Source credibility and citation

1. Source Citation and
Credibility
Alyssa Meyer
Tian Shan Policy Center
Visiting Research Fellow
1/22/2016

2. What We Will Cover
 When do you need to cite a source?
 How do you cite a source?
 How do you decide which sources are
legitimate?
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3. What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is using another
person’s words, expressions,
language, or ideas without giving
proper credit.
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4. Common Concerns
 When might you unintentionally plagiarize?
 Paraphrasing incorrectly
 Citing incorrectly
 Omitting a citation
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5. Example Paraphrasing
Original passage:
“Long-term memory, that immensely
complex storehouse, has also been
most extensively studied with the
use of verbal materials, usually
presented in the form of long lists. As
we shall see, this approach has
resulted in some extremely important
findings, but it has also been a bit
misleading. After all, remembering
lists of words is somewhat different
from remembering a conversation, a
recipe, or the plot of a
movie”(Klatsky, 1975, p.17).
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“Paraphrasing is Plagiarism.” (n.d.). In Muhlenberg College Psychology Department. Retrieved 11 November 2013, from
http://www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/psychology/paraphrasing.htm
Incorrect paraphrasing:
Long term memory is a complex
storehouse that has been studied
extensively using verbal materials
presented in the form of long lists.
While this approach has resulted in
some important findings, it has been
misleading. Remembering a list is
not like remembering a discussion or
a movie.
Incorrect paraphrasing:
Long term memory is a complex
storehouse that has been studied
extensively using verbal materials
presented in the form of long lists.
While this approach has resulted in
some important findings, it has been
misleading. Remembering a list is
not like remembering a discussion or
a movie.

6. Example Paraphrasing (cont.)
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Incorrect paraphrasing:
The recollection of long
word lists is how long term
memory typically is studied.
Although much can be
learned through this
method, the vast diversity of
what human beings commit
to memory suggests this
approach may have its
limits.
Correct paraphrasing:
The recollection of long
word lists is how long term
memory typically is studied.
Although much can be
learned through this
method, the vast diversity of
what human beings commit
to memory suggests this
approach may have its
limits (Klatsky, 1975, p. 17).

7. Example Citation
Original text:
“Infidel, n. In New York, one
who does not believe in the
Christian religion; in
Constantinople, one who does”
(Bierce, 1911, p. 60).
Incorrect citation:
According to Ambrose Bierce
in The Devil’s Dictionary, an
infidel is, in New York, one who
does not believe in the
Christian religion; in
Constantinople, one who does.
Correct:
According to Ambrose
Bierce in The Devil’s
Dictionary, an infidel is,
“in New York, one who
does not believe in the
Christian religion; in
Constantinople, one who
does” (Bierce, 1911, p.
60).
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8. An Exception in Citation: Common
Knowledge
 Common knowledge is information you can
assume to be widely known by whoever
might read your writing.
 Commonly discussed facts: The earth revolves
around the sun.
 Facts that can be easily verified: There are 50
U.S. states.
 Common expressions or cliches: “as good as it
gets”, “the early bird gets the worm”
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9. Choosing a Citation Style
 The citation style sometimes depends on the
academic discipline involved.
 APA (American Psychological Association) style is used
by often in the field of education, psychology, and
sciences. See APA Citation Style for a guide.
 MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the
humanities. See MLA Citation Style for a guide.
 Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by business,
history, and the fine arts. This style does not use in-
text citations; instead it uses footnotes. See
Chicago/Turabian Citation Style for a guide.
 But it’s always best to ask your professor if they have
a preference!
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10. An Example of APA
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“Sample APA Paper”. The Write Source. http://www.thewritesource.com/apa/apa.pdf
Bibliography
In text citations

11. APA Style
 Book:
 In-text direct citation (Pollan, 2006, p. 49).
 General reference to book’s argument: (Pollan, 2006).
 In your bibliography: Pollan, Michael (2006). The omnivore’s dilemma.
New York: Penguin Group. Print.
 Journal:
 In text direct citation: (Bagchi, “Conflicting Nationalism,” 1996, p. 45).
 In your bibliography: Bagchi, A (1999). Conflicting nationalisms: the voice
of the subaltern in mahasweta devi’s bashai tudu. Tulsa Studies in
Women’s Literature 15.1, 41-50. Print.
 Internet:
 In-text: (“Plagiarism”).
 In your bibliography: "Plagiarism." Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia.
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2004, July 22). Retrieved 11 Nov. 2013. Web.
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12. Including Supplemental Notes
“The questionnaire (see Supplementary material3) was
comprised of 4 parts: student perception regarding
content of nutrition education; duration of time spent on
nutrition education; preferred education approach to
nutrition; and demographics.”
3Supplementary data are available on the journal Web site
(http://apnm.nrc.ca) or may be purchased from the Depository of
Unpublished Data, Document Delivery, CISTI, National Research Council
Canada, Building M-55, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
DUD 5396. For more information on obtaining material refer to http://cisti-
icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/cisti/collection/unpublished-data.html.
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“Using Footnotes (APA)”. Writing Commons, http://writingcommons.org/format/apa/695-using-footnotes-apa

13. Footnotes and Endnotes
 Footnotes are notes that appear at the end of
each page.
 Endnotes appear at the end of the whole paper
or book.
 Generally speaking, if a point digresses from the
current argument in the text, but the author would
still like to make it, an endnote is used.
 If the point is directly related to the discussion
present on that page of the text, a footnote is
used.
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14. Chicago Style
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Bibliography
In text citations

15. Citation Tools
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16. Is Your Source Legitimate?
 Who wrote it?
 What else have they written?
 What was their rhetorical purpose?
 Is the argument properly supported?
 Does the argument differ from other that
sources on the same topic?
 How?
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17. Finding Legitimate Sources
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 JSTOR: Database of
journals, primary sources,
and books
 eBrary: University provided
access to electronic books
 Google Scholar: A freely
accessible search engine for
articles. It searches a wide
variety of sources, including
which searches academic
publishers, universities, and
preprint depositories.
 EBSCO: Research database
for e-journals, magazine
subscriptions, ebooks

18. If you have questions…
WARC: Room 237
warc@auca.kg
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