Constraints Of Obtaining Education By Dalits

Constraints Of Obtaining Education By Dalits
Constraints in obtaining education by Dalits
Dependency on dominant castes for their livelihood.
Poverty and economic backwardness.
Discriminatory practices against Dalit students by teachers and other dominant castes.
Lack of continued employment opportunities.
.Neglect of education in welfare schemes.
Mushrooming of private schools.
Family burdens and responsibilities.
Irrelevant curriculum.
Lack of proper guidance.
Lack of quality education.
Compulsions of earning at a young age.
Lack of security for the Dalit girls.
Insufficient scholarships.
Poor educational status of Dalit parents.
Lack of easy access to school.
Dalits are forced into migrant labour.
Under representation of Dalit teachers.
Paradoxical sphere of caste based exclusions.
Lack of access to salaried jobs.
Internal differences among Dalits.
Conclusion
India has been making committed efforts to gain a place in the knowledge society. In this context the literacy and levels of educational attainments of
different sections, particularly the marginalized sections of Indian society assumes importance. Education is the mechanism for social transformation.
It is considered as a symbol for status and development. Basic education is the key with which individuals can unlock the full range of their talents and
realize their creative potentials. It gives disadvantaged people the apparatus they need to move from exclusion to full participation in their society.
Education is

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A Study On Scheduled Caste Students During Accessing...
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
UNDERSTANDING THE EXPERIENCES OF SCHEDULED CASTE STUDENT IN ACCESSING HIGHER EDUCATION
(A study of scheduled caste students in Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh)
UNDER SUPERVISION, SUBMITTED BY: Biswaranjan Tripura sir, Deep Chand M2014DTA007
INTRODUCTION
Education is consider as tool for social change as well sustainable development of individual, communities and nation. Higher education is foundation
and vehicle for development. Higher education itself is an aspiration ,through which student can attain their higher aim in life and good living
standard .Education is considered throughout the world to key to both individuals and societal aspiration for individual education beyond secondary
level is assumed to be the way to social esteem, to better paying job and expanded life option and intellectual stimulation and for society, It is
considered to be major engine of social justice , equal opportunity and democracy .A Johan stone, funding of Higher education: International
perspective ( Garland Publishing, New York, 1993) . Higher education has become higher degree of social justice, self–esteem for marginalized section
of society .Education is considered as important means for development of weaker section

India And The Indian Constitution
We have perused in the past sections that there are numerous minority communities in India and our constitution itself has made numerous laws for
them to shield their society and to give them education and to help them in different approaches to carry on a content and safe lives. The Indian
Constitution guarantees "justice, social, economic and political" to all citizens. The Indian Constitution has additionally embraced measures for the
security of the privileges of the religious and ethnic minorities and of the socially and economically burdened classes, for example, the scheduled
classes and scheduled tribes. For example,
1.Reservation in employments, education and in numerous different fields
2.Cultural and educational rights
3. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The procurements made in the Articles 16, 335, 338, 340, 341 & 342 of the Constitution identify with reservation, insurance and protections, in broad
daylight job in appreciation of the persons having a place with the SCs/STs and other backward classes.
Article 16 empowers the "State" to make procurements for reservation of arrangements or posts for SCs, STs and OBCs.
Yet at the same time, the state of alleged underprivileged segments in India is the same even that we have crossed such a variety of many years of
freedom. Reservation is working in the inverse course to its primary goal as is dividing the general public further. It is constantly used to elevate one
area of the general public at the expense of an alternate, which is not reasonable. Rather than this there ought to be equivalent open doors for all. In
addition, an able applicant does not require any endorsement of being from a lower standing to demonstrate their value. It is his mind, education and
ability to contend that can get change life. Pulling up a chair just by demonstrating your under advantaged testament won 't provide for you anything,
however simply the degree or a vocation.
Additionally the reservation framework in India is making a workforce which is not competent enough to contend

Advantages Of Indian Reservation System
There arrives a time when almost everything overstays its welcome and needs changes to survive. India's reservation system is one of those systems
which has overstayed its due and has been a failure in meeting its initial objectives. It was introduced to erase the caste discrimination and the divisions
in the Indian society. What it has done is that it has etched these caste lines even deeper into the society setting up the general castes against the lower
castes. The reservation system was thought to promote the weaker and the backward classes but it ended up making them tools of vote bank politics.
The reservation system of India has not been successful in eradicating as well as introducing all what it stood for at the time of its introduction.
The Mandal Commission was introduced in 1979 to identify the socially backward classes and to set up reservation seats to eliminate caste
discrimination in the country. It used social, economic and education factors to decide on the backwardness of the classes. But if we look at the
present scenario, reservations are determined on the basis of solely caste and nothing else. The OBCs, also called the Other Backward Castes have
been granted 27% reservation on government positions. In the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1965, Dalits constituted only 1.6% of the senior civil servant positions. In 2011, that number has risen to the 11.5% which is not far off the 16%
total population of the Dalits. Also a 2009 study showed that 1 Dalit appeared in every 15 fifteen graduates and in 10 secondary students. Therefore
there has been an increase in the number by a significant margin. In the political agenda, women acquire a one third of all the seats in the local
elected bodies. The Women's Reservation Bill will see this being applied in the national parliaments as well. All of this implies that some backward
classes and tribes have benefited from the reservation

Universal Education
11 important Problems of Universalization of Education and their Remedies SWASTIK Universalization of Elementary Education is Constitutional
directive. Education is every body's birth–right and it is binding on any government to provide facilities for education for children who are born and
reach the school–going age. It was stipulated to achieve Universalization within 10 years from the introduction of Constitution and that is by 1960. But
it is now more than three decades after the scheduled time. Now the problems with certain possible remedies to solve them have been discussed as
follows: (1) Faulty Policy of Government: The constitutional directive is that states shall endeavour to provide free and compulsory education to all
children ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The condition of Scheduled areas is still more miserable. The hilly and impassable jungle areas with very poor communication and transport facilities
fail to attract the present day luxury–loving young men. Teachers should be provided with proper residence in the villages of their work. The question
of Women teachers is very much special. So the question of teacher's quarters, residential schools, especially residential Ashram Schools in the
Scheduled areas should be provided. The quality of teachers can be improved by executing a training progrmme for the untrained teachers in service
on basis of study–leave basis. (6) Establishment and School Buildings: Even the Third and Fourth All India Educational Surveys indicate that even
now there are lakhs of villages and habitations without schools. There are nearly 4 lakhs schoolless villages in India which are to be given schools. It
is not that easy to provide necessary funds for setting up such a large number of schools with buildings and other equipments.
In order to meet this problem of new buildings along with the existing schools in private houses, temples, verandah of rich persons, residence of
teachers etc. should be met by construction of low cost houses of thatch or tile with local materials; looking to the weather conditions of certain places
open air stands may be taken up in the ShantiNiketan pattern. All the same, the Primary schools

Study Of Women Rights And Legislation On National And...
Chapter 6
Study of women rights and legislation on National and International platform: An Overview
"Obstruction and impediment in the way of success."
Origin of Woman Rights––
Throughout the history we have seen that women have suffered a lot in every sphere of the life for since ages, thereby democratic government of
various governments and different organization nationally and internationally tried hard to set the platform for the women empowerment through the
umpteen laws, policies and legislations. Every democratic country required to have the best efficient leader so it means that women have to be given a
chance to compete and prove their ability. If they're never permitted or to get opportunity to contend in the electoral process, then the countries are
really deprived themselves of a great deal of talent." That 's why national and international organizations, be it governmental and non– government
attained sturdy efforts towards empowering the women in all the fields including politics. For increasing the contribution of women in political
decision, making it is essential to confiscate the stumbling block in the way of women in different fields be it economic, educational, cultural, political,
social, etc.
The United Nations Development Program initiated eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for guarantee equity and peace across the globe. The
third MDG is directly related to the empowerment of women in India. "The MDGs are agreed–upon goals and objectives

Short Essay on Coalition Governments in India
India won her independence in 1947 and for winning this independence Congress, as a political party, played the predominant role.
The leaders of the Congress party, then, were great leaders – stalwarts – really dedicated to the cause and to the party which they served. Mahatma
Gandhi was the undisputed leader and there were leaders of such caliber as Jawahar Lai Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C.
Rajagopalacharya, Pattabhi Sitaramayya, Sarojini Naidu, Subhash Chandra Bose and a host of others of all castes and all creeds.
Among Muslims, there were Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, Abul Kalam Azad, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai and among the lower castes– lower castes as then was
called – Kamraj in South and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Nobody... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There had started a gradual decline in the overall governance of the country and the worst ever shock was received by the country in the Chinese
aggression in 1962 in which India had to suffer a great humiliation for which Krishna Menon, as the Defense Minister was largely responsible.
Further on, on the economic front also, the government in power failed to remove the disparities between the rich and the poor, rather the disparities
increased, and there started a voice being raised regarding the backward classes – who were regarded as economically backward – and a further class
of 'Other Backward Classes', other than the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes came into being and Chaudhary Charan Singh, otherwise and
originally a Congressman became the leader and the champion of the Backward classes.
During the regime of Indira Gandhi, politics had declined to manipulations and maneuverings to remain in power and the mobilisation of money and
muscle power and the media, the law interpreting authorities and the educational system – all these were attempted to be managed in her favour.
Just after gaining independence, Mahatma Gandhi had suggested that congress as a political party should be disbanded. That of course, was not done
but under Indira Gandhi a vertical rupture took place in the party with a number of old stalwarts deserting the party, forming into Congress (O) under
Nijalingappa and Indira Gandhi formed her own group and this was named as Congress (I) of

Tribal Rights Of Indi Theory And Practice
Tribal Rights in India :
Theory and Practice
By Priya Gupta
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LEGISLATURE 3. CURRENT SCENARIO 4. ROLE OF NGO 5. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
India's population includes nearly one hundred million tribal people. These numbers are matched only by the remarkable diversity of India's tribes. The
two main regions of tribal settlement are the country's northeastern states bordering China and Burma, and the highlands and plains of its central and
southern regions. The latter is home to more than 80 per cent of the tribes, which differ from the northeastern tribes in ethnicity and in having
experienced greater "intrusion of the Indian mainstream and of the pan– Indian model of the state, society, economy and culture. There are also
differences in the extent to which the tribes interact with non–tribal communities. While the northeastern tribes are usually isolated communities, the
tribes in peninsular India may at times coexist with non–tribal people. Despite some regional variation, the tribes share many traits, including living in
relative geographical isolation, and being relatively more homogeneous and more self–contained than the non–tribal social groups. Consequently,
several tensions (both perceptible and obscure) pervade relations between tribals and non–tribals, on the one hand,

Social Justice And Empowerment Assignment
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EMPOWERMENT ASSIGNMENT
SUBMITTED TO: Dr. SHASHI RANI DEV : Mr. SUDHIR MASKE
SUBMITTED BY: QUAMRUL HUDA
CLASS: MSW–III SEMESTER
TOPIC: MARGINALIZED PEOPLE IN INDIA– SCHEDULE CASTE
INTRODUCTION
Marginalized people are those people who are excluded from the society or society' s people don't provide them opportunity for integrating them
because of this they leg behind in social as well economic progress. We need two kinds of identity for living in any society, those are social and
economic who has social power they also will also possess the economic power and for ruling on any society these powers are very important. Due to
long time exploitation and ignorance, marginalized people are having their life in harsh poverty, illiteracy, health problem, malnutrition and
superstition, etc.
In India, we can categorize marginalized people based on caste, gender, disabled, minorities (religious, linguistic, regional), etc. Hindu people come
under the majority of population, and this religion is a very fragmented religion due to Varna system, because they have adopted the Varna system.
According to their occupation, before Uttar Vedik Era, its function was very smooth and there was no concept of untouchability but after this era, it
continued practicing. Due to different occupations, there was the existence of caste system in Hindu religion. People can change their religion but caste
can't be changed. Because of this,

Analysis Of The Banjara Songs Of Tears
Lambada Songs of Sweat and Toil–A Sociological Study
Abstract
The present study discusses of the Lambada Songs, Lambadas are of north–west Indian origin, which they used to live in the forest by their earnings
form transportation on the pack of bullocks. The Banjara seva sangh estimates that there are some 5 million lambadas in India, divided into 17
sub–group in different states, and are known by at least 27 different names, all of them have same culture and language. The Lambada dialect is
predominantly a mixture of Sanskrit, Rajasthani, Marathi, Gujarati and Hindi and bears the influence of local language they live in small settlements
each referred to as a "Thanda" one important feature about the Lambada tribe is unlike all other tribes which are spread only in some districts or
some states the Lambada aRe found in nearly all the states of India. Lambadas are treated as scheduled tribes in some states, scheduled caste in certain
other states denotefied tribes in some states. In states for instance in Telangana Lambadas in the earlier they were recognized as denotified tribes.
There is some evidence in the history that they supplied food grains to the Moguls when they invaded the Deccan however there is some dispute about
the nature of their connection of moguls. They were forced by the compulsions of trade, was continuously on the move this probably helped them to
preserve its only form of wealth, cattle from localized draughts. In order to protect their cattle from

Human Rights And The Rights Of Tribal Communities
ABSTRACT
PEACE WILL NOT COME OUT OF A CLASS OF ARMS BUT OUT OF JUSTICE LIVED AND DONE– MAHATMA GANDHI
HUMAN RIGHTS ARE THE BIRTHRIGHTS OF EVERY HUMAN BEING AND THEY FORM AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE
SOCIO–CULTURAL FABRIC OF HUMANITY ALL OVER THE WORLD. HOWEVER, THEY ARE VULNERABLE TO ABUSE AND
VIOLATION.
TRIBAL COMMUNITY IN INDIA HAS BEEN MOST VULNERABLE COMMUNITY IN THE UNEQUAL, DISCRIMINATION, DOMINATION
AND EXPLOITATION RIDDEN SOCIETY. THEY ARE ON THE BREADLINE OF THEIR SOCIO
–ECONOMIC AND POLITICALRIGHTS.
EVEN AFTER CENTURIES, THE UNCHANGED CONDITION OF TRIBAL COMMUNITIES IS LEADING IN INDIA. THE VIOLATION OF
FUNDAMENTALHUMAN RIGHTS AND THE STATE BRUTALITY HAS BEEN PERPETRATED ON THEM, PARTICULARLY ON TRIBAL
WOMEN. TRIBAL COMMUNITIES HAVE FACED ISOLATION AND SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION LIKE THAT OF DALITS FROM THE
MAINSTREAM SOCIETY. THE INDIAN DEMOCRATIC STATE ACCORDS SEVERAL STATUTES IN THE CONSTITUTION WHERE THE
RIGHTS OF TRIBAL COMMUNITIES ARE PROTECTED AND SOCIAL JUSTICE IS DETERMINED FOR. HOWEVER, THE DEMOCRATIC
EXPERIMENT HAS NOT BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN THIS RESPECT. THEREFORE, THERE IS A SURGE OF TRIBAL MOVEMENTS IN THE
COUNTRY FOR THEIR RIGHTS. ALL TRIBAL PEOPLE OF INDIA HAVE A THING IN COMMON
– THEY ALL SHARE A HISTORY OF
INJUSTICE. THE PRESENT PAPER EXPLORES WITHIN THE LARGER FRAMEWORK OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN GENERAL AND HOW
TRIBAL RIGHTS ARE BEING VIOLATED PARTICULARLY IN INDIA.
PAPER
ACCORDING TO OXFORD DICTIONARY "TRIBE" IS –
A SOCIAL DIVISION IN A TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

Political Participation Among Backward Castes Of Panchayat...
Political participation among Backward Castes in Panchayat Raj Institutions: A study on Ananthapuramu District of Andhra Pradesh Social
Stratification is a ubiquitous social structure in human societies, be it simple or complex. Stratification is fairly permanent ranking of positions in a
society in terms of unequal power, prestige or privileges. It refers to the patterned or structured social inequalities among the whole categories of people
not just among individuals. The Caste system is the unique dimension, on which the Indian society is stratified into higher and lower castes with
differential access to resources of society. In India, caste is the most important basis of social categorization. Initially caste originated on the basis of
division of people on the basis of their natural inclinations and occupations and over a period of time it has turned out to be hereditary. It has created
social groups based on kinship and ethnicity. The hereditary occupations have created vested interests in the form of socio–economic monopolies and
have bred an extreme form of exploitation. The main attribute of Caste system is ritualistic purity, and this in turn has created inflexibility, rigidity and
feelings of superiority and inferiority. Basing on different perspectives there are various definitions of caste. How does one define caste? Although
many social scientists have done epoch– making work on the Indian caste system, no two social

The Caste System Affected India's Religious Beliefs
The significance of the caste system influenced India's religious beliefs. A caste system is a type of social organization in which a persons
occupation and position in life is determined by the circumstances of his/her birth. In the religion Hinduism, four castes exist arranged in a
hierarchy. Anyone who is not in a caste is seen as an outsider or outcaste. In the Hindu religion, order and stability is maintained through the caste
system. Moksha is the ultimate goal for a Hindu, the soul is liberated from the cycle of death. The caste system is hereditary, whatever caste you are
in you must work and hopefully in the next life be out in a better caste. The caste system is one of the oldest forms of social stratification. The caste
system is split up into five castes. The Brahmans were the highest caste. They were the men between the gods and the people. The were expected to
show impeccable behavior and preserve the traditions of Hinduism. The next caste below the Brahmans were called the Kshatriyas. This caste was the
warrior caste and we're commanded to protect the people. They also had to offer sacrifices to the gods and ancestors. It was their responsibility to
protect the caste system. The next caste was called the Vaisya's. This caste was made up of merchants and peasants. They had... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The caste system has now become a curse to the Hindu society because of its misinterpretation, ignorance, and disadvantages taken by some sections
of society. The Hindu religion advocates Varnashrama which was the classical caste system and not the modern caste system. During the
Varnashrama period there was no restrictions on marriage between people of two different castes. Hindus in present India have thrown out the
original caste system and have evolved now to a new form of a caste system. In many rural areas in India, people still consider the caste of a person as
a primary

Case Study Of Ramdev Food Products
Ramdev Food Products Pvt. Ltd. is conscious of its obligations as a responsible corporate entity to promote social harmony, increasing opportunities
for socially and economically disadvantageous sections of the society. Ramdev Food Products Pvt. Ltd. will endeavor to carry out various activities
which have been stated in Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013 and rules made there under."
The Company firmly believes that CSR is primarily, the responsibility of the Company in relation to the impact of its decisions and activities on the
society and also the Environment, through a transparent and ethical behavior which is:
(a) Consistent with sustainable development and welfare of Society,
(b) Takes into account the expectations of stakeholders,
(c) Is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the Company is eligible to undertake any suitable/ rightful activity as specified in Schedule VII of the Act, however, at present, it proposes to
undertake the relevant activities on priority basis in the following three Thrust Areas:
1.Promoting education, including special education and employment enhancing vocation skills especially among children, women, elderly, and the
differently abled and livelihood enhancement projects;
2.Enduring environmental sustainability, ecological balance, protection of flora and fauna, animal welfare, agro forestry, conservation of natural
resources and maintaining quality of soil, air and water;
3.Contributions to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund or any other fund set up by the Central Government for socio–economic development and
relief and welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, other backward classed, minorities and women;
CSR Projects need to be identified and planned for approval of the CSR Committee, with estimated expenditure and phase wise implementation
schedules, if the project size requires stage–wise

Tribal Women : Reproductive And Child Health
Tribal Women: Reproductive and Child Health
(A Study in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh)
Concept note on proposed research for M.Phil–Ph.D Programme in Women's Studies in TISS –Hyderabad. By: Chiranjeevi. T
Research narratives: Maternal health includes the physical, mental and social well–being of women during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period.
Reproductive health is an indispensable ingredient of health and a major determinant of human development. Nearly 65,000 women die annually in
India as a consequence of pregnancy and childbirth and 17 lakh children die before reaching to age of 5 years (Gupta and Nair 2010). These deaths
are unjust and can be avoided with key health interventions, like provision of antenatal care and medically assisted delivery (Adam et al. 2005;
MCcaw–Binnsetal 2007 quoted in Chinmankar and Sahoo 2011). Unfortunately, in India the utilization of reproductive and child health services is low
and vary across the regions and ethnic groups. National Health Policy and WHO points out that only 36% of infants are fully vaccinated in India and
Infant Mortality Rate among tribes is 84 whereas 70 is nation's average and Mother Mortality Rate among the tribe is 126 and country's average is 94.
National Nutritional Report 2006 reveals that there are 44.7% of the tribal girls are suffering from anaemia in A.P& Telangana. There are around 75
tribal communities, identified as particular Vulnerable Tribal groups (PVTGs) in India

Indian Caste System
The Indian caste system describes the system of social stratification and social restrictions in India in which social classes are defined by thousands of
endogamous hereditary groups, often termed jДЃtis or castes. Within a jДЃti, there exist exogamous groups known as gotras, the lineage or clan of an
individual. In a handful of sub–castes such as Shakadvipi, endogamy within a gotra is permitted and alternative mechanisms of restricting endogamy
are used (e.g. banning endogamy within a surname).
The Indian caste system involves four castes and outcasted social groups. Although generally identified with Hinduism, the caste system was also
observed among followers of other religions in the Indian subcontinent, including some groups of Muslims ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hart stated that "the earliest Tamil texts show the existence of what seems definitely to be caste, but which antedates the Brahmins and the Hindu
orthodoxy". He believes that the origins of the caste system can be seen in the "belief system that developed with the agricultural civilization", and was
later profoundly influenced by "the Brahmins and the Brahmanical religion". These early Tamil texts also outline the concept of equality. Saint
Valluvar has stated "pirapokkum ella uyirkkum", which means "all are equal at birth". Likewise, Saint Auvaiyaar has stated that there are only two
castes in the world: those who contribute negatively and those who contribute positively. From these statements, it can be inferred that the caste system
is a socio–economic class system.
[edit] Caste and social status
Traditionally, although the political power lay with the Kshatriyas, historians portrayed the Brahmins as custodians and interpreters of Dharma, who
enjoyed much prestige and many advantages.[17]
Fa Hien, a Buddhist pilgrim from China, visited India around 400 AD. "Only the lot of the Chandals he found unenviable; outcastes by reason of their
degrading work as disposers of dead, they were universally shunned... But no other section of the population were notably disadvantaged, no other caste
distinctions attracted comment from the Chinese pilgrim, and no oppressive caste

Modern Slavery Research Paper
Slavery is defined as recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the
use of force, fraud, or coercion ("What Is Modern Slavery"). Slavery is a major issue in the world today and is much more common than people would
like to believe, especially in third–world countries .In 2016 there were an estimated 21 million to 45.8 million slaves in the world (Bales). 18.3
million of these slaves can be found in India alone (Bales). Slavery in India can be found in numerous industries, including the textile industry. The
textile industry includes jobs such as weaving rugs and preparing silk to make accessories. Forms of slavery include debt bondage, human trafficking,
descent–based slavery, child slavery, and forced marriage ("What Is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even with such remarkable change, given India's population is more than 1.3 billion people, there are still at least 270 million people living on less
than US$1.90 per day. These cases of poverty and low–income are part of the reason India is one of the countries with the highest slave prevalence.
"Adults cannot afford to work for such low pay. Without children working like this it would not be possible for our industry to survive"
(Grammaticas). This was said by a slave owner. Families become so desperate for money to keep themselves and other members alive that they take
the first job they come across or even sell their own children to slave holders. There are more than 270 million people living below the poverty line in
India.Homelessness, including of children, remains a major concern. For example, a census of children living on the street in Mumbai in 2013 found a
total of more than 37,000 children (Bales). These kids and even adults go through long hours, painful work, and harsh treatment for little to no

Tribal People In India
INTRODUCTION
Tribal people are defined as those who "have followed ways of life for many generations that are largely self–sufficient, and are clearly different from
the mainstream and dominant society".
Constitution of India has not defined the word 'tribe' but Article 366(25) of the Constitution of India refers to the Scheduled Tribes as the tribes or
tribal communities or the parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities which the Indian President may specify by public notification
under Article 342(1) . The word 'tribe' means different for different person. For a layman it simply means simple folk living in forest and hills, for
others who know little about tribals consider them as colourful people famous for their dance and song, for an administrator tribal word signifies a
group of citizens whose welfare is the social responsibility of the President of India and for an anthropologist it means a special field for study of a
social phenomena.
The Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission appointed by the President of India on 28 April 1960 pursuant to Article 339 of the
Constitution of India in its report of 14 October 1961 stated that "As these groups are presumed to form the oldest ethnological sector of the population,
the term "Adivasi" which means original inhabitant has become current among certain people. The International Labour Organization has classified
tribal people as "indigenous". Tribal people are given different names like

India Is A South Asian Country Where People Hold Various...
India is a South Asian country where people hold various castes and religions. After India gained independence, the Constitution of India listed
backward castes of the people as Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). The Constitution laid down 15% and 7.5% of vacancies to
government aided educational institutes and for jobs in the government/public sector, as reserved quota for the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled
Tribes candidates respectively for a period of five years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. Reservation, in Indian law is a form of
affirmative action whereby a percentage of seats are reserved in the public sector units, union and state civil services, union and state government
departments and in all public and private educational institutions, except in the religious or linguistic minority educational institutions, for the socially
and educationally backward communities and the Scheduled Castes and Tribes. The common refrain tends to be that less qualified people from
backward castes in the field of education and employment get preferential treatment because of caste based reservations. My argument is that
allocating reservation quotas on the basis of castes is a form of discrimination which is contrary to the right to equality. Reservations on the basis of
caste should be reformed as these reservations create discrimination, and the people of the upper castes who truly deserve the opportunity lose it
because the reservation is already

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Weberian Bureaucracy
This essay is an attempt to understand how the merits of Weberian bureaucracy are compromised in the caste bound bureaucracy of India. It's an
attempt to sensitise the reader towards promoting merits instead of kinship and nepotism; and thus not depriving any individual based on their caste.
The Constitution declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, and
endeavours to promote fraternity among them. India is diverse in terms of her ethnicity, geography, languages, religions, architecture, dance, music,
cuisines, wealth, castes, class, colour, skills, culture, life style etc. The pillar of any healthy society such as general well being of an individual,
accountability, impunity, human rights are compromised at the large extent in lower start of Indian society. Indian formal job market is divided into
two mainstreams such as Government sector and Corporate sector. Both of them are driven by bureaucracy which is largely Castes bound. The very
purpose of Max Weber behind bureaucracy theory is to maximize the governance and to achieve the organizational goals. According to Weber the
pillars of bureaucracy are:
(i)Precisely defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thorat and Attewal explodes this myth by conducting an experiment in 2001 to test caste discrimination in the urban labour market. And they found
that ratio of candidates from Upper caste: Dalits: Muslims was 10:6:3. Thus, even today, in 21st century– the era of knowledge and gloabalised
economy, modern private enterprises (including IT), can afford to play the caste whizz. This shows if you born in upper caste Hindu family you have
better chances of acceptance than their Dalits or Muslims counterparts. Probably, that is the reason disadvantaged social groups are inclined to change
their surname similar to upper

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Castes?
thought was the prime instrument of enslaving the Tamilians. By 1939, Naicker was demanding a separate Dravidistan. But for the self–respect
movement, the elite non–Brahmins of Madras would in course of time, have been as isolated from the lower caste groups, as the Lingayat and
Vokkaliga leaders in Karnataka came to be at the end of the sixties. In 1944, the Justice Party was reconstituted as the Dravida Kazhagam, which was
imbued with not only an anti–Brahmin, anti–North, anti–Hindi ideology but also with separatist sub–nationalism. In 1947, the Communal G.O. of 1927
was revised. The 1947 G.O. was historic because for the first time the non–Brahmin castes were bifurcated into non–Brahmin Hindus and non–Brahmin
backward Hindus. Obviously,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Lingayats constituted 15% of the State's population and Vokkaligas about 11%. The first Chief Ministers of the expanded Karnataka State
belonged to the patronage. After the reorganization, the new leaders extended the communal reservation scheme to the entire State. As a result of a
number of court cases culminating in the famous Balaji judgment, the Government ordered in 1963, 30% reservation for the Other Backward Classes
and 18% for Scheduled Castes and Tribes. The beneficiaries of this scheme were the politically dominant castes of Lingayats and Vokkaligas. This
gave rise to considerable resentment among other minority castes, who found themselves left high and dry. Devraj Urs, who rose as the leader of the
Congress (I), very carefully and sedulously cultivated the non–Lingayat and non–vokkaliga communities. It was primarily the consolidation of this base
that enabled him to rule the State from 1972 to

Challenges And Challenges Of India
Introduction
Livelihood is the important concept to understand about the different type of factors which are affecting people 's day to day life particularly those
are living in vulnerable condition in our society. For tribal development, improvement of their livelihood practices several Government agencies and
NGO 's are working in our country and also in Maharashtra. But today also most of tribal communities in our country live with low income, problem
facing in income generation and becoming more vulnerable in terms of socially, economically and politically. The present study aimed at exploring the
subject of livelihood opportunities and challenges of Gond tribes in Gondia district of Maharashtra. Furthermore it sought to examine the
socio–economic conditions of Gond tribes in same region.
Tribals in India
In the world next to Africa, India has the largest concentration of tribal population. According to 2011 census report total Scheduled Tribes population
in India is 8,43,26,240 which accounts for 8.2% of the total country population. According to Kulamani Padhi (2005) the major identified tribes in
country number about the 428 scheduled tribes in India but the total number of tribal communities are reported to be 642 and several of them have
become extinct or merged with other communities in continuous development process. Thus, if the sub–tribes and state tribes will be taken into
consideration, the number will be many more. These 428 communities

Tribal People In India
INTRODUCTION: WHO ARE TRIBALS?
Tribal people are defined as those who "have followed ways of life for many generations that are largely self–sufficient, and are clearly different from
the mainstream and dominant society".
Constitution of India has not defined the word 'tribe' but Article 366(25) of the Constitution of India refers to the Scheduled Tribes as the tribes or tribal
communities or the parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities which the Indian President may specify by public notification under
Article 342(1) . The word 'tribe' means different for different person. For a layman it simply means simple folk living in forest and hills, for others
who know little about tribals consider them as colourful people famous for their dance and song, for an administrator tribal word signifies a group of
citizens whose welfare is the social responsibility of the President of India and for an anthropologist it means a special field for study of a social
phenomena.
The Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission appointed by the President of India on 28 April 1960 pursuant to Article 339 of the
Constitution of India in its report of 14 October 1961 stated that "As these groups are presumed to form the oldest ethnological sector of the population,
the term "Adivasi" which means original inhabitant has become current among certain people. The International Labour Organization has classified
tribal people as "indigenous". Tribal people are given different

Who Are Dalits? A Dalit?
Who are Dalits?
The word "Dalit" comes from the Sanskrit root dal– and means "broken, ground–down, downtrodden, or oppressed." Those previously known as
Untouchables, Depressed Classes, and Harijans are today increasingly adopting the term "Dalit" as a name for themselves. "Dalit" refers to one's caste
rather than class; it applies to members of those menial castes which have born the stigma of "untouchability" because of the extreme impurity and
pollution connected with their traditional occupations. Dalits are 'outcastes' falling outside the traditional four–fold caste system consisting of the
hereditary Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra classes; they are considered impure and polluting and are therefore physically and socially
excluded and isolated from the rest of society.
Dalits represent a community of 170 million in India, constituting 17% of the population. One out of every six Indians is Dalit, yet due to their caste
identity Dalits regularly face discrimination and violence which prevent them from enjoying the basic human rights and dignity promised to all citizens
of India. Caste–based social organization extends beyond India, finding corollaries in Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, as well as other
countries outside of South Asia. More than 260 million people worldwide suffer from this "hidden apartheid" of segregation, exclusion, and
discrimination.
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are two groups of historically disadvantaged

If The Political Party Development Act Of The Philippines
If the Political Party Development Act of the Philippines is adopted into a law, it could follow the footstep of the British Political Parties, Elections, and
Referendums Act of 2001 that established rules on party financing to restore public confidence in the parties. Much as the proposed political party
development bill in the Philippines, the British version has the goal of ensuring reasonable party financing operations, limiting donations from
inappropriate sources, and contributing to equality of opportunity for the various parties to participate in the election. This new Act took 5 years in its
making starting from the creation of the Committee on Standards in Public Life in 1997. Specifically, this Act prohibits British political... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also thought it was unnecessary to submit a regular nil return donation reports even when they rarely received a large amount of denotation. Large
parties, on the other hand, complain about high demands placed on them by the accounting and auditing requirements of the Act. From the perspective
of donors, they questioned that the definition of donation may be too broad given that commercial transactions are at risked to be considered as
political donations. Companies warned that this wide definition of donation may be deterring them from working with political parties.
The United Kingdom actually has 240 registered political parties in Great Britain and Northern Ireland in December 2000. Of these 240 parties, a
number of them are parties in name only. Sometimes they may comprise only of two people registered as party officers because they simply seek to
gain publicity and promote their organization or brand without really having the intention to contest elections. The Philippines should learn from this
experience and must impose more stringent requirements related to registration as a political party or its ideology and reasons for contesting elections.
The UK experience actually shows how the country fails to strengthen and institutionalize its political party system because anyone can register as
political parties, which means it encourages the emergence of weak and unorganized parties. However, the

Pastoral Communities in India
PASTORAL COMMUNITIES
Gujars
The Gujar are an ethnic group in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Today, the Gujars are classified under the Other Backward Class (OBC) category in
some states in India. However, in Jammu and Kashmir and parts of Himachal Pradesh, they are designated as a Scheduled Tribe under the Indian
government's reservation program of discrimination. Hindu Gujars today are assimilated into several varnas.
The origin of the Gujars is uncertain. Many Gujars claim descent from Suryavanshi Kshatriyas (Sun Dynasty) and connect themselves with the Hindu
deity Rama. Historically, the Gujars were Sun–worshipers and are described as devoted to the feet of the Sun–god (God Surya).Their copper–plate
grants bear an emblem of the Sun ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though they settled across the country, they still consider themselves as nomad community.
The word "Banjara" must have evolved from Prakrit and Hindi and Rajasthani words "Bana/Ban or Vana/Van" meaning Forest or Moorlands and
"Chara" meaning 'Movers'. The Banjara are (together with the Domba) sometimes called the "Gypsies of India".
The word Banjara is a deprecated, colloquial form of the word of Sanskrit origin. The Sanskrit compound–word vana chara, "forest wanderers" was
given to them presumably because of their primitive role in the Indian society as forest wood collectors and distributors.
Their customs, language and dress indicate they originated from Rajasthan. They live in settlements called thandas. They lived in zupada (hut). Now
many of them live in cities. They have a unique culture and dance form. On many occasions they gather, sing and dance.
Their traditional occupation is nomadic cattle herding. Later they slowly moved into agriculture and trade.
The accurate history of Lambanis or Lambadis or Banjaras is not known but the general opinion among them is that they fought for Prithvi Raj
Chauhan againstMuhammad of Ghor. The trail of the Lambadi/Banjara can be verified from their language, Lambadi borrows words from Rajasthani,
Gujarati, Marathi and the local language of the area they belong to.
The Banjaras are grouped into five gotras, or super–families,
Members of the same

Indian Democracy
India's experiment with democracy has, through the years, proven to be a success. There is an established Constitution that is fair to all the people
living in the country, the power of the leadership is vested within the people, and the people are able to voice their opinions without fear. These factors
create the foundation on which a democratic nation can stand and continue to build on in. The early leaders of India knew of this, moreover they also
knew that it was even more important for India to have these qualities because of its extreme diversity and historical past.
After independence the writing of the Constitution was made the priority, after all, a country cannot survive and thrive unless it has a set of basic laws
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So the different political parties also include the symbol for the party on the ballot. Even if a voter is not able to read, he/she is still aware of what
is going in the country and in his/her respective region either through town meetings, radio, TV or even gossip. If the current party hasn't been
living up to the promises it made during the previous election, then the voter will know about it. And will know that he/she shouldn't vote for that
party again because it doesn't do what it says it will. In the voting booth, an illiterate voter will know the symbol that represents the party and will
either choose it or not. Historically, in other countries literacy has been used as a criterion to keep people from voting, but India values all of its
citizens and works to make sure that all of them are able to exercise their constitutional right, as long as they are of age and a citizen of India. Some
would say that India has failed or has not lived up to the expectations of a democracy. The reasons being that not all of its citizens are treated equally,
particularly those members of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes. The Constitution explicitly states that any sort of
prejudice on the basis of caste is illegal, and the judicial system will state as such if a case of prejudice is brought to court. The problem with India

Reservation : Proper Or Improper
RESERVATION : PROPER OR IMPROPER IN PRESENT INDIA ABSTRACT : Reservation can be defined as a process of facilitating a person
who has category certificates. This policy was made and implemented on the basis of recommendations of Mandal Commission. The main purpose
of this reservation policy was upliftment of some underprivileged classes of Indian society but this policy witnessed the rage of general class
which was entirely devoid of its facilities. The policy was aimed to be implemented for ten years only but due to political insensitivity it is still
continuing. So many lapses and drawbacks have raptured this policy due to its prolonged implementation. Now this policy has became a policy of
the 'Harijan Elites' rather than of the underprivileged, weaker, poor deserving SC/ST candidates. KEY WORDS : Reservation Policy, Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, reserved categories, under privileged candidates, protests, General Community. Reservation
is a process in which some particular advantages are given to a person in the field of education, scholarships, jobs and promotion or in other words
it can be defined as a process of facilitating a person who has category certificates. Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward
Classes (OBC) and in some states some backward classes of Muslim Community which come under the title BC(M) are the main beneficiaries of this

Who Is A Child? Essay
Who Is a Child?
Clarity is missing even on the basic understanding of who is a child. The United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child (UNCRC) defines any
individual below 18 years of age as a child. While the Juvenile Justice Act in our country considers persons below 14 years of age to be children, the
RTE Act 2009 narrows the definition down to persons between six to 14 years. Though the act expresses interest in taking necessary steps in providing
free pre–school education for children above three years of age, leaving out this critical segment of the child population from the definition is
worrisome. Not only does the act fail to cover all children, it does not provide definite timelines for many provisions.
Definition of Tribes:
D.N Majumdar defines tribe as a social group with territorial affiliation, endogamous with no specialization of functions ruled by tribal officers
hereditary or otherwise, united in language or dialect recognizing social distance with other tribes or castes. According to Ralph Linton tribe is a group
of bands occupying a contiguous territory or territories and having a feeling of unity deriving from numerous similarities in a culture, frequent contacts
and a certain community of interests. T.B Naik has given the following features of tribes in Indian context:– A tribe should have least functional
interdependence within the community. It should be economically backward (i.e. primitive means of exploiting natural resources, tribal

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Education In Education
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON VOCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF SOCIALLY ADVANTAGED AND DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS
SURESH ANUGANTI Senior Research Fellow, Department of Education, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State. Email:
surijrf@gmail.com , Cell +91 9553138181. Abstract: The present study was undertaken to compare the vocational aspirations of the secondary
school students. The sample of the study consisted of 600secondary school students studying X class in erstwhile Karimanagar district of
Telangana State. As far as the study concerned SC, ST, BC category students were considered as socially disadvantaged group and General/OC
category students were considered as socially advantaged group. Vocational Aspiration Test (VAT), which was developed by researcher for the
present research purpose only, was used for data collection. Analysis of data was done by employing "t" test. The results of the study revealed that
the socially advantaged students were found to be better than the socially disadvantaged students and with reference to gender differential results were
come out. Imn socially advantaged group girls were found to be had better vocational aspirations than their counterpart's i.e socially advantaged boys
whereas in socially disadvantaged group boys were found to be had better vocational aspirations than their disadvantaged counterparts. Key words:
Socially Advantaged, Socially Disadvantaged, Caste, Vocational Aspirations, Students Aspirations. Introduction The Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and Backward Classes who were deprived of education for a long time requires not only the general literacy but also other skills which could
equip them to face and experience the exogenous forces of modernization. Thus, education has been viewed as a mechanism through which the
members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are to be equipped to obtain occupational and economic mobility in order to establish equal
status in the society by their individual achievement and worth. The educational facilities provided under the various schemes sponsored by the Central
and State Governments to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes ranges from extensive provision of scholarships, free ships,
hostels

Women 's Rights As Human Rights Essay
WOMEN'S RIGHTS AS HUMAN RIGHTS
ABSTRACT
The Constitution of India is imbued with the spirit of promoting and protecting the human rights of its constituents. But, merely incorporating a
comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article 32 of the Constitution assures an individual the right to move the Supreme
Court of India for the enforcement of his/her rights, other constraints (like court fees, large back log of pending cases, and the intricacies of legal
procedures leading to inordinate delay in justice) make the legal option difficult and almost unapproachable for the ordinary person. The
implementation of laws that guarantee constitutional rights can be overseen by special administrative or institutional measures. The Indian
Government has set up many special institutions under different acts of parliament and the primary task of these institutions is to give effect to various
constitutional rights, particularly the rights of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. One such important institution is the National Human Rights
Commission. In order to understand the powers and functioning of this commission it is necessary to know the various Indian Laws relating to Human
Rights.
An Overview
comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article 32 of the Constitution assures an

Racism Is Not Just Caste Based Discrimination
Racism is a very broad topic to talk about. It may not exist where you live but any place where
there will be adults, children etc. of different races interact with one another, there will be racism.
Racism still exists within all cultures. Some people won't admit they're a racist, but their
actions and words prove it. Most people won't directly discriminate against other races, but that
doesn't mean it doesn't happen every day. Many will argue that theirrace is superior over another.
I think all people should be treated equally, no matter who they are or what they look
Like ("Racism essay examples." Racism Essay examples – 590 Words | Cram). In India, there
was not just caste based discrimination but also racism on based on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Racism in India is visible amongst Indian communities. Due to a large regional
diversity, communities fought against each other. There have been many cases of North Indian
discriminating against those from the South, the mainland population isolating the North Eastern.
(Globe scope society, September 30,2014, racism due to diversity in identity, https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2017/02
/racism–in–india–an–existential–hazard/ ).
When I was a kid, my younger sister and I would spend much of our time thinking up
new ways to know each other, as siblings do. One of the most reliable weapons

in my sister's side was a taunt about skin color – she was quite fair even by Punjabi standards,
a fact that she was inordinately proud of. I on the other hand, had a permanent tan. But while
much of India's anti–blackness can be traced back to the colonial times it is also, fueled by our
own strain of "colorism". People in India generally preferred or rather chose people who have a
fairer complexion during important meetings so that the work looked more presentable.
Although this ideology is slowly changing but it is still there and this ideology has affected many
girls in

Human Rights And The Rights Of Tribal Communities
ABSTRACT
Peace will not come out of a class of arms but out of justice lived and done – MAHATMA GANDHI
Human rights are the birthrights of every human being and they form an integral part of the socio–cultural fabric of humanity all over the world.
However, they are vulnerable to abuse and violation.
Tribal community in India has been most vulnerable community in the unequal, discrimination, domination and exploitation ridden society. They are
on the breadline of their socio–economic and political rights. Even after centuries, the unchanged condition of tribal communities is leading in India.
The violation of fundamental human rights and the state brutality has been perpetrated on them, particularly on tribal women. Tribal communities have
faced isolation and social discrimination like that of Dalits from the mainstream society. The Indian democratic state accords several statutes in the
constitution where the rights of tribal communities are protected and social justice is determined for. However, the democratic experiment has not been
successful in this respect. Therefore, there is a surge of tribal movements in the country for their rights. All tribal people of India have a thing in
common– they all share a history of injustice. The present paper explores within the larger framework of human rights in general and how tribal rights
are being violated particularly in India.
PAPER
According to oxford dictionary "tribe" is –
A social division in a traditional society

Curriculum Implication
Curriculum, Pedagogy and Evaluation: Implications for
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CURRICULUM, PEDAGOGY AND EVALUATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR SC & ST CHILDREN
* Ramaiah Bheenaveni
This section firstly examines curriculum as a mediator of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However school organisation and curricula have not been sensitive as yet to fundamentally different economic situations, life aims and social
circumstances of children belonging to poorer strata households or communities in the shaping of the school structure. Culturally, school norms of
attendance, discipline, homework, tests and exams, and cognitively ethnocentric demands of concentration on and memorisation of the content of the
text by `rote', all prove problematic for SC/ST children. Furthermore, the curriculum itself as a tool of cultural dominance and hegemony has an
alienating and intimidating impact.
Curriculum and the Scheduled Castes:
For the Scheduled Castes who have sought education as a mechanism to transform as well as enter "mainstream" (read dominant) society, the central
questions are of representation of their knowledge and culture and the critiquing of dominant knowledge and value systems of their lived reality and of
social relationships based on dominance/subordination and exclusion. Dominant forms of inequality and hierarchy are made invisible in the discourse
on common nationhood and common and equal citizenship, which the school curriculum propagates. But for the Scheduled Castes the heart of the
matter is structural oppression, not cultural difference. Thus understandings of oppressive aspects of our traditional and contemporary structures, the
historical construction of groups and communities are made invisible by the curriculum and not

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Meritocracy
Disregard of meritocracy
Right from the time the policy of reservation came into being,there has been an interminable debate in the country that 'Do reservations really help our
nation advance and develop or are they an impediment in the nation's progress?'
It is evident that efficiency of public services will only increase by hiring the most deserving candidates based on their merit and not their caste
.But,with reservation there in the scenario,people belonging to the 'upper caste' get left behind even after performing better than their fellow
competitors who belong to the lower caste.
The country naturally suffers lack of intellectual manpower which directly affects the economy.Even students who take admissions to prestigious
institutions through reservations are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What leads to the other?
There is yet another disadvantage of the reservation system.The thought behind reservation was to give everyone equal opportunities and reduce the
social gap between people caused by having different opportunities and responsibility in the society.But it seems that they may be reinforcing the caste
divisions.
Reservation enhances the identity–politics and gives castes and ethnicity more importance in the Indian society. In a country with such a huge diversity
in religions, beliefs and traditions, caste–based reservations seem to be another way of fragmenting the nation instead of bringing people together.
(fokusindia.no)(Caste–based reservations: enhancing the differences?)
In this way,reservation system brutally perpetuates the caste system,a system which everyone feels we need to do away with for better progress and
development.
"The duties of Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, and Vaisyas, and of Sudras, too, O terror of your foes! are distinguished according to the qualities born of
nature. (Every) man intent on his own respective duties obtains perfection."(Bhagavadgita, chapter XVIII, pp. 126–127)
Current scenario of

Development Of Human Rights Laws Essay
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE OF (NHRC)
comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article 32 of the Constitution assures an individual the right to move the Supreme
Court of India for the enforcement of his/her rights, other constraints (like court fees, large back log of pending cases, and the intricacies of legal
procedures leading to inordinate delay in justice) make the legal option difficult and almost unapproachable for the ordinary person. The
implementation of laws that guarantee constitutional rights can be overseen by special administrative or institutional measures. The Indian
Government has set up many special institutions under different acts of parliament and the primary task of these institutions is to give effect to various
constitutional rights, particularly the rights of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. One such important institution is the National Human Rights
Commission. In order to understand the powers and functioning of this commission it is necessary to know the various Indian Laws relating to Human
Rights.
An Overview
comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article

Chennai, March 11 : DMK chief M Karunanidhi along with...
Chennai, March 11 : DMK chief M Karunanidhi along with party treasurer M K Stalin announced the manifesto for 2014 parliamentry elections at
party headquarters today morning.2G spectrum scam accused former Telecom minister A.Raja and Rajya Sabha member Kanimozhi were present at
the meet.
DMK chief M.Karunanidhi , Treasurer M.K.Stalin,General Secretary K.Anabazhagan releasing manifesto
DMK chief M.Karunanidhi , Treasurer M.K.Stalin,General Secretary K.Anabazhagan releasing manifesto
DMK organising secretary and Member of Parliament from North Chennai ,TKS Elangovan accused AIADMK manifesto being 'Prime Ministerial'
manifesto and claimed that manifesto of DMK is people oriented.
In its manifesto for General elections 2014 ,DMK promised to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Free education for SC/STs,caste based census
DMK manifesto also specified its positions on several social issues. It includes Full scholarships for Scheduled caste (SC) and ST(Scheduled Tribe)
communities and promise to give priority for SC/ST in the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court.DMK manifesto promises of caste based census
and also proposed to recognize transgenders as third gender and getting them place in education and employment opportunities.
Other promises
> Party to urge centre to allocate 7 percent of GDP for education with compared to earlier demand of 6 percent in the last manifesti o.
> Mass rapid transit system (MRTS)–new railway route from Tiruvanmiyur to Mamallapuram and extending it upto puducherry in next phase and
MRTS in corporations like Madurai , Tiruchi , Tanjavur ,Salem , Erode .
> Demand for university of railway technology in Tamil Nadu
> Urge the centre to implement supreme court judgement for increasing water level in Mullaiperiyar dam to 152 feet as it was in 1977

> To set up cauvery management board and cauvery regulation committee to be formed according to the final award of the Cauvery Tribunal .
The DMK on Monday released the candidates for the 39 Lok Sabha seats in Tamil Nadu along with the

Donna Langston: The Importance Of Class
According to Donna Langston,"Class is more than just the amount of money you have; it's also the presence of economic security. For the working
class and poor, working and eating are matters of survival, not taste. However, while one's class status can be defined in important ways in terms of
monetary income, class is also a whole lot more– specifically, class is also culture. As a result of the class you are born into and raised in, class is your
understanding of the world and where you fit in; it's composed of ideas, behavior, attitudes, values and language; class is how you think, feel, act,
look, dress, talk, move, walk; class is what stores you shop at, what restaurants you eat in; class is the schools you attend, the education you attain;
class is the very jobs you will work at throughout your adult life.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When we experience classism, it will be because of lack of money and because of the way we talk, think, act, move– because of our culture."(Langston
401). In this para by Langston explains what the actual meaning of class and classism is, she explains that majorly our class depends upon the
amount of money we have but, other than that there are many other factors that affect our "class". For example, we have many times seen people
commenting on other people's class like, if a person is wearing torn out clothes and is driving a broken car, then people class him as poor, on the other
hand if a person is wearing expensive clothes and is driving a BMW, then the person is rich. This is how our way we present ourselves in–front of
others. our way of dressing up, our way of talking, the car we drive etc.

Caste Between Caste And Caste System
4.2.3 CasteOne of the important element of our social structure is the caste system. According to Usha Talwar ( 1984) , caste has become so
significant in Indian social structure that a meaningful study is not possible without its being taken into consideration. Table 4.4 Caste
CasteFrequencyPercentage SC2909.70 ST0501.70 OBC5117.00 NT020.67 Open21270.70 Others010.33 Total300100.00 Figure 4.3 Caste Table 4.4
and figure 4.3 indicates caste– wise classification of teachers of selected area of Mumbai. At primary level the respondents were classified into two
categories viz open category and reserve category. It was found that 212 (70.70%) respondents were from open category. The remaining 88
(29.30%) respondents were from reserved category. The respondents from the reserved category were classified further into different categories
based on their caste viz. Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Nomadic Tribes (NT), Other Backward Class and others. The largest
number of respondents i.e. 51 (17%) belonged to OBC category. This was followed by 29 (9.7%) teachers belonged to SC category. Remaining 8
teachers were spread out in three categories viz ST, NT and others. These accounted for approximately two to less than that in each category 4.2.3.1
Relationship between Caste and Gender The relationship between caste and gender of teachers is given in the Table 4.5 . It was found that there were
mixed category of caste from both male and female

Constraints Of Obtaining Education By Dalits

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