This document discusses different legal structures for start-up companies in India, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability partnerships (LLPs), one person companies (OPCs), and private companies. Private companies have the highest setup costs but also provide more regulatory ease and ability to attract investors. The appropriate legal structure depends on factors like scalability, investment needs, and compliance requirements.

1. How should you design your start-
up company?

2. Introduction
• India ranks amongst the Top 5 “startup countries” in the world.
• The Indian government's initiatives such us the 'Start up India, Stand up
India' campaign as well as 'Make in India' are aimed to give momentum to
the industry and encourage entrepreneurship.
• On an average three to four start-ups are being set up in India every day.
Bangalore as the IT capital of India is home to a majority of these startups. It
is ranked 15 globally amongst all cities for the number and quantum of
investments being made in startups.

3. A question that is there in every entrepreneur's
mind is how to design a start-up company?
How to legally structure the start-up is as important as is focusing on the business plan,
product, customer acceptance, pricing and capital needs.
It is equally important to make an informed decision on the appropriate legal entity.
The key elements that strengthen the foundation of a startup can also be critical in
determining investment opportunities and the prospective investor base.
These could be –
(a) Determining scalability of your business,
(b) Attracting investments – domestic or offshore;
(c) Regulatory issues and compliances.

4. Objectives
• One of the business objectives of the startup will also be able to raise funds from
time to time.
Given that funding is such a key aspect for many “young startups”, it is important to
realize that at which point your startup must move to a private company structure.
• Time is an important factor for startups.
While it is possible to convert one legal entity/ structure into another, the process is
usually time consuming and can be avoided, especially when you would rather focus
and spend that time on business growth.
The legal entity you choose for your start-up today will save you time and money in
the future.
Let us take a closer look at the options available to design the legal structure of your
start-up

5. One person company (OPC)
Role: One person acting as owner and director
Ideal for: small businesses
Legal and regulatory rules: Person setting up POC
must be a citizen and resident of India
Advantages:
• Minimum regulatory requirements and
compliances
• Must be a private company
Disadvantages:
• Cost of setting up OPC is higher as compared to
sole proprietorship OR partnership firm
• Maximum paid-up capital INR 50lacs
• Maximum turnover INR 2crores

6. One person company (OPC) - Features
• Attracting investments from others: Easier than sole proprietorships
• Financial institutions may lend, on a case by case basis
• Foreign investment is permitted
• Security for any funds raised may require incurring personal liabilities

7. Sole proprietorship
Role: One person ownership
Ideal for: small businesses, consultancy, brokerage firms etc.
Legal and regulatory rules: No initial minimum capital
mandatory Minimum compliances.
Advantages:
• Minimum regulatory requirements and compliances
• Low cost of setting up
Disadvantages:
• Unlimited personal liabilities
• Scalability of business and getting funding are challenging
• Limited geographical outreach

8. Sole proprietorship - Features
• Attracting investments from others : Typically through friends and family and
other informal channels
• Foreign investments by NRIs/PIOs are permitted in most sectors – investments in
such cases can be made on a non-repatriation basis only.
• Repatriation basis requires RBI approval.

9. Partnership firm
Role: Two or more persons acting as partners of the firm.
Ideal for: Legal, Accounting, Consultancy etc.
Legal and regulatory rules: No initial minimum capital
mandatory
More than a sole proprietorship and OPC but lesser than
a limited liability partnership (LLP) and a private
company
Advantages:
• Works well with several key members – rights and
liabilities can be agreed on an individual
• Low cost of setting up
• Governed by a partnership deed entered into
between all partners
Disadvantages:
• Unlimited personal liability
• Personal assets can be attached to repay any debts
• Partner and Partnership firm are not separable from
each other
• Transfer of ownership is challenging

10. Partnership firm - Features
• Attracting investments from others:
Foreign investments by NRIs/PIOs are permitted in most sectors – investments in
such cases can be made on a non-repatriation basis only. Repatriation basis
requires RBI approval.

11. Limited Liability Partnership ( LLP)
Role: Two or more persons acting as designated partners of the LLP
Ideal for: Legal, accounting, Small scale media ventures, advertising
Legal and regulatory rules: No initial minimum capital mandatory
Advantages:
• Regulated but not as strictly as companies
• Liability of partners limited to their capital contribution
• 2 persons act as “designated partners”
• Governed by a contract between the partners provides for the
role, responsibilities, rights and liabilities
Disadvantages:
• Transfer of ownership is challenging
• High cost of setting up when compared to OPC, Sole
proprietorship and Partnership
• Existing agreements have to be amended to reflect addition of any
new designated partner

12. Limited Liability Partnership- Features
• Attracting investments from others : Foreign investments are permitted and are
liberalized from time to time
• Investor base is limited
• Downstream investment is permitted only in sectors in which 100% FDI is
permitted without any approvals or conditions

13. Private Company
Role: Founder is the promoter of the company 2 or more members required
at all times
Ideal for: All types of business
Legal and regulatory rules: Mandatory minimum initial capital contribution
if Rs 1 lac
Legal, secretarial, accounting and audit costs on an ongoing basis
Advantages:
• Well regulated – ease of doing business with third parties is higher
• Memorandum and articles of association required
• Depending on the sector, this is usually the best option
Disadvantages:
• Initial capital contribution of Rs 1 Lac may prove to be expensive for
some start-ups
• Highest cost of setting up when compared all above 4 options
• Liabilities and penalties for non-compliance of on-going filings and
disclosures within the filings.
• Compliances and compliance costs are high

14. Private Company - Features
• Attracting investments from others : Preferred entity for foreign investments
• Downstream investment restrictions are very limited and overall limited
restrictions
• Investor base is maximum (second only to public/listed companies)

15. THANK YOU!