Reproduction in bacteria

2.  Bacteria (common noun bacteria,
singular bacterium) are a type of biological
cell. They constitute a
large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria
have a number of shapes, ranging
from spheres to rods and spirals. There are
typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of
soil and a million bacterial cells in a milliliter
of fresh water

3.  The different bacterial shapes:
a. bacillus (rod), b. coccus (spherical), c.
spirillum (spiral), d. spirochaete (corkscrew), e.
vibrios (comma), f. chain of cocci, g. cluster of
cocci, h. pair of cocci, i. chain of bacilli

4.  Bacteria, being single-celled prokaryotic
organisms, do not have a male or female
version. Bacteria reproduce asexually.
In asexual reproduction, the "parent" produces
a genetically identical copy of itself.

5. reproduction
exchanging
dna
conjugation
transformation
transduction
binary fission budding fragmentation

6.  Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. In this
process the bacterium, which is a single cell,
divides into two identical daughter cells.
Binary fission begins when the DNA of the
bacterium divides into two (replicates). The
bacterial cell then elongates and splits into two
daughter cells each with identical DNA to the
parent cell. Each daughter cell is a clone of the
parent cell.

7.  When conditions are favorable such as the right
temperature and nutrients are available, some
bacteria like Escherichia coli can divide every 20
minutes. This means that in just 7 hours one
bacterium can generate 2,097,152 bacteria. After
one more hour the number of bacteria will
have risen to a colossal 16,777,216. That’s why
we can quickly become ill when pathogenic
microbes invade our bodies

9.  Are there male and female bacteria? Of course
the answer is no. So, sexual reproduction does
not occur in bacteria. But not all new bacteria
are clones. This is because bacteria can acquire
new DNA. This process occurs in three
different ways:

10.  Conjugation:
Some bacteria are capable of transferring
pieces of their genes to other bacteria that they
come in contact with. During conjugation, one
bacterium connects itself to another through a
protein tube structure called a pilus. Genes are
transferred from one bacterium to the other
through this tube.

12.  Transformation:
Some bacteria are capable of taking up DNA
from their environment. These DNA remnants
most commonly come from dead bacterial cells.
During transformation, the bacterium binds the
DNA and transports it across the bacterial cell
membrane. The new DNA is then incorporated
into the bacterial cell's DNA.

14.  Transduction:
Transduction is a type of recombination that
involves the exchanging of bacterial DNA
through bacteriophages. Bacteriophages are
viruses that infect bacteria. There are two types
of transduction:
1. Generalized transduction.
2. Specialized transduction

15. Generalized transduction
 If all the fragments of donor DNA from any
region of chromosome have a chance to enter
into transducing bacteriophage then it is
known as generalized transduction

17. Specialized transduction
 In specialized transduction, bacteriophage
transfers only a few restricted genes (DNA
fragments) from donor bacteria to recipient
bacteria. Specialized transduction is carried
only by temperate bacteriophage which
undergoes lysogenic cycle in donor cell.

19.  A group of environmental bacteria reproduces
by budding. In this process a small bud forms
at one end of the mother cell or on filaments
called prosthecae. As growth proceeds, the size
of the mother cell remains about constant, but
the bud enlarges. When the bud is about the
same size as the mother cell, it separates. This
type of reproduction is analogous to that in
budding fungi, such as brewer’s yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

21.  Mostly during unfavorable conditions bacterial
protoplasm undergoes compartmentalization
and subsequent fragmentation, forming minute
bodies called gonidia. Under favorable
conditions, each gonidium grows to a new
bacterium it becomes apparent that prior to
fragmentation the bacterial genome has to
undergo repeated replication so that each
fragment get copy of it.