This is an innovative project idea which is based on Internet of Things,which will be helpful to keep the city clean.This system monitors garbage level in the garbage bins and informs about the level of garbage collected in the bin via web page. In this project we are using garbage Monitoring concept with help of DHT11 sensor and Ultrasonic sensors and Mediatek Linkit One Board,MQTT protocol is used to publish the status of garbage bin to the cloud,which can be accessed by respective Authorities
Software and Systems Engineering Standards: Verification and Validation of Sy...
Project report on Iot Based Garbage Monitoring System
1. IOT BASED GARBAGE MONITORING SYSTEM
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1. INTRODUCTION
A. ABOUT PROJECT
IOT or Internet Things refers to the network of connected physical objects that can communicate
and exchange data among themselves without the desideratum of any human intervention. It has been
formally defined as an “Infrastructure of Information Society” because IOT sanctions us to amass
information from all kind of mediums such as humans, animals, conveyances, kitchen appliances. Thus,
any object in the physical world which can be provided with an IP address to enable data transmission
over a network can be made part of IOT system by embedding them with electronic hardware such as
sensors, software and networking gear.
In our project we are getting the data from sensors and sending messages to the webpage cloud server
so the respective authorities can give the instructions to cleaning staff to collect the garbage from exact
locations. We are going to propose a system for the immediate cleaning of the dustbins. As dustbin is
considered as a basic need to maintain the level of cleanliness in the city, so it is very important to clean
all the dustbins as soon as they get filled.
We will use ultrasonic sensors for this system. The sensor will be placed on top of bin which will help
in sending the information to the respective authorities that the level of garbage has reached its
maximum level. After this the bin should be emptied as soon as possible. The concept of IoT when
used in this field will result in a better environment for the people to live in. No more unsanitary
conditions will be formed in the city. With the help of this system minimal number of smart bins can
be used around the whole city and the city will be much cleaner
B. SCOPE OF PROJECT
Since then the scope of IOT has grown tremendously as currently it consists of more than 12 billion
connected devices and according to the experts it will increase to 50 billion by the end of 2020. There
has been an unprecedented growth in the number of devices being connected to the Internet since past
few years. All these devices connected to the internet are part of the IOT infrastructure which can
communicate with each other. The IOT network consists of embedded electronics, sensors and
software that allows these devices to send and receive data among each other. This is why it is beneficial
to use such an existing infrastructure for designing the proposed security system. The disadvantages of
the existing system are that the employees have to go and check the bins daily whether they are filled
or not, it results in high cost. If the bin doesn’t get emptied on time then the environment becomes
unhygienic and illness could be spread. The proposed system will help in removing all these
disadvantages. The real-time information can be gained regarding the level of the dustbin filled on the
system itself. It will also help in reducing the cost as the employees will have to go only at that time
when the bin is full. This will also help in resource optimization and if the bins will be emptied at time
then the environment will remain safe and free from all kinds of diseases. The cities will become cleaner
and the smells of the garbage will be much less.
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C. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
1. Hardware Requirements:
1 Link It® ONE(MT2502) board
1 Ultrasonic Sensor(HC-SR04)
1 Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT-11)
1 USB cable
1 Breadboard and connecting wires
2. Software Requirements:
Arduino compiler
Mosquitto Broker
µC Programming Language : Embedded C
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2. LITERATURE SURVEY
A Smart Dustbin proposed based on IoT in which the smart bin was built on a platform which
was based on Arduino Uno board which was interfaced with a GSM modem and an ultrasonic sensor.
The sensor was placed on the top of the bin. A threshold level was set as 10cm. As the garbage reaches
the level of threshold, the sensor triggers the GSM modem which alerts the associated authority till the
garbage in the bin is emptied. At the end a conclusion was made that various issues like affordability,
maintenance and durability were addressed when these smart bins were designed. It also contributed
towards a hygienic and clean environment in the process of building a smart city.
The researchers suggests the method for garbage management which is as follows. The bin was
interfaced with a system based on microcontroller which had IR wireless systems with a central system
that showed the current status of the garbage in the bin. The status was seen on a mobile based web
browser with an html page by using Wi-Fi. To reduce the cost, they only used weight based sensors and
on the sender's side they only used a Wi-Fi module to send and receive the data. In the end the sensor
could only detect the weight of waste present in the bin but not the level of waste. The author proposed
a method for organizing the collection of the garbage in the commercial and residential areas of
the cities . In this system, the level of garbage in the bin was detected by the ultrasonic sensor which will
send the data to the control room using the GSM module. A GUI was also developed to check the
information that was related to the garbage for different locations, GUI was based on MATLAB so it
was different. Two units were present in the system, slave unit was in the bin whereas the master unit
was there in the control room. The sensor will check the level of garbage and send it to the slave unit
which will further send the data to master unit which at last will inform the authorities to clean the bin.
This paper proposed Decision Support System which would be used for garbage collection in the cities.
This system handled the ineffective waste collection in the inaccessible areas of the city. The system
worked in two parts, the first part was to find the companies that were involved in collecting the waste
and owned trucks and who could also organize some drivers for collecting the garbage from various
parts of the city in the truck and pass on the city dumps or the recycling organizations. The second part
was to make a system which could handle all the communications of all the people involved and could
also maintain the data which will be collected while working around in the city. Various bins were placed
around the city which were provided with an embedded device which was low in price and helped in
tracking the garbage level in the bins [5]. A different ID was provided to each bin so that it could be
easier to detect that which is bin is full and ready to be emptied. The project is divided into two sections
one being the transmitter section and other the receiver section. The transmitter section consists of a
microcontroller and sensors which check the level of the garbage and the data is passed onto the system
with the help of the RF Transmitter, then RF Receiver receives the data and sends it to the client
associated so that the bin can be emptied quickly. Anitha et al (2016) proposed a home automation
system using IOT uses raspberry pi for the implementation.
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3. Hardware Description
3.1 Media Tek Link It® ONE Development board specifications:
1 Feature Spec
Microprocessor
(MPU)
Chipset
Core
Clock Speed
MT2502A
ARM7EJ-S™
260MHz
PCB Size Dimensions 3.3 x 2.1 inches
Memory Flash
RAM
16MB
4MB
Power Battery Jack
DC Current Per I/O Pin
3.7~4.2V Li-battery
0.3~3mA
Digital IO Pins Pin Count
Voltage
16 (D0~D13, SDA, SCL)
3.3V
Analog Input
Pins
Pin Count
Voltage
3 (A0, A1, A2)
0~5V
PWM Output
Pins
Pin Count
Voltage
Maximum Resolution
2 (D3 and D9)
3.3V
13bit@1.6KHz
8bit@50.8KHz
4bit@800KHz
External
Interrupts
Pin Count 2 (D2 and D3)
I2C (master only) Set Count
Speed
1 (SDA, SCL)
100Kbps, 400Kbps, 3.4Mbps
SPI (master
only)
Set Count
Speed
1 (MOSI, MISO, SCK, SS)
104Kbps~26Mbps
UART Set Count
Voltage
1 (D0[RX], D1[TX])
3.3V
UART on USB Set Count 1
Communications GSM
GPRS
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi (MT5931)
850/900/1800/1900MHz
Class 12
2.1 SPP and 4.0 GATT (Dual Mode)
802.11b/g/n
Positioning GNSS (MT3332) GPS/GLONASS/BeiDou
User Storage Flash
SD Card
10MB
Up to 32GB (Class 10)
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1 Feature Spec
Executable Size RAM (Code+RO+RW+ZI+Heap) 2MB
3.2 HC-SR04 ULTRASONIC SENSOR.
HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic sensor which is used for measuring the distance between the top of the lid
to the top of the garbage.
PIN NUMBER PIN NAME DESCRIPTION
1. VCC The Vcc pin powers the sensor, typically with +5V
2. Trigger Trigger pin is an Input pin. This pin has to be kept high
for 10us to initialize measurement by sending US
wave.
3. Echo Echo pin is an Output pin. This pin goes high for a
period of time which will be equal to the time taken for
The US wave to return back to the sensor.
4. GND This pin is connected to the Ground of the system.
Table 1: Pin Number and Function of Ultrasonic sensor
Fig.3. HC-SR04 Ultra Sonic sensor
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3.2.1 HC-SR04 Ultra Sonic sensor features:
• The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine distance to an object like bats do. It offers
excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use
package.
• From 2cm to 400 cm or 1” to 13 feet (ideal). Its operation is not affected by sunlight or black material
like sharp rangefinders are (although acoustically soft materials like cloth can be difficult to detect).
It comes complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver module.
3.2.2 Characteristics:
1. Power Supply: +5V DC
2. Working Current: 15mA
3. Measuring Angle: 30 degree
• Operating frequency : 40Hz
• Accuracy: 3mm
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3.3 Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT11):-
1. The DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor
to measure the surrounding air, and gives out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed).
2. The breakout board it comes with 3 jumper wires to make it easier to use.
3. It’s fairly simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data. The only real downside of this sensor is you can
only get new data from it once every 2 seconds. Compared to the DHT22, this sensor is less precise, less
accurate and works in a smaller range of temperature/humidity, but it’s smaller and less expensive.
3.3.1 DHT11 Sensor Specifications:-
Low cost
3 to 5V power and I/O
2.5mA max current use during conversion (while requesting data)
Good for 20-80% humidity readings with 5% accuracy
Good for 0-50°C temperature readings ±2°C accuracy
No more than 1 Hz sampling rate (once every second)
Body size 15.5mm x 12mm x 5.5mm
4 pins with 0.1″ spacing
Fig3.3.1 DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
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System Block Diagram:
Fig.1. System Block Diagram
Temperature
and
Humidity
sensor
Sensor
Link It® ONE
(MT-2502)
MQTT
PUBLISHER
MQTT
SUBSCRIBER
MQTT
Cloud
GPS
Ultrasonic
sensor
(HC-SR04)
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3.4 GPS Module:-
A GPS module never transmits signals - it only receives them from the GPS satellites. The GPS tracks
up to 12 satellites to calculate position. The GPS accuracy is based on the number of satellites tracked,
their positions. The GPS module only responds to 16-bit Modbus holding register commands.
Fig3.4 GPS Module
Most GPS data fields require two 16-bit registers to access the entire data value. These 32-bit values
are stored as signed integers or floating point values GPS data is displayed in different message
formats over a serial interface nearly all GPS receivers’ output NMEA data.
The NMEA standard is formatted in lines of data called sentences. Here’s example NMEA sentences
from a GPS receiver with satellite lock
Eg.$GPRMC,225446,A,4916.45,N,12311.12,W,000.5,054.7,191194,020.3,E*68
• 225446 Time of fix 22:54:46 UTC A Navigation receiver warning
• A = OK, V = warning
• 4916.45,N Latitude 49 deg. 16.45 min North
• 12311.12,W Longitude 123 deg. 11.12 min West
• 000.5 Speed over ground, Knots
• 054.7 Course Made Good, True
• 191194 Date of fix 19 November1994
• 020.3,E Magnetic variation 20.3 deg East
• *68 mandatory checksum
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3.4.1 GPS Specifications
• Supply Voltage 5 to 30 V dc
• Current Maximum: < 0.5 W
• Typical Average: 10 mA at 24 V
• dc Indicators Green flashing: Power ON
• Amber flashing: Modbus communication active
• Operating Temperature −40 °C to +85 °C (−40 °F to +185 °F)
• Communication Interface: RS-485 serial
• Baud rates: 9.6k, 19.2k (default), or 38.4k
• Data format: 8 data bits, no parity (default), 1 stop
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3.5 Media Tek Cloud
• Media Tek Sandbox Cloud is a free web service that lets you collect and store sensor data in the
cloud and develop Internet of Things applications. The Media Tek Sandbox Cloud web service
provides a HTTP platform that let you analyse and visualize your data on the server. Sensor data
can be sent to Media Tek Sandbox Cloud from hardware.
• Create a Channel
• Click Channels > My Channels.
• On the Channels page, click New Channel.
• Check the boxes next to Fields 1–3. Enter these channel setting values:
• Name: GPS
• Field 1: Temperature (ºC)
• Field 2: LED & LED_DISPLAY
• Field 3: Humidity
• Field 4: Garbage level
• Field 5: Battery Level
• Field 4: Latitude & longitude (in degree º and minutes)
Fig.8. Media Tek Sandbox Cloud GUI
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4. MQTT Protocol
4.1 MQTT publish subscribe architecture
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is an ISO standard (ISO/IEC PRF 20922) publish-
subscribe-based messaging protocol.
The MQTT messages are delivered asynchronously (“push”) through publish subscribe architecture.
The MQTT protocol works by exchanging a series of MQTT control packets in a defined way. Each
control packet has a specific purpose and every bit in the packet is carefully crafted to reduce the data
transmitted over the network. A MQTT topology has a MQTT server and a MQTT client. MQTT
client and server communicate through different control packets. Table below briefly describes each
of these control packets.
Fig 4.1 MQTT Publish and Subscriber
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4.2 MQTT Ideal for constrained networks (low bandwidth, high latency, data
limits, and fragile connections)
MQTT control packet headers are kept as small as possible. Each MQTT control packet consist of three
parts, a fixed header, variable header and payload. Each MQTT control packet has a 2 byte Fixed
header. Not all the control packet have the variable headers and payload. A variable header contains
the packet identifier if used by the control packet. A payload up to 256 MB could be attached in the
packets. Having a small header overhead makes this protocol appropriate for IoT by lowering the
amount of data transmitted over constrained networks.
Fig 4.2 MQTT Publish and Subscriber Description
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4.3 Quality of Service (QoS) for MQTT
Quality of service (QoS) levels determine how each MQTT message is delivered and must be specified
for every message sent through MQTT. It is important to choose the proper QoS value for every
message, because this value determines how the client and the server communicate to deliver the
message. Three QoS for message delivery could be achieved using MQTT:
QoS 0 (At most once) - where messages are delivered according to the best efforts of the operating
environment. Message loss can occur.
QoS 1 (At least once) - where messages are assured to arrive but duplicates can occur.
QoS 2 (Exactly once) - where message are assured to arrive exactly once.
There is a simple rule when considering performance impact of QoS. It is “The higher
the QoS, the lower the performance". MQTT provides flexibility to the IoT devices, to
choose appropriate QoS they would need for their functional and environment
requirements
Fig 4.3 Quality of Service (QoS) for MQT
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4.4 MQTT client abnormal disconnect notification
When a MQTT client connects to MQTT publish subscribe architecture.
The MQTT messages are delivered asynchronously (“push”) through publish subscribe architecture.
The MQTT protocol works by exchanging a series of MQTT control packets in a defined way. Each
control packet has a specific purpose and every bit in the packet is carefully crafted to reduce the data
transmitted over the network. A MQTT topology has a MQTT server and a MQTT client. MQTT client
and server communicate through different control packets. Table below briefly describes each of these
control packets.
4.5 MQTT clients are very simple to implement
MQTT is open protocol and standardized by the OASI. This makes this protocol easy to adopt for the
wide variety of IoT devices, platforms, and operating systems. Many applications of MQTT can be
developed just by implementing the CONNECT, PUBLISH, SUBSCRIBE, and DISCONNECT
control packets. A variety of MQTT client libraries are made available through the Eclipse Paho
project. Eclipse Paho MQTT client libraries could be downloaded from the Ecli.
In summary, MQTT is the protocol build for M2M and IoT which can help provide revolutionary new
performance and opens up new areas for messaging use cases for billions of things connected through
the Internet. The LWT (“Last will and testament”) feature can be useful in some scenarios. For
example for a remote MQTT client, this feature can be used to detect when the IoT devices goes out of
the network. The LWT feature can be used to create notifications for an application that is monitoring
the client activity.
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4.6 MQTT protocol applications and use cases
Facebook currently uses MQTT for their messenger app, not only because the protocol conserves
battery power during mobile phone-to-phone messaging, but also because, in spite of inconsistent
internet connections across the globe, the protocol enables messages to be delivered efficiently in
milliseconds.
Most major cloud services providers, including AWS, Google Cloud, IBM Bluemix and Microsoft
Azure, support MQTT, as do the Carriots, Evrything and ThingWorx IoT platforms.
MQTT is well-suited to applications using M2M and IoT devices for real-time analytics, preventative
maintenance and monitoring, among other uses, in environments such as smart homes, healthcare,
logistics, industry and manufacturing.
Fig 4.6 MQTT protocol applications and use cases
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4.7 Competing protocols:
Other transfer protocols under consideration for IoT devices with constrained resources include the
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), which uses a request/response communication pattern, and
the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), which, like MQTT, uses a publish/subscribe
communication pattern.
4.8 MQTT challenges: Security, interoperability and authentication:
Because the MQTT protocol was not designed with security in mind, the protocol has traditionally been
used in secure back-end networks for application-specific purposes. MQTT's topic structure can easily
form a huge tree, and there's no clear way to divide a tree into smaller logical domains that can be
federated. This makes it difficult to create a globally scalable MQTT network because, as the size of
the topic tree grows, the complexity increases.
Another negative aspect of MQTT is its lack of interoperability. Because message payloads are binary,
with no information as to how they are encoded, problems can arise -- especially in
open architectures where different applications from different manufacturers are supposed to work
seamlessly with each other.
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5. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 IMPLEMENTATION
The proposed system aims to implement the following:
A. Data acquisition, logging for monitoring of Garbage bin parameters Data acquisition is one of the
best tools to increase the understanding of Garbage bin behaviour. The proposed system uses the Media
Tek Link It®
ONE Board for interconnecting sensors and for monitoring Garbage bin parameters like
Garbage level in the bin, Battery level, Garbage temperature, Humidity.
B. Limits on Garbage Level is set, and a warning message is issued when these limits are exceeded
when more than 75% of full level, in the form of warnings to the respective authorities.
C. If the level of the Garbage bin exceed the set limit, information is relayed to an online service for
monitoring real time sensor data. This data can be accessed by government authorities agencies like
Municipal Corporation’s, to identify and Garbage level in the bin.
Hence this is easy method to monitor thousands of major locations where garbage is collected in Bulk
in amount from a single control room. In case of absence of internet service the data is logged to an
online cloud, and warning message can be accessed later through the notification on subscriber’s
mobile number.
D. The Garbage bin with the registration details of a user are sent to an online service cloud storage
provider informing about the levels of Garbage bins in every 10 minutes.
E. GPS based Garbage bin tracking, and identification is used to plot the real time position of the
Garbage bin on Google earth’s map.
5.2 Working of project:
We are using Link It® ONE (MT2502) board to receiving data from sensors, Which is Connected
through Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi configured as Access point) and GPS will give us exact location coordinates on
the MQTT cloud server. To achieve this goal we are doing interfacing of two sensors .Ultrasonic sensor
(HC-SR04) for distance and DHT11 sensor for temperature and humidity status. GPS data of garbage
bin transmitted through MQTT protocol to cloud. Then subscriber will be able to access the webpage of
cloud server to get the current status of the Garbage bins.
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5.3 HTTP protocol:
HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
The HTTP is the Web’s application-layer protocol for transferring various forms of data between
server and client like plaintext, hypertext, images, videos and sounds.
Computers on the World Wide Web use the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol to talk with each other
.http://www.google.co.in. The first part of an address (URL) of a site on the Internet, signifying a
document written in Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML).
HTTP is implemented in two programs: a client program and a server program, executing on
different end systems, talk to each other by exchanging HTTP messages.
The HTTP client first initiates a TCP connection with the server. Once the connection is established,
the browser and the server processes access TCP through their socket interfaces. In non-persistent
connection each request/response pair are sent over a separate TCP connection.
In persistent connections all of the requests and their corresponding responses are sent over the
same TCP connection.
5.4 Working of HTTP protocol:
HTTP is implemented in two programs: a client program and a server program, executing on
different end systems, talk to each other by exchanging HTTP messages. The HTTP client first
initiates a TCP connection with the server. Once the connection is established, the browser and
the server processes access TCP through their socket interfaces.
Fig 5.4 Working of HTTP protocol
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Fig.5.1 Block diagram of IOT based Garbage monitoring system
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Fig.5.2 Circuit diagram of IOT based Garbage monitoring system
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5.5 MQTT protocol:
MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport.
• It is a lightweight publish and subscribe system where you can publish and receive messages as a
client.
• MQTT allows you to send commands to control outputs, read and publish data from sensor nodes
and much more.
• The broker is primarily responsible for receiving all messages, filtering the messages, decide who
is interested in them and then publishing the message to all subscribed clients.
5.6 Difference between MQTT and HTTP protocol
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6. Interfacing
To measure the specific distance from your sensor, this can be calculated based on this formula:
Distance = ½ T x C, where
(T = Time and C = the speed of sound).
At 20°C (68°F), the speed of sound is 343 meters/second (1125 feet/second), but this varies
depending on temperature and humidity.
The DHT11 sensors have three pins, VCC, GND, data pin. A pull-up resistor from 5K to 10K Ohms
is required to keep the data line high and in order to enable the communication between the sensor
and the board.
Fig 6.1 Interfacing with Link It ONE on breadboard
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7. SYSTEM TESTING
7.1 Test approach
We will test the project in two stages: software and hardware. The software part is to be tested via the
Arduino IDE, whereas the hardware part has to be tested physically. It is necessary to check whether
the system is working properly or not. To check whether the readings are accurate, we will check the
distance pointed out by the sensor by a meter tape.
7.2 Test cases.
In this section we discuss about the inputs, expected output, testing procedure.
7.3 Inputs
This project requires three inputs:
1. Power supply Power supply is the basic need of any electronic circuit. Here we use 5v dc
battery to give power Arduino and sometimes we can give power directly from the
computer.
2. We can also power these circuits via 9v batteries using a circuit divider Distance, The
distance will be the input of the Arduino circuit and will be gotten from the ultrasonic
sensor.
3. The temperature and humidity from the DHT11 sensor.
7.3.1 Expected output
The expected output of this project should be a text message showing the distance to full. It will also
send the humidity and the temperature of the area. The output should also be seen on the serial monitor
of the Arduino IDE and output should also be seen on the Mediatek Sandbox Cloud GUI page.
7.3.2 Testing procedure:
For testing first connect the circuit to the power supply is given to the Arduino using computer
And it can be done by using battery. In this way the whole testing circuit is built. Now we give
Input to the HC-SR04 by changing the level of solid garbage. Change in garbage levels should
Be messaged to the cloud.
7.3.3 Summary of testing procedure:-
1) Connect the circuit according to the diagram
2) Give power to the system.
3) Vary garbage level for the ultrasonic sensor to give output.
4) Get the output from the DHT11 sensor.
5) Send message via the GSM module
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8. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
Very simple circuit to implement with link it®
ONE kit.
The HCSR04 sensor is very rugged. Helps monitor garbage levels.
Uses very small amount of electricity.
Ultimately helps in better planning of garbage pickups. Can help in reducing
overflowing bins.
Reduces trips to areas where the bins still have a lot of capacity.
The project is cost effective.
Disadvantages:
Cannot detect liquid waste.
Only detects the top of the garbage level.
It wouldn’t realize if there is space left.
The sensor will not work properly on the irregular surfaces.
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CONCLUSION
Conclusion
• Designed and implemented a prototype of a Garbage monitoring system which can be
used to keep smart cities clean from Garbage.
• The developed system provides improved database for garbage collection time and
quantity of garbage collection at each location.
• By implementing this project we will avoid over flowing of garbage from the container
in residential area which is previously either loaded manually or with the help of loaders
in traditional trucks.
We built an efficient garbage monitoring system which can be used to monitor the level of
garbage in the dump. This data can be further used to plan garbage collection trips more
efficiently, ultimately reducing overflowing bins and helping have better public sanitation.
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Media Tek Link It ONE board Pinout Diagram:-
GSM Wi-Fi, GPS module image
Link It® ONE Kit Board