life cycle
is potentially endless, making it a permanent resource for society as long as it is recovered at the end of each product life cycle. Recycling is especially
important in a green economy because it conserves valuable resources and prevents useful materials going to landfill sites as waste. There are two
main sources of recycled steel, also called steel scrap: excess material from steel production and downstream manufacturing (pre–consumer scrap), and
steel at the end of a product's life (post–consumer scrap). All types of steel can be recycled, including food tins, bottle tops, paint cans, aerosols, scrap
metal and even structural steel

How a Steel Mill Works
How A Steel Mill Works
The principal consumables employed in steel production are iron ore, coal, scrap metal and electrical energy. The importance of each of these
consumables depends upon the technological processes adopted at each mill. In a classic integrated mill, coal and iron ore are the main consumables.
In semi–integrated mills, scrap iron is the mainstay.
An integrated mill comprises four basic operations – reduction, refining, solidification, and rolling – to convert iron ore into semi–finished or finished
(rolled) steel products.
Reduction The objective is to convert iron ore – naturally occurring in the form of ferrous oxide – into pig iron.
In this operation, a coker converts coal into coke that is
then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among these are refractories, electrodes, and alloying elements.
Refractories are materials that work as thermal isolators and are used to coat critical steel mill equipment such as blast furnaces, ladles, and converters.
Their main function is to protect the equipment from extreme temperatures and to minimize wear and tear.
Electrodes constitute an important input in the operation of electric steel mills.
Alloying elements Metals such as zinc, tin, chrome and aluminum are employed in steel alloy production.
A steel mill uses industrial gases extensively. In addition to the jet of oxygen–fed converters in integrated mills, oxygen is frequently injected into blast
furnaces and electric furnances to improve overall operating conditions. Given the volume of oxygen utilized, steel mills usually house one or more
oxygen producing units. This used to be integrated vertically into the steelworks themselves. However, in recent years, initiatives have been widely
employed to outsource this operation to specialized companies.
There are also non–integrated manufacturers which operate via a single processing phase: reduction or rolling.
In the first case are pig iron producers, the so–called ironers, that utilize coal in blast furnaces to make pig iron. In the second case are the re–rollers of
plates and billets acquired from integrated or

Novel Signal Processing For Fast Fault Detection
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT "Novel Signal Processing For Fast Fault Detection"
UNDER SUPERVISION OF:
Mr. Sandeep Kharate Larsen & Toubro Limited
Electrical & Automation
L&T Business Park
Gate 5, TC–2, Level 7,
Powai Campus, Saki Vihar Road,
Mumbai 400 072, INDIA
Submitted by:
NIKHIL KUMAR SHARMA
B.TECH. IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING WITH M.TECH. IN POWER ELECTRONICS
ENROLLMENT NO.–12212006 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE
Acknowledgement
We cannot achieve anything worthwhile in the field of technical education unless or until the theoretical education acquired in the classroom is
effectively wedded to its practical approach that is taking place in the modern industries and research institutes. It gives who were associated with our
training at Larsen & Toubro Limited.
First of all thankful to Larsen & Toubro Limited for providing me with an opportunity to undergo my training at Larsen & Toubro Limited, Electrical &
Automation, Powai Campus.
I express my gratitude to L&T authorities for allowing me to undergo our training in this prestigious organization. My most thanks to Mr. Sandeep
Kharate, Mr. Kedar Purandare and Ms. Swati Tandon, L&T, Powai without their kind & best benedictions this training work would have been
impossible. I will always remain indebted to them for their constant interest & excellent gratitude in this project work. Moreover for providing me an
opportunity to work gain experience.
Ms. Swati

Lehigh Steel
[pic]
Managerial Accounting and Control–II
Case: Lehigh Steel
Date of submission: 16 December 2011
Sec: E Group: 4
Group Members:
Anand Muralidharan
Divay Manhas
Nallaballe Mayur
Dharmendra S
Sumit Kumar Saha
Susmita Lakra
Sangana Vinod Babu
Executive Summary:
Lehigh Steel is a company specialised in the production of specialty steels for high strength, high use applications. In 1988 the company experienced
record profits, but then in 1991, it reported record losses due to the decreasing demand as a result of recession. After the crisis, the demand rose again,
but Lehigh Steel could not transform its revenue into profits. Therefore the management at Lehigh decided to rationalize the product mix to address the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cost was a significant competitive weapon in determining share and profits. Efficient short production runs were required in order to avoid inventory

build up of customized products. Industry profitability fluctuated widely ranging from –16.7% to 5.0%.
1.3 Market and Products:
Customers were classified into 33 market segments ranging from original equipment manufacturers to forge shops, distributors to metal workers.
Lehigh had 7 product lines – Alloy, Bearing, Conversion, Corrosion, Die Steel, High Speed and High Temp– of which three – Alloy, Die Steel and
High Speed comprised 70% of sales.
Die steel was steel strengthened for use in machine dies and molds.
High speed products served endurance applications, such as mental cutting and punching, and were narrower in focus.
Alloys were used in aerospace frames, landing gears, missile cases and fasteners.
Lehigh also carried niche products lines – Bearing, Corrosion and High temp – whose volume fluctuated with market conditions.
Conversion process was also carried out which involved the processing the non Lehigh owned materials on the CRM. The company product hierarchy
was in the following order: product lines, grades, shapes, SKUs.
1.4 Production Operations:
Scrap steel was the primary raw material which was recycled.
Production process involved 6 steps:
1. Melting: The scrap compound was melted in the Electric Arc Furnace, where

The Demand For Steel Mill Products
Macro–Environment
Nucor Corporation is the largest manufacturer of steel and steel products in North America. The worldwide industry in which Nucor competes had
record years of crude steel production in 2010 and 2011. Steel making capacity worldwide was approximately 2,090 million tons in 2011, resulting in a
2011 capacity utilization rate of 80 percent versus just 75 percent in 2010. The demand for steel mill products had grown 5.5 percent annually since
2000, but between 2000 and 2011 there have been periods of both strong and weak demand. Weak demand caused over supplied conditions in the steel
industry worldwide and allowed Nucor to expand via acquisition. Steel product segments include the production of steel deck, steel joists ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Open hearth processing has become obsolete and continuous casting and the electric arc furnace has been adopted. Information on the world steel
industry including growth rates and production is listed in Exhibit 1.
Competitive Forces Rivalry in the steel industry is intense and price is the main factor for differentiation among competitors. Steel products are
considered commodities and quality can be inconsistent on occasion, for the most part, steel plants turn out products of comparable metallurgical
quality. The threat of new entry into the market is moderate. There are several entry barriers to overcome, product differentiation being one of them;
however, costs would be the main barrier. The cost of raw materials can be very high since they are usually purchased in large quantities. Minimizing
fixed costs can also be very challenging. Competition from substitutes is considered low. There are few substitutes for steel at this time. Steel is used
for its strength and durability in auto manufacturing and in construction. As technology advances there are possibilities for alternative materials in the
future. Supplier bargaining power is a high to moderate threat. Raw materials can be one of the largest costs for a company so suppliers often have
the upper hand. Having a cost effective strategy for the supply of raw materials can have a huge effect on a company's bottom line. Many firms choose
to establish a joint venture with

Components Of Engineering Design And Analysis
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. ENGINEERING MATERIALS Materials are an important aspect of engineering design and analysis. The
importance of engineering materials can be noted from the fact that historical ages have been named after materials. Materials Science forms the basic
foundation for engineers in product development because the structures, components, and devices that design are limited by the properties of the
materials. In the customer driven competitive business environment, the product quality is of paramount importance [1]. The product or end
application quality has been found to be influenced by the engineering design, type of materials selected and the processing technology employed.
Therefore, the importance of engineering materials and their process techniques are art of today's engineering world. There are wide categories of
materials available which have shown their potential in various engineering applications ranging from aerospace to household. The materials are
usually selected by considering their properties, specific application areas, advantages and limitations. The challenge for designers is to select an
optimal material suitable for the specific design requirements. The complex design need in modern science generally lead to development of newer
materials to meet the specific operating conditions and regimes [1]. The new materials are today developed from the conventional materials by both
structural and surface (extrinsic) modifications. In

Work Study And Observation Of The Methods Of Carrying Out...
WORK STUDY & OBSERVATION
5.1) WORK STUDY:–
Work study is a term for techniques, particularly method study and time study, which are used for the examination of human work in all its contexts,
and which lead systematically to investigation of all the factors which affect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed, in order to
seek Improvement in performance & productivity.
Work study analyzes the work done in an organization and aims at finding the best and the most efficient way of utilizing the available resources (man,
material, money and machinery to achieve best possible quality work in minimum possible time.
Work Study is the systematic examination of the methods of carrying out activities such as to improve the effective use of resources and to set up
standards of performance for the activities carried out.
With the help of the work study technique we can analyze the whole process, identify the unnecessary movements & process which we can reduce or
eliminate. Work study normally involves, a) Method study, b) Time study,
Fig 5.1 WORK STUDY [12]
5.2) METHOD STUDY:–
Method Study is the systematic recording technique and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work & process, as a means of
developing and applying easier and more efficient way and reducing costs.Method study is the process of subjecting work to systematic, critical
observation to make it more effective and/or more

The Steam Engine and Electricity Powered the Industrial...
The Steam Engine and Electricity Powered the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was an extremely important historical process in which the societies and cultures in the West, and then throughout the world,
transformed under the influence of technological and scientific progress. The Western world, as industrialized as it is today, is the final result. Two
major inventions, the steam engine and electricity, were both crucial parts of the technological progress that turned the wheels of the Industrial
Revolution.
According to World History From 1500 by J. Michael Allen and James B. Allen, the Industrial Revolution could not have happened without a new,
reliable source of power (144). The steam engine became such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1765 a brilliant Scottish inventor James Watt made a major improvement to the Newcomen's engine; the resulting new engine required 75 percent
less fuel. According to the History Channel presentation, Money and Power, the new invention got immediate attention of a Scottish businessman
Roebuck, who bought two thirds of the patent. Later, unfortunately, the partnership fell apart, and Watt found a new partner in 1774, Matthew
Boulton. Together they built a new water pump engine in five months, and by 1776 a few of the pumps were already in service. The new engine was
far more affordable and efficient than Newcomen's engine and greatly improved the production in the areas it was used. But more tasks were awaiting
the steam engine; new machines in various branches of industry needed power. As Egon Larsen writes in A History of Invention, "Boulton badgered
Watt to think of ways and means to convert the reciprocating movement of the engine into a rotary one for use in factories and, later perhaps, for
vehicles and ships" (37). Watt produced at least five different solutions. So, in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, Watt's engines were running all
over Britain and abroad serving as pumps, blasting furnaces, and driving machinery in factories. As a result of these applications, "In 1800 Great
Britain was producing more coal and iron than the rest of the world combined: 12 million tons of coal

Structural Steel And Sustainability Of Construction Materials
Structural Steel and Sustainability The sustainability of construction materials is a huge topic in today's world of engineering. Finding a way to
improve the efficiency, costs, and environmental impact of construction is a key discussion topic. When it comes to structural steel being used today,
our society is pushing towards the use of "green" steel. This term is used to represent the life cycle of steel as well as the production of structural steel.
While most construction materials differ significantly from one another, structural steel is manufactured from recycled materials, but only at a limited
number of locations. Another important aspect of green steel is the cradle–to–cradle process that it goes through. The cradle–to–cradle ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over ninety percent of structural steel is able to be obtained from recycled materials; only two percent of steel goes into landfills after the use of its
lifetime, while the other ninety–eight percent is used again for other buildings and needs. One thing to keep in mind is that once the steel is recycled,
it does not lose any of its attributes and is not considered to be down–cycled. Structural steel is able to maintain all of it characteristics and can be used
to build just about anything. Not only do buildings being constructed today have recycled steel from old structures, but they can also contain material
from old vehicles and appliances. A very important component ofrecycling structural steel is mill production. The cradle–to–cradle nature of steel has
caused an increase in efficiency and waste utilization of steel mills. The recycling process has improved so much over the years that we are even
able to capture the dust that is produced in the process and in turn use it to our advantage. Mill production has become very efficient and will only
improve as our electric grid improves. As the electric grids across the United States become more renewable, we will in turn be able to decrease the
carbon footprint left behind by steel production. Since 1980, we have been able to produce the same amount of steel at almost twelve hours faster.
Today we are able to produce

Pcb Case Study
Association between blood levels of PCDDs/PCDFs/dioxin–like PCBs and history of allergic and other disease in the Japanese population
Nakamoto et al. conducted a cross–sectional study on over 2000 Japanese women and men exposed to background, rather than occupational or
war–time, levels of dioxins including PCDDs, PCDFs, dioxin–like PCBs. Dioxins in this study were likely present because of combustion of
chlorinated materials and older manufactured electronics components. The study participants lived in urban areas, farming and fishing villages for at
least ten consecutive years and had no concomitant occupational exposure to dioxins. They had a mean age of 43.5 В± 13.6 years in men and 45.3 В±
14.0 years in women. Participants volunteered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study showed a non–complicated hypertension risk ratio of 2.23 and an RR of 2.01 in cases of complicated hypertension, defined as hypertension
with organ damage (17). Circulating levels of p,p'–DDE are related to prevalent hypertension in the elderly
This study included 1016 participants who were ethnically–Caucasian men and women aged 70 or older living in Uppsala, Sweden. Average supine
blood pressure was calculated via three sphygmomanometer measurements after 30 minutes of rest. Lind et al. measured a set of 23 POPs in the serum
using high–resolution chromatography/ high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), including 16 PCB congeners, 5 OC pesticides, OCDD,
and one brominated biphenyl ether congener, and lipid normalized the values. They used a logistic regression model to assess POP levels and
prevalent hypertension, defined as measured BP в‰Ґ 140/90 mmHg or use of antihypertensives, adjusting for gender, BMI, smoking status, exercise,
and education. Circulating lipid–normalized POP levels PCB 180, 138, 170, and 1,1–Dichloro–2,2–bis(4–dichlordiphenyl) ethylene (DDE) were among
the highest of the COIs. They did not find a clear relationship between TEQ and hypertension, and with

The Calcium Carbide Industries Incident
Introduction
We use commercial goods in our everyday lives that are made from thousands of different chemicals, but large use of these chemicals in manufacturing
industries are subject to accidental spills, fires, and explosions. The following summary is just one example out of any where incidents have occurred at
chemical manufacturing facilities where tragedy occurred.
Calcium Carbide Industries Incident
On Monday, March 11, 2011, Carbide Industries, located in the Rubbertown area of Louisville, Kentucky, suffered two major explosions and a fire,
when water leaked into an electric arc furnace (EAF) and over pressurized, spewing contents heated to 3800 degrees Fahrenheit. According to the U.S.
Chemical Safety Board (2013), the furnace ejected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to, training personnel to act as on–site emergency responders and communicating with the local fire departments on identifying where
responders are needed should another incident occur. As noted in the final incident report, "a mechanical integrity program for the electric arc furnace
and cover, including preventive maintenance based on periodic inspections, and timely replacement of the furnace cover" (CBS,

Power Quality Audit In Electrical Utilities. (User Defined
POWER QUALITY AUDIT IN ELECTRICAL UTILITIES
(User Defined Project)
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Nirav Patel (130990109035)
Kenil Gandhi (130990109009)
Digpal Mahida (130990109020)
Guided by
Mr. Praful P. Chudasama
Head, Dept. of Electrical Engineering
In fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SHROFF S.R. ROTARY INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, VATARIA
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
SHROFF S.R. ROTARY INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, VATARIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "POWER QUALITY ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chudasama
Head of Dept.
Dept. of Electrical Engg.
Head of Department
Dept. of Electrical Engg. Praful P. Chudasama Acknowledgement
"Acknowledgment is an art, one can write glib stanzas
Without meaning a word on the other hand one Can make a simple expression of gratitude."
We convey our heartfelt gratitude to all the respected ones from whom we have got considerable support and encouragement during the Project work
session of semester 7th. It is the matter of appreciating the respected, highly esteemed and the knowledgeable devoted guides of College.
We would hereby like to express our profound sense of gratitude to Mr. Praful P. Chudasama, Head
–Department of Electrical Engineering, SRICT for
being our project internal guide, who guided us through the project also gave valuable suggestions and guidance for completion of the part of project
in semester 7.
Respected guide helped us to understand the intricate issues involved in project doing besides effectively presenting it. These intricacies would have
been lost otherwise.

India Technological University For Projects
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are utmost thankful to Gujarat Technological University for including projects in our curriculum. We as students have learned a lot and will
continue doing so for the rest of the time period of the project. Thanks to our internal guide Prof. Parita Giri for a search–light guidance in our project.
They helped us quite for project and report both. Special thanks to our HOD C.D. Kotawal for opening up a new way of seeing things and doing
projects. With his unflinching directions and clear mind he illuminated us. And last but not the least our parents and friends for their patience, love and
care while we dragged through this venture. For standing by us in toughest of time, we thank them. Above all, to GOD, almighty, we bow and lay
down our sincere prayers and thank him. ABSTRACT
The project is designed to minimize penalty for industrial units by using automatic power factor correction unit with the help of zig–bee. Power factor
is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. This definition is often mathematically represented as KW/KVA, where the numerator is the
active (real) power and the denominator is the (active + reactive) or apparent power. Reactive power is the non working power generated by the
magnetic and inductive loads, to generate magnetic flux. The increase in reactive power increases the apparent power, so the power factor also
decreases. Having low power factor, the industry needs

The Steel Industry in the USA
The Steel Industry in the USA Steel has been part of the greatest achievements in history. It was the "iron horse" andsteel rails that helped carve a
nation out of the frontier. Steel is the backbone of bridges, the skeleton of skyscrapers and the framework of automobiles. Now in the 21st century, it
is still revolutionizing the way we live. It is high strength frames for eyeglasses; it is a strong durable frame in housing and it's precise surgical
instruments used in hospital operating rooms around the world. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the workers, modernization has meant learning new skills to operate sophisticated equipment. Competition also has resulted in increasing
specialization of steel production as various producers attempt to capture different niches in the market. As international and domestic competition
continue for U. S steel producers, the nature of the industry and the jobs of its workers are expected to continue to change.
Domestic steel prices declined significantly during 1998 and 1999, allegedly because of dumping of subsidized, low–priced steel products onto the U.S
market by foreign producers. The steel industry appealed to the Government for vigorous enforcement of trade laws in response to the alleged dumping
and received support from the U.S. Department of Commerce in the form of antidumping duty margins against several countries. Later, the
International Trade Commission ruled against the industry claiming that the industry did not suffer irreparable damage from the extra imports. (4)
The U. S Antidumping Act of September 8, 1916 allows civil actions and criminal proceedings to be brought against importers who "commonly and
systematically' have imported or sold foreign–produced goods in the United States at prices which are 'substantially less' than the prices at which the
same products are sold in a relevant foreign market, provided that such action is

The Patent Infringement And The Judicial Present Situation
5.China's patent indirect infringement system legislation and the judicial present situation
As mentioned above, China has not set up the patent indirect infringement system, but the debate on the doctrine of indirect infringement of patent has
been going on for many years.
5.3 indirect infringement of patent in judicial practice
Phenomenons of indirect patent infringement in China have become increasingly serious, howeverпјЊas mentioned aboveпјЊthe system of indirect
infringement is not prescribed in Chinese patent law, thereforeпјЊalthough there have been a number of judicial practice of indirect patent
infringement cases, there are still no general rulesпјЊ the trial basis of indirect patent infringement cases in courts across the country is inconsistent.
Many judges use Article 130 of the General Principles of the Civil Law and Article 148 of the Supreme People 's Court 's (SPC) Opinions on Several
Issues Relating to the Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law as trial basis, while others follow indirect infringement of patent
principles directly to judge infringement.
Three particular cases will be described in detail below.
5.3.1 Case1: Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Plant v. Taiyuan Electronic System Engineering Corporation
In this case, The plaintiff , Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Plant (HMP) was offered anutility model patent ZL85203717 of "magnetic–mirror type direct
current electric arc furnace" in August 1986. In February 1992, one of HMP's service inventors

The United States Steel Industry
Steel has an intricate past and present. When scientist discovered how to mass–produce steel the moment marked the modern society's genesis. During
that time, the United States Steel Corporation dominated the steel industry. Today, the steel industry sees competition not only from native business
but from abroad as well. Steel is used in almost every major commercial load bearing structure. Combined global competition and mixed uses has
increased the need for civil engineers to conduct specialized research.
A Brave New World
The United States steel industry has a rich history. America started its love affair with steel in the mid–1800's when Sir Henry Bessemer of England
engineered what is today known as the Bessemer Process. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States Steel Corporation led the field in steel production in early America. As of 2015, the United States Steel Corporation is still a major
player in the industry, but they also compete against giants such as the Nucor Corporation, Steel Dynamics Incorporated, ArcelorMittal USA and AK
Steel Holding Corporation and the AK Steel Holding Corporation. In all, there are approximately 50 major steel manufacturers in the United States.
Three quarters of these manufacturers hold membership in the Steel Manufacturers Association. Collectively, these member companies employ over a
half million workers. The group works together to set industry standards the server the interest of the public and its members. They regulate steel
industry policy in areas such as operations, environment, human resources, safety and transportation. These industry regulations create a demand for
civil engineers who can carry out these objectives.
The Role of Steel in Modern Construction
Steel is a very versatile building material. Construction companies use steel in a variety of settings. The most notable setting is in the building
construction arena. Steel serves as the backbone of some of the most strikingly beautiful structures in the United States. Designing these buildings so
that they are safe, to its occupants and the environment is a formidable feat. These projects are so formidable that several engineers may have to work
on a single project within specialty scopes

Nucor's Company Culture
Nucor has followed a low–cost provider strategy that permeates throughout Nucor's company culture. There are no company planes or cars, executives
have modestly furnished offices, there are no reserved parking spaces, no company–paid country club memberships, or other perks. Former CEO Ken
Iverson flew coach class and even took the subway in New York City to set an example for the rest of the organization. Nucor boasts a lean
organizational structure with incentive–laden compensation systems and highly efficient steel mills, all with the purpose of keeping costs down.
Nucor's cost leadership strategy is built upon superior technology. They have made substantial investments in their 23 steel mills to maximize
manufacturing efficiency and minimize

Nucor Corporation
NUCOR COrp.| Final Report| Submitted to Dr. Vitton| | Nick Pickard, Kyle Nelson, Nathan Elness– Team 6| 11/27/2012|
Completed as a partial requirement for Mgmt 475: Strategic Management in the 11:00 AM Section.|
Table of Contents: Introduction.2
Industry Analysis.....................................................................................................................................................3
Marketing....................................................................................................................................................................6
Production/Operations.............................................................................................................................................9
Financial Analysis.....................................................................................................................................................14
Appendixes:
A. Works Cited17
B. SWOT Analysis.....................................................................................................................................................18
C. Nucor Ratio ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Boyd, 2000) Another trend is the growing demand for scrap metal. In 1994 prices jumped from 50–170$ per ton with 10 percent of scrap metal being
exported to offshore customers according to metalprices.com. Now currently scrap metal is near $300/ton. This makes it more expensive for steel
companies like Nucor to buy back the steel and recycle it.
–Other notable trends involve European production as well as new Antidumping rulings.
Industry Key success factors
To be successful in the steel industry a company must be very innovative and able to differentiate their products from the next guy. Steel is steel and it
is not important as to how it is packaged or how it looks but whether it serves the customer's needs. In order to be successful production must be
efficient, delivery must be on time, and innovation is the key.
Competition
Being a steel manufacturer there is a lot of competition that Nucor faces. U.S. Steel and Alcoa are two large competitors with similar financial figures
and both are ranked between 100 and 200 on the Fortune 500 company list. Below are some financial ratio comparisons between Nucor and these top
two competitors.
Industry financial ratios
Industry averages for metal manufacturer/distributors

*Current: 2.1 Quick: 1.2 Inventory Turnover: 7.1 Return on Total Assets: 9.8 Cash Flow to Total Debt: .2
*Numbers are from the Almanac of Business and Industrial Financial Ratios
Nucor vs.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Flexible AC Transmission...
A Power system is an connection of generators to load centres. Through H.V. electrical lines & in general is controlled mechanically. It can be divided
into 3 subsystems: Generation, X'mission and Distribution–systems. The electric power demand is Growing and building of new generating units &
transmission circuits is becoming difficult because of environmental & economic reasons. So, power utilities are forced to depend on utilization of
existing generating units and to load existing lines close to their heating limits.
In 1980s the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has introduced a new technology program known as Flexible AC Transmission System (FATCS).
Idea of program was to increase controllability and optimization of utilization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current has larger values for lower and higher values of excitation. In between, the current has minimum value corresponding to a particular
excitation. The variations of I with excitation are known as V curves.
For the same mechanical load, the armature current varies with field excitation over a wide range. When over–excited, the motor supplies vars to the
grid and when under–excited it absorbs vars from the grid.
Disadvantages of Sync Condensers:
Considerable losses in the motor.
Maintenance cost is high due to rotating component.
At low power rating the cost is high compared to static capacitors method.
As the synchronous equipment is not self–starting, so extra excitation equipment is needed for that purpose.
Hence we opt to use the SVCS instead of Synchronous Condensers.
2.3 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
–
Static VAR compensator– it's a set of devices to provide fast–acting reactive power on high–voltage electricity X'mission networks. SVCs are part of
the FACTS family, regulating voltage,power factor; harmonics & stabilizing the system. SVC has no significant moving parts (except internal
switchgear).
SVC is an automated impedance matching device. SVCs are used for:
Connected to the power system, to regulate the transmission voltage ("Transmission

Global Warming And Its Effects On The Environment Essay
There's no argument about it now, global warming exists and is a problem. More and more people are becoming concerned with greenhouse gases'
effects on the environment as well as humans' effects on the environment through our carbon footprint. Many activities humans participate in help add
to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increase the size and the effect of the carbon footprint humanity is leaving behind. The carbon footprint
is the amount of carbon the humans create as waste through many processes such as the burning of fossil fuels and more. Recycling is one of the first
ideas used to combat pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. However, many people still argue recycling's effectiveness and whether the processes
are helping and if the processes are worth the money. Recycling helps reduce the carbon footprint by reusing multiple types of materials, reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, as well as creating alternative sources of energy. Recycling's main idea is to reuse materials from past products that
were already created and are no longer used or just the simple reuse of a product the way it is. The recycling of old materials reduces the need to
create or harvest raw materials in which both of those processes release large amounts of greenhouse gases. Most people know of recycling paper and
plastic, but many more types of materials can be reused like metals and textiles. B. Zamani, M. SvanstrГ¶m, G. Peters, and T. Rydberg (2015) state that
"the reuse of

Technology And Innovation : A Competitive Advantage
– Adaptation: to be survived, after suffer through several money–losing and facing bankruptcy, in 1964, the firm moved forward from the nuclear
industry to steel industry.
– Technology and innovation: that is the central strength of the firm, because they can reduce using of the amount the resources as well as making
plants with environment–friendly, for instance in 2005–2006, the firm was regarded as the low–cost steel producer and technologically innovative steel
producer in the USA. And
– Using energy efficient Electric Arc Furnaces and mini–mills to produce both hot and cold rolled steel. By supplementing raw material requirements
with scrap and scrap steel substitutes
– Non–stop innovations that allow Nucor to hold its technological edge in the competition. The firm is always improving its business cycle through the
use of continuing innovation as well as it was the industry leader when it comes to innovation.
– The emphasis on cost control: To be a competitive advantage the market with little product differentiation. Therefore, the price is the major
competitive factor. One of Nucor 's core competencies is that its expertise in remaining costs low whereby adopting technology innovation that supports
in production.
– Strong & unique management philosophy, Strong and efficient leadership combined with a pool of talented and productive workforce for instance: it
had a good philosophy of empowering its worker and minimising the inefficient levels that plagues firm, the

Steel Making Methods
Steel Making Methods
| Advantages| Disadvantages| Basic Oxygen Furnaces| * Very high production rates and low residual element * Does not burn fuel| * Good efficiency
requires large amount of pig iron to continue production. * Requires costly filtering process due to high levels of pollutants produced. * High
refurbishing costs. * High dependence on blast furnace/coking.| Electric Arc Furnaces| * Minimal emissions/pollution. * Filtering of scrap not
necessary. * Easy temperature control. * Precise alloying. * Economical to use scrap metal. * Contamination free. * Simultaneous deep deoxidising and
desulfurization actions.| * Excessive electricity required. * Requires a steady supply of scrap ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Case Hardening Methods
Case hardening crucial for steel components that are subjected to severe or continuous impacts, high temperatures and high pressures. It is a heat
treatment process that produces the required attributes of a hard, wear and fatigue resistant surface layer whilst maintaining a tough, durable core that
allows for high stress situations. These properties are achieved by altering the chemical, metallurgical and physical properties of the components
exterior without affecting its more ductile interior. For gears, case hardening is required to prevent pitting and deformation of the gears teeth under
cyclic stresses. This method is preferred to through hardening, which is the uniform hardening of the entire component, as hardened metal is relatively
less ductile and although strong, would not offer the same degree of toughness desired at its core.
There are several different case hardening techniques used in the manufacturing industry. The different methods determine which physical properties,
(such as surface hardness, strength, ductility, case depth and wear resistance) the component gets. This can be done by altering temperatures, heat
source, time period, and quench media.
Carburising
This is a diffusion–based process used on low–carbon or mild steels where a component is subjected to thermochemical phases. The component is
packed in a carbon–rich environment at high

Pollution: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Solar Energy
Herman Wong 8H Solar Energy
There are lots of pollution problem around the world, we have urban air pollution, contaminated water source, industrial mining but the worst of them
all, pollution caused by petroleum. Petroleum or fossil fuel is our main energy source in today's world, but it has caused pollution in variety of ways. It
caused environmental pollution, the hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum is toxic to many living things including humans, it also has sulfur and
nitrogen compounds which can cause chemical reactions with our environment and produce poisonous chemicals. It can also pollute our environment
through adequately frequent oil spills. In 1 of the largest oil spills ever in history, the Sea Island Installations, Persian Gulf oil spill in Kuwait 1991
has caused 240,000,000 gallons of oil being lost and the mass is equivalent to 816,000 tons. These oil spills cause ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Solar Energy has lots of advantages, such as:
It is renewable, we have an infinite amount of energy from this source, not like fossil fuel, since fossil fuel needs lots of time to be produced by nature
and sunlight is here whenever its not at night. It has potential because if the amount of sunlight the earth is exposed to is transferred to energy, we
would have 20,00 times more energy than we needed and most importantly it is Environmental Friendly, a factor petroleum does not have, Solar
Energy produces no pollution while using it to produce energy[4], therefore I think it can clean up the world's pollution problem.
Solar Energy has created an impact in different places around the

Essay On Internship
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE INTERNSHIP
Internship is an opportunity offered by various companies to potential students or candidates, called as "interns", to work in the firm for a limited or
fixed time period. Internship offers students lot of exposure to the practical world and provides practical experiences in the industry relating to their
field of study. This becomes a valuable experience as it allows us to understand how our studies are applied in the "real world", and it gives a good
picture for our Curriculum Vitae`.
Internships can also be called as job training for professional careers. Internships generally, consists exchange of ideas and services for experience
between students and organizations. Some interns find permanent, paid programme with the organizations for which they worked. This gives a benefit
to the employer as they do not have to search for a new employee, as the interns are trained previously and they are less demanding. Internship
experiences provide the opportunity to apply classroom theories into the real world, thus it enhances the student's academic and their career goals.
Internships in India are career specific, college and school students often choose internships based on the branch of study at their University. Internships
for MBA graduates are the most common thing in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The comprehensive document serves as the ethical roadmap for Tata employees and Group companies. In the structure of Tata Steel's growing global
presence the Tata Code of Conduct has been reviewed to accommodate vital and appropriate alterations. This has ensured that diverse cultural and
business related issues are addressed universally across the Group. The Tata Code of Conduct was launched in Tata Steel (Thailand), Tata Steel
Singapore in July 2007 and in Tata Steel Europe in January

The Physics Of Welding Process
WELDING PROCESS
Overview:
It is defined as a process of joining two pieces of metals by heating the metal at high temperature which results in softening or melting of metals. There
are various other ways of welding, they are as follows:
With or without application of pressure.
With or without the use of filling metals (Melting point is 800Вє F)
There is a tremendous progress in recent times over the new methods, applications and systems for welding.
HISTORY OF METAL WORKING:
This processes are practiced since the humans began to found that they could shape rocks by chipping them with other rocks. The first metal
which were used by early human beings was copper that is Ductile (It can be easily bend or drawn, hammered). The welding technology began
3000 years ago in Egypt (4000 B.C and USA before 2000 B.C). The Old Testaments which were recovered from the earth's crust reflects the use of
Forged metals, bronze and iron metals. In between 3000 and 2000 B.C Bronze metal was developed and Iron came into existence several thousand
years after the invention of copper. Philistine recovered four iron furnaces of 1300 B.C this was the same metals used in production of swords,
chisels, daggers and spearheads. Egyptian began making iron tools during 900 to 850 B.C, they replaced usage of bronze in various manufacturing
applications with iron after 800 B.C.
INTRODUCTION:
Welding is a process of joining two different materials, the large bulk of materials which are welded together

Steel Industry

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