Pregnant Women Trauma Research Outcomes

Pregnant Women Trauma Research
Trauma is an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, and blunt abdominal
trauma is a particular concern. Approximately 8% of pregnant women sustain some form of
traumatic injury. Automobile accidents and falls account for most of the injuries. Studies of pregnant
women involved in automobile accidents have demonstrated increased rates of premature rupture of
membranes, placental abruption, preterm birth, and stillbirth. A recent study examines pregnancies
complicated by traumatic injuries and outcomes in relation to place of triage. According to the
retrospective study published in the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, pregnant women
who sustained traumatic injuries and were triaged to trauma centers experienced
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The Rights Of Pregnant Women
In In Re A.C. the trial court ordered a cesarean be done at the request of the hospital administration
without her informed consent and against her mother's wishes in order to save the life of her fetus
because physicians felt she would not live long enough to give birth. This case presented one of the
earliest controversies surrounding the maternal–fetal conflict and a pregnant women's rights to
informed consent, privacy and bodily integrity. Any situation where the pregnant woman's well–
being or wishes conflicts with fetal benefit creates a maternal–fetal conflict. Past and recent court
decisions "aimed at protecting the fetus as separate from the woman have challenged the rights of
pregnant women to make decisions about medical interventions and have criminalized maternal
behavior that is believed to be associated with fetal harm or adverse perinatal outcomes" (American
Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), 2005). Since being pregnant does not limit a
woman's right to informed consent, right of privacy and bodily integrity; any medical procedure
taken on behalf of the fetus must require consent by the pregnant woman directly if possible and not
forced by the courts or state interests. A person would not be forced by legal actions to save another
human beings life especially if there is bodily intrusion present; being pregnant is not an exception.
There is a general no duty to act rule that states that people do not have a duty to prevent harm when
it is

Pregnant Women In Prison Historical Analysis
Statement of the issue For many years it has been frowned upon to see women in prison. The rate of
women in prison is currently higher than it has been in the past. Many of these women that are being
incarcerated are leaving behind their families. This could be unfortunate for both the mother and
child. For some women, they are still with the child while entering prison. In prisons and jails in the
United States 10% of the women population that are incarcerated are pregnant (Hotelling, B. A.,
Perinatal needs of pregnant, incarcerated women, 2008). Those women who are pregnant may not
receive adequate care for themselves or their growing child. Historical Analysis Current State
Affairs It was found that 3% of women in federal prisons, 3% of women in state prisons and 5% of
women in local jails have been pregnant when they first entered the facility (Law, V., Pregnant and
behind bars: how the US prison system abuses mothers–to–be, 2015). The number of pregnant
women going into custody is rising as the years continue. That means that the care of these women
who are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nicole was eight and a half months pregnant when she was brought into Texas' Wichita County Jail.
She had complained to one of the nurses on duty that she was feeling pain in her lower back, cramps
and vaginal bleeding. When she had shared this information with the nurse she received no medical
attention when asked for help (Law, V., Pregnant and behind bars: how the US prison system abuses
mothers–to–be, 2015). Instead of the officers taking her to the hospital or granting her further
medical attention they placed her in solitary confinement where she was left alone to tend to the
bleeding alone. When Guerrero water had finally broken she called for help from one of the nurses
and did not receive a response. Luckily one of the guards on duty seen Guerrero giving birth to her
daughter and helped her give

Essay On Zika On Pregnant Women
The recent discovery of massive Zika cases caused the Center of Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) to take control of the situation and try to create a cure. However, a question rises on how can
they make a cure for a disease when not much is known? Collecting data about something new will
take some time in order to adequately come up with immunization against Zika, so in the meantime
the CDC has taken extreme measures towards informing travelers to stay away from regions in the
world that has a Zika outbreak, but one of their main concerns among the human populations are
pregnant women (Fox). In "CDC Confirms 9 U.S. pregnancies With Zika, Investigates 10 More,"
Maggie Fox uses a causal argument in order to introduce the causes and the effects Zika has in
pregnant women in order to create ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Causes of obtaining the Zika virus include the exposure to the female mosquito Aedes and sexual
contact. Such expose to Zika leads to horrible effects, but the most horrible effect is found within
pregnant women. Apparently, if a pregnant woman is exposed to the Zika virus, then the unborn
baby can also get infected with Zika. From the nine cases of pregnant women in the United States
with the Zika virus five of them have suffered severe consequences from this virus. Two pregnant
women of the nine ended up having miscarriages after presenting symptoms of the Zika virus. Other
two women decided to abort their unborn baby after "an ultrasound showed the fetus had severe
brain damage" and the last women, from the five out of the nine pregnant women where the child
was affected, gave birth to a baby "with severe microcephaly." The rest of the women either gave
birth to a healthy baby or the ultrasound has not revealed any abnormalities found in the baby,
allowing them to continue with their pregnancy

Barefoot And Pregnant Women Analysis
Growing up in the South I have often heard the term "barefoot and pregnant" used to describe a
women's responsibilities. Barefoot and pregnant means that a woman's only "job" is to have children
and take care of the home in her child bearing years. Although women and men are equal, men still
believe that it is a women's job to raise the family and take care of the home. Men want to be able to
say that they fully support their family, instead of sharing the responsibilities. Because I was raised
by a woman, I know that a woman can have a family and be successful in the work place. Women
no longer have to be "barefoot and pregnant," because it is the twenty–first century and women can
do anything, even run for president. In "The Invention of

Ptsd In Pregnant Women
PTSD is a vast disorder, meaning that it does not have only one cause or treatment. The brain is a
complicated and unique part of the body and it can be affected by many different factors. When
evaluating the causes of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, it is easy to see that no two cases are exactly
the same, a group of people could go through the same event, hurricane Katrina, in New Orleans, for
example. Countless people were affected by Katrina, many of them in a similar and yet, every
person was emotional and mentally affected differently. Some of them now have PTSD and some do
not, this is because every person is different. Factors such as, gender, race, background, affect how a
person will react to a traumatic event, which makes PTSD a ... Show more content on
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The study consisted of ninety women, thirty–five of those had no mental health issues, the fifty–five
were diagnosed with PTSD caused by child maltreatment. It was found that overall women with
PTSD have a more difficult time understanding emotion. Because these subjects all had PTSD from
being mistreated as children this makes sense. It is more difficult to understand how a person feels
when they were not given care and attention as children. This study is odd because of the specific
field of PTSD chosen because this technically would not need to be about those with PTSD, only
those that were mistreated as children. An interesting form of treatment for PTSD is exposure
therapy, this treatment is for people with PTSD as well as substance abuse disorder (Coffey). There
were 126 subjects all from an unlocked 6–week community residential SUD treatment facility. The
idea behind the study was to add prolonged exposure to a 12–step program for those with PTSD–
SUD. It was found that as with other cases prolonged exposure is helpful to those with PTSD and if
it is early on in the substance abuse issue then it is helpful with

Pregnant Women Incarceration Research
In the past thirty years, the incarceration of women has risen exponentially. Poverty, lack of access
to education, abuse, addiction, mental health and parenting issues all impact women's criminality
and health before, during and after they are incarcerated (Hannaher, K., 2007). By 2010 there were
nearly 206,000 women currently serving time in the criminal justice system. As the years go by, the
numbers are constantly increasing (Women Behind Bars, 2015). The number of pregnant women
incarcerated has also been on the rise. Most incarcerated women do not receive proper prenatal care
before entering the criminal justice system. Because these women are from mostly poverty
neighborhoods, they are more likely to endure domestic violence, poor ... Show more content on
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Bush signed the "Second Chance Act of 2007." This act required that all federal correctional
facilities document and report, and justify on security grounds the use of physical restraints on
pregnant inmates before, during and after labor and delivery (Dignam, B. & Adashi, E.Y., 2014).
Due to the amount of sexual and physical abuse a woman endures during her time outside the
prison, random searches and restraints often trigger PTSD symptoms (Zust, B., 2009). The Federal
Bureau of Prisons, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the U.S. Marshal Service, and the
American Correctional Association have all adopted policies to limit the use of shackles on pregnant
prisoners (American Civil Liberties Union, unknown). The shackling of pregnant women has
created legal challenges and even more challenges for the defense of human rights. The majority of
legal cases that have went through the legal system based on the shackling of pregnant inmates were
based on the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, prohibiting "cruel and unusual
punishment" (Dignam, B. & Adashi, E.Y., 2014). In 1993, a class action suit by women inmates was
filed against the District of Columbia; Women prisoners of District of Columbia of Columbia Dept.
of Corrections v. District of Columbia (Dignam, B. & Adashi, E.Y., 2014). This was the first case to
challenge Dept. of Corrections and their policy on the shackling of pregnant inmates. Federal
District Judge June L. Green, strongly expresses her disapproval of shackling female prisoners
during pregnancy and the labor process. The judge concluded that shackling pregnant prisoners
during their last month of pregnancy and during the labor process is redundant and unacceptable
(Dignam, B. & Adashi, E.Y.,

Postpartum Depression In Pregnant Women
A rare case, but experienced by many innocent women, is the murderous intentions of severe
Postpartum depression and how it has affected mothers, and innocent children. During pregnancy,
women go through numerous hormonal changes and imbalances that change their state of mind and
mood. It's obvious that pregnant women are very hormonal, but during labor, those hormone levels
increase significantly. Many times for first time mothers, this results in; lack of confidence, feelings
of guilt, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, fatigue, and hallucinations. Often times, these hallucinations and
feelings of guilt will lead a mother to kill her own child. There has been situations when a mother
wants to commit suicide, so she kills her baby first. She kills

Substance Abuse in Pregnant Women Essay
"Crack–babies" a media induced phenomena brought about by the climax of public outcry from the
results of the 1980's war on drugs. This term laid the foundation for biased prosecutions which
sparked a political crusade during climate of the time. Thus exploiting the public's fear of children
born to substance addicted mother and creating a firestorm of litigation to prosecute pregnant drug
addicts. According to Flavin, Paltrow (2010), current evidence points to public stigmas and
prejudice as posing a greater danger to both maternal and fetal health than use of the drug itself.
Leaving the question as to why addicted women are still publicly reviled for the outcomes of their
circumstances. From this abhorrence stems the likelihood that ... Show more content on
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The rationality of those who support the punishment of addicted mothers focus on the idea that
maternal conduct could lead to potential detrimental effects upon the fetus and that prosecution of
such behavior would serve as both retribution for the fetus and as a deterrent. Whereas those who
advocate for the pregnant women view this rational as not only impermissible but also
unconstitutional as in current legal standing the fetus has no rights that usurp those of the pregnant
woman (Stone–Manista, 2009, pp.823–856). Advocates also suggests that the breadth of forces that
lead to drug use in pregnant women have a prevalent cultural and social foundation that the
proponents for deterrence and retribution ignore in favor of strict scrutiny. This conflict between
women's rights and fetal rights has caused a paradigm in the prosecution of pregnant drug users as
the interpretation of criminal sanctions argues over the definition of 'child' as encompassing fetuses
in the definition would then lay the foundation for punishment for a woman's conduct during
pregnancy (Stone–Magnets, 2009, pp.823–856). Though currently it is unconstitutional and legally
impermissible to prosecute women with state child abuse statutes in regards to drug use during
pregnancy; advocates of fetal rights continue to follow

Persuasive Essay On Pregnant Women
Pregnant women should not be treated as victims of their addiction. If you treat pregnant women as
victims to their addiction, then what about all the other drugs that are also addicting. "In the last
three decades, state prosecutors have dealt with the problem of drug use during pregnancy as a
criminal rather than a public health or medical issue." (Mohapatra pg. 3) Why should pregnant
addicted women be treated as victims when in the last three decades they haven't been treated as
one. If they weren't doing drugs in the first place, then they wouldn't have to worry about charges
being brought against them. "Such criminalization has not created a strong deterrent effect, as the
rate of drug use in pregnant women has remained fairly consistent."(Mohapatra ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Methadone, however can cause protracted and often severe Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)
as well as prolonged and extensive hospital stay in the special care nursery.(Tichelkamp & Parish
pg.1) Women can receive treatment and are still putting their children in harm's way. A woman who
carries a child should be under strict laws and should not be able to get out of being a killer or
causing harm to the child. No child deserves to be treated this way and for them to receive treatment
and go back to their child is not okay. Who is not to say that when she gets her child back she won't
go back to doing heroin, nobody knows what she is going to do other than her. It's not right and I
personally do not approve of it especially because of what she put that child through who couldn't
fend for themselves. The dealer who supplied the drug should not be charged with a crime against
the child. The dealer didn't sell to the child and you don't know if the dealer knew if the women
were pregnant or not. How can you punish the dealer when it was the pregnant women who decided
to take the drug? I don't think it is right to charge the drug dealer when the women knows right from
wrong and should have gotten medical

Oral Health In Pregnant Women: A Summary
Summary of Findings Oral health is recognized as an important public health concern, extremely in
pregnant women. According to Journal of Public Health Dentistry, pregnant women are higher risk
of oral disease (Silveira, Whitcomb, Pekow, Carbone, & Chasan–Taber, 2015). Pregnant Hispanic
women were more at risk for oral disease. Two main disorders that impact oral health in pregnant
women are anxiety and depression. Anxiety and Depression Module (ADM) females were ask about
their current pregnancy status at the time of the survey. A percentage was missing information on
anxiety and/ or depression. Lifetime anxiety and depression both ask about if the patient had any
disorder.
Problems Associated with Anxiety, depression, and oral health ... Show more content on
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General anxiety and dental anxiety played a role in the dental treatment. This means that they are
less likely to use regular dental services. Even though they found that anxiety was linked to poor
oral health; there many factor like being unmarried, having low–income or no health insurance, no
prenatal care and races play a role in oral health. In 2008 BRFSS, participants with lifetime and
current depression were found more likely with one tooth decay than anyone without the disorder
(Silveira, Whitcomb, Pekow, Carbone, & Chasan–Taber, 2015).
Actual Resolution
There is no actual resolution for this article, but there is more research to be covered on this topic.
Further research is needed to assess potential of prenatal psychosocial counseling. Increasing the use
of oral health services and the improved of oral health among the under population. The significant
finding for anxiety, then of depression needs further research to determine the role of anxiety–
specific influences in the development of adverse oral health outcomes (Silveira, Whitcomb, Pekow,
Carbone, & Chasan–Taber,

Pregnant Women: A Summary And Analysis
According to Iudici, Bertoli, and Faccio (2017) the authors use the term "disability" to describe
anyone who may have difficulties with mobility, such as, pregnant women, injured people, women
with congenital problems and customers carrying shopping bags. There were three conditions
present that made women with disabilities a target to criminals: proximity (being more exposed to
motivated attackers), easy sex (vulnerability), and fewer defenses (lack of protection or access to
justice). Overcrowding and a lack of constant monitoring (Smith and Clarke 2000) can lead to
criminal acts such as unwanted sexual acts and harassment. Harassment happens in different ways
rubbing, sexual gestures, direct or indirect advances, seductive approaches and

Pregnant Women Research Paper
On the other hand, there are chemicals and drugs that pregnant women should avoid when they are
trying to produce offspring and begin a family. These include drugs and certain
chemicals/medications. There are certain drugs that are given to pregnant women to reduce the pain
after and during labor. They include Terbutaline, which are used to stop premature labor, and
Valproic which is used to stop seizures. But also, there are some mood stabilizers that affect a
female's health which can increase the risk of autism in their offspring ("Autism Speaks"). Even
though pregnant women do not want to experience the horrifying pain during labor, the medicines
given to them may have a long term affect on their children. The main goal for females about to
have children is to make sure their health records are up to date. Secondly, they do not want to be
exposed or an excessive amount of folic acid or use the vitamin B12 during pregnancy, since it can
increase the risk of autism in the wound (Gaby 112). There are plenty other vitamins that are sold or
prescribed that do not have folic acid and do the same job as a Vitamin B12. All of the drugs given
to pregnant women and chemicals that they are exposed to can be avoided or the medicines can be
taken in a more natural form like certain vitamins. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During pregnancy, women should have a diet without preservatives, refined sugars, and unhealthy
fats, suggested by scientists (Carmen). A healthy diet will keep the immune system functioning at
the best of its ability and protect against diseases as well. Additionally, keeping a decent amount of
grains in the diet while pregnant will allow an individual to get the toxics out or keep them out of
the intestinal system (Carmen). With that, it will prevent illnesses and disorders since having toxics
in the intestinal tract is one of the leading causes of

The Treatment Of Pregnant Women Essay
Introduction– Overview of information
For the treatment and diverse population paper, Gena and I selected pregnant women as our
population. During our research we found that 5.4 percent of pregnant women use illicit drugs
which was the averaged percentage of women 15 to 44. Illicit drugs include things such as heroin,
hallucinogens and cocaine. The use of illicit drugs is much higher with the younger pregnant
women, pregnant women who are ages 15–17 were at 8.4. Pregnant women over the age of 26 are
less likely to use illicit drugs, the percentage is 3.2 of women 26 years or older. This percentage has
stayed relatively similar throughout the years. While the use of drugs such as heroin and cocaine
were relatively high, the use of alcohol among pregnant women was higher at nearly 8.5 percent.
This information was averaged throughout the united states by Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration. We also looked up information relating to pregnant women drug use, but
narrowed the focus to Minnesota. A study conducted by the Minnesota Department of Health found
that in 2007 11.6 percent of pregnant women reported current use of alcohol. Another Minnesota
study about women's recovery services found that for nearly 80 percent of the women who were
using drugs while pregnant, it was not their first pregnancy and nearly 40 percent received help
while in their last trimester. For the compare and contrast section of this paper we are going to
compare and

Punishment For Pregnant Women Essay
While attending Salisbury University, I became fixated on the harsh punishment for pregnant
substance abusing women. I was looking for a topic for a research paper, and I came across a journal
article Jennifer Johnson. In 1989, she was charged for giving birth to her fifth baby who tested
positive for cocaine at birth. She was charged with two accounts for give a control substance to a
minor. What is interesting about Florida drug laws does not apply to fetuses (Reynolds, 2007). Many
states have developed laws to punish substance using pregnant women for using alcohol and other
illicit drugs during pregnancy.
The American Medical Association, expressed punishing women alcohol and other illicit during
pregnancy is not an effective way of overcoming the challenges if addition, as well as to prevent
future relapse. However, these intimidating and punitive laws are likely to deter women from
seeking help (Flavin & Paltrow, 2010). Pregnant incarcerated women do not receive the same
prenatal care as women who are not incarcerated. In addition, pregnant women who are incarcerated
are at greater risk of being exposed the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Addiction, I must possess knowledge of the legal system. When providing expert testimony, the
assessment tools used must meet the Daubert standard. The judge challenges the forensic
psychologist expertise on the reliability and validity of the measures employed, if the measures have
been peer reviewed and published, as well as strengths and limitations (Heilbrun et al., 2008). Based
upon the assessment used to evaluate my client, it will aide with determining underlying mental
health diagnosis, as well as the recidivism for return to continuous use and other addictive
behaviors. Additionally this will assist with the appropriate care which will be beneficial for my

Prenatal Pregnant Women
The purpose of this study is the research is to figure out what type of treatment would be best for
prenatal pregnant women with substance abuse, "the cost of prenatal substance use highlights the
need for improved screening, referral, and treatment of pregnant women" (E. Sahker Differences in
successful treatment completion among pregnant and non–pregnant American women) and the
outcome. Thirty substance abuse pregnant women participate in the study. Why pregnant women
that use a substance abuse do not always seek treatment? The study will be conduct in a treatment
facility or in a therapy style environment. The measurement was before admission and after
completion of treatment. The age of the women that would be participate in the study. ... Show more
Want to make sure not to judge or criticize these women because that could cause more problems.
Getting them to seek help is difficult because some of them can't afford to pay for treatment or they
may have other children and don't have anyone to help watch them while they are going through
substance abuse treatment. "A smaller percentage of participants reported affordability barriers
(13%)" (A. Jackson (&) L. Shannon). Even though it's a small percentage reported that don't seek
treatment because of affordability. There are few substance abuse treatment programs that accept
women and their children. "The majority experienced acceptability (51%) and accessibility (49%)
barriers. Twenty–six percent (26%) of the sample reported availability barriers." (A. Jackson (&) L.
Shannon). The accessibility and availability are very important with getting the help that is needed.
The lack of substance abuse treatment centers for pregnant women the more it becomes a huge
problem with in

Ways Women Get Pregnant
There are many ways for a woman to get pregnant but the most common way is were the sperm
makes a journey between the bodies of a man and woman during unprotected sexual intercourse.
The sperm's journey starts at the testicles, which start producing sperm at the start of puberty. When
a man ejaculates during sexual intercourse around 250 million sperm cells that are stored in the
testicles get pushed through the tube, vas deferens and then are mixed with fluids from the the
prostate gland and seminal vesicle. Then all of the combined fluids pass the males urethra and then
enter the female reproductive system in hopes of impregnating the female.
From there the sperm cells travel through the cervical canal into the uterine cavity and then into

The Effects Of Heroin On A Pregnant Women
The impact of heroin on a pregnant women is two fold it was noted in this study that that use of
heroin decreased from the first trimester until three months after the birth of their baby as
demonstrated by this graph. Figure 1. Reductions in heroin and crack use during and after most
recent pregnancy. Best, D., Segal, J., & Day, E., ( 2009), Changing patterns of heroin and crack use
during pregnancy and beyond. Journal Of Substance Use, 14(2), 124–132 9p.
Another study that showed a positive result that occurred when a women was the pregnant women.
In this study it cited pregnancy and the birth of a their child as the motivator to seek help and receive
treatment, (Best, Segal, & Day, 2009). Many of the effects that occur are the result of the mother's
use of drugs and possibly alcohol during pregnancy they can range in developmental problems from
physical, cognitive, socio–emotional, and behavioral but in some cases it's the impaired parenting
seen in substance –abusing mothers. Common effects on physical health include low birth weight,
physical withdrawal, obstetrical complications, irritability, growth retardation, sleeping, and eating
problems, (Carlson, 2006).
Treatment for women and mothers
Women who are pregnant seeking treatment have great motivation but they are often met with
insurmountable barriers for instance the income needed for a treatment program and their own
shame may be preventing them from seeking the help they so desperately need. A study

Pregnant Women
Introduction
Choices and changes in lifestyle of women before and during the period of pregnancy, have a major
impact on the health of both a woman and her upcoming child. Health professionals mostly advised
women before and during pregnancy for modifications in lifestyle with positive way. A healthy
lifestyle required and essential for unborn infant health as well important for an expectant mother.
Sometimes these changes and choices of alcohol consumption and smoking before and during
pregnancy considered as a big issue for both mother and her child. (Dunney, C & et al, 2015).
Women who have habits of heavy drinking in prenatal phase are at increased risk for problems in
child, like physical, behavioral, mental. This is not only related ... Show more content on
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Pregnant women who stop smoking and drinking after being pregnant at lower risk for adverse fetal
outcomes. Smoking and alcohol cessation in early stage of pregnancy related to the decrease risk of
child development, however no any specific malformations and developmental problems are
mentioned. Tettamanti, et al, (2016) say that smoking in pregnancy associated with various adverse
impediments as restricted fetal growth and development, premature birth and also shows long term
results on child health and development. Some studies show very little evidence for association
between childhood brain tumor and maternal smoking, whereas some earlier ones suggest no any
relationship between both. Presence of carcinogens and metabolites of tobacco in tissues of placenta
and umbilical cord of baby of those pregnant women who exposed to smoking. Because of this
smoking during pregnancy consider as a probable reason for developing CBT. Findings in this study
were quite interesting, they found very scarce or no any effect on CBT but also found positive
relation between heavy exposure to smoking and all type of CBT, altogether in age group of 5–9
years old male children, and no relationship between female children. Mainly increased risk for
development of astrocytoma among 5–9, year–old children whose mothers were exposed to

The Drug Created For Pregnant Women
Thalidomide was a drug created for pregnant women in 1957.It was first introduced on the market in
west Germany on October 1, 1957. It was created to help combat symptoms associated with women
's morning sickness, but it caused more harm than good. It created a worldwide epidemic. It was
created as a harmless sleeping pill. Thalidomide created many birth defects affecting 10,000
children worldwide like phocomelia and Amelia . Thalidomide could be bought without a
prescription from the doctor in west Germany. Thalidomide was put in other markets like in the
United Kingdom. Thalidomide is now a clinically effective and strictly restricted drug and treats
leprosy and multiple myeloma.
When taken in the first trimester thalidomide prevented the proper growth of the fetus, and resulting
in a birth defect in thousands of children around the world. When taken in first world countries
between day 20 to 36 of fertilization. The child or children would be born with limb and other birth
defects. During the 1950s and 1960s the children were known as Thalidomide babies. The damage
or the drug, which manifested itself in the form of absence or severe deformation of the extremities (
arms, legs, hands and feet) and sometimes damage to the eyes, ears and internal organs. One pill
during the first three to four months is enough to cause these birth defects.
Thalidomide did not affect all child birth, depending on when it was taken. Thalidomide did not
affect all species in the same way.

Pregnant Women Diet Analysis
Pregnant women need to eat more nutrients such as calcium, folate, and iron. When a pregnant
women diets they have to get all the major food groups that all have an important purpose in making
the woman and baby healthy. Like grains are a good source of energy, fruits and vegetables have
antioxidants, fiber, and water containing plus fat containing vitamins, meats, nuts, and legumes
provide your body with protein, folate, and iron, and dairy products are great source of calcium and
vitamin D. They have to eat a wide variety of the food groups. You can also eat your favorite foods
but you have to balance between your favorite foods and healthy foods. Protein is critical for
ensuring the proper growth of fetal tissue, it also helps with breast

Safe Havens for Pregnant Women
Safe Havens A young woman, pregnant, scared, and alone gives birth to a healthy baby. She has no
idea what to do. How can she handle a newborn baby when she can't even take care of herself?
Depressing thoughts enter her mind, and she can't think of anything but to do something she will
regret later. She doesn't realize her choices. This is what safe havens are for. Safe havens are usually
located at hospitals, but depending on what state you reside in, they can also be at fire houses and
police stations. The mother of the child can take the baby in and leave it... which isn't the most
attractive thing. Some say safe havens shouldn't be an option, and that parents should take
responsibility for what they have done, and suffer the consequences. It might not be a secure
substitute, but think of what could happen if there wasn't a choice of safe havens. Safe havens are
effective at stopping parents from harming or abandoning their babies because of the lives they save,
and the opportunities given to the families affected.
A number cannot be determined on how many children have been left at safe havens, but the
numbers of infant deaths have been lowered since the option was given. Young parents want a
future. They want to go to college and travel and then settledown to have kids. But some make a
mistake somewhere or something happens to where they become pregnant. Once they have that
baby they don't think much through, and can commit neonaticide. Neonaticide is when an infant

Special Accommodations For Pregnant Women
Do you think employers need to give pregnant women special accommodations?
I do not think an employer needs to provide special accommodations to a woman who is pregnant,
but I would encourage that employer to make accommodations when necessary. When my wife was
pregnant her company provided her with an ergonomic chair and keyboard for her desk. The
accommodation was both beneficial to my wife and to the employer because she was still productive
and it allow her to continue with regular duties. I know these types of accommodation are not
possible for all jobs and there will be times when no accommodations are possible. Other options
might be for the woman who is pregnant to bring in her own chair or foot rest that would help to
make her

Pregnant Women Research Paper
It is difficult to say if women should be punished for their conduct while they are pregnant, because
they are people and people have their rights. Exactly like these mothers having their rights, the
unborn children are just people and hold their rights as well. Some people feel that, the women
cannot help it, because they may simply just have an addiction. On the other hands, people do not
agree with it at all. It is hard for me to come up with an idea on how to stop these problems from
coming about, because it is always something else that may occur. As like, it is understandable to
see where women may not go to the doctor, because of fear they may be reported. If they are
reported, then there will not be proper parental care for the child. ... Show more content on
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It made me think a little more about the situation. I started thinking that addiction is a disease and
people need help to repair that. So I can understand where some people may take their sides, but if I
knew I was an addict, I would not place myself in a position to become pregnant and to put the fetus
in harm's way. It is just not right to me. The baby has rights too, unfortunately it is just an innocent
baby and not capable to choose its rights. For instance, I heard about a woman in Virginia who got
her kids taking away from her and they told her when she had her other baby the state would take it
away from her. She went to North Carolina to have the baby and when she did the baby was full of
drugs. The mother being on drugs while pregnant caused for the baby to be addicted when he/she
was born. This newborn child is still in the hospital being winged off the drug. The baby should not
bear to live through this, he/she should have been going home with the mother. Thus as said in the
first place, the infant has rights and those rights should be thought of by the

Morning Sickness Experienced By Pregnant Women
Morning sickness is a term to describe the ill feeling experienced by pregnant women who are in
their first trimester of pregnancy. The ill feeling is better defined as food aversions, nausea and
vomiting. It is termed 'morning sickness' because many women experience it upon rising (Profet,
1995); but in reality, morning sickness could happen at any time of the day. So the term morning
sickness may be a misnomer. There are many other terms used including nausea and vomiting in
pregnancy (NVP) rather than morning sickness (Flaxman & Sherman, 2000). The term NVP will be
used throughout this essay. Generally, everyone has a toxin tolerance threshold to detect level of
toxicity in their blood; and if this threshold is exceeded, will induce ... Show more content on
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Another similar study on spices by Flaxman and Sherman (2000) showed that spices have anti–
microbial properties and are commonly used in hot climate countries because unrefrigerated food
are prone to food spoilage faster. Although Billing and Sherman (1998) agreed that spices help to
maintain palatability of food besides enhancing its flavour, but Flaxman and Sherman (2000)
suggested that too much of spices may be harmful as well. For example, ingestion of large amounts
of capsaicin causes high toxicity in blood; this is even worse in pregnant women as their toxin
tolerance thresholds are lowered (Flaxman & Sherman, 2000). So, certain spices could cause NVP
when they are consumed in large amounts. Also, excessive amounts of caffeine causes spontaneous
abortions (Weathersbee, Olsen and Lodge, 1977) and through NVP, pregnant women will tend to
reduce intake of caffeine.
Food aversions cause reduced nutrient intake in pregnant women as they experience weight loss
during their first trimester (Tierson, Olsen and Hook, 1986). Although this may protect the embryos,
it may increase cardiovascular and behavioural diseases when they are grown up (Watkins et al.
2008). The maternal threshold for tolerating toxicity is lowered during the first trimester; it will then
increase during the second and third trimesters (Profet, 1995). Profet (1995) explained that the
lowering of toxin tolerance threshold in pregnant women as 'hyperosmatic' because they are

Employee Rights For Pregnant Women
Employee rights are some of the most controversial topics among healthcare right now. Institutions
that provide employment to citizens must now abide by relatively intense discrimination laws that
seek to prevent discrimination of prospective employees based on race, sex, religion, national origin,
physical disability, and age by employers. In addition, the Supreme Court of the United States that
supported the right for people to define and express their identity, implemented a law that seeks to
prevent employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. Once an employee is hired, there
are further discriminatory laws that prevent bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination,
compensation, retaliation, and various types of harassment. Now more than ever are laws and
constitutions being edited to meet the standards of the evolving evolution. In my research paper, I
will discuss five controversial topics in employee rights which include: Employee Rights for
Pregnant Women; Employee Rights and Responsibilities in Sexual Harassment; Employee Privacy
Rights and Drug and/or Alcohol Testing; The Rights of the Employee as Patient; Employee e–mail
privacy rights in the private sector workplace. According to the United States Department of Labor,
which has evolved tremendously to complement the ever evolving century, discusses major points
that have effected the rights of employees. "Limits on drug testing; freedom from discrimination
when an employee is part of a

The Treatment Of Pregnant Women
When it comes to childbirth many women say it is the best experience they go through in life. But
women who are in prison say other wise. Being pregnant and locked up is one of the worse and
hardest experience in life for them. It is not because they are pregnant in prison but it is the
treatment they receive before and after the birth. Some of the women say they get great treatment
but others say the treatment is horrid.People in the real world are debating if the treatment of
pregnant women in prison is proper or if the treatment needs to be changed for the good or for the
bad. For starters, 80% of the women who are in prison is due to the usage of drugs . " At least 66
percent of women in prison have children, and that percentage ... Show more content on
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The doctors have to see what drug they are on , but the main reason for the testing is to get see if the
women are pregnant or if they have any serious health issues. Once finding out the women are
pregnant the prison systems tell the ladies and schedule them a due date. This is good , but the bad
thing is they are put in the prison with every other women. One would think since they are pregnant
the prison system would separate them but no they do not. Pregnant women have to do every task
the other women do. Like cleaning and cooking. The women that are in the clean task might not
realize this but they are inhaling toxic chemicals. But this does not happen in every prison. For
example there is a prison in Ohio that separates the soon to be mothers from the other inmates.
These soon to be mothers are not in the same conditions as the other women. They are in bright
colored rooms and they read a lot to get ready for when their baby is born (Leone 12). There are
only 5 other states in the united states that have a program like in Ohio (Gormsen 14). Knowing
there are only six states that have this program, that means there are forty four states that have
pregnant women working in extreme conditions and possibly harming their child because of the
prison system . Even though it is a 50 /50 chance if the prison the women attends is a good

Addicted Pregnant Women
Substance abuse in pregnant women is a worldwide problem and has become more common in
recent years (Keegan et al, 2010). Exposure to drugs and or alcohol in utero can have lasting and
damaging effects on the fetus. Miscarriage, developmental retardation, Neonatal Abstinence
Syndrome and neonatal morbidity are common complications of maternal substance abuse
(Vucinovic, 2008). Despite the improved awareness developed from extensive research, the incline
in addicted women getting pregnant is highly concerning. The poor physical and mental state of
these women also impacts the health and development of the fetus. Often, the mother is
malnourished and does not have the means to carry and birth a healthy child (Vucinovic, 2008).
Addiction is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The guidelines suggest that all practitioners who suspect harm to a child's safety, health or welfare
must report their concerns (NSW Health issuing body, 2014, p. 44). It is important that healthcare
providers treat addicted women with sensitivity and try to develop rapport in order for the best fetal
outcomes. Services supporting drug and alcohol abuse and maternity should be made available as
soon the condition comes to light (Wong, Ordean & Meldon, 2011, p.

Summary: Treatment For Pregnant Women
In another study of this group, there were even more positive results. Researchers found that women
with a substance addiction, who became pregnant, were more motivated to seek help and receive
treatment, (Best, Segal, & Day, 2009). While this motivation for treatment would be a step in the
road to recovery for these women, there are still many negative effects that occur in newborns as a
direct result of the mother's use of drugs, and possibly alcohol, during pregnancy.
Children of addicts can range in developmental problems from physical, cognitive, socio–emotional,
and behavioral, but in some cases it is the impaired parenting seen in substance–abusing mothers,
(Carlson, 2006). Common effects on physical health of newborn babies include ... Show more
Most users mention that they never thought it would be so addicting, (Maisto, Galizio, & Connors,
2015). The risky behaviors associated with drug abuse and a loss of inhibition lead to unprotected
sex, which for a woman can mean unplanned pregnancy or sexually transmitted disease, in extreme
cases AIDS, (Terplan, Smith, & Glavin, 2010). Mothers who are addicted to heroin will struggle
before, during, and after the pregnancy. The graph provided showed that women will try to reduce
their use of heroin during pregnancy and up to first three months of life, which is a more positive
outcome to an unplanned pregnancy. Additionally, the positive impact on a woman's life, with the
birth of a baby, was shown to be the motivation for many to enter treatment. By examining men and
women's use of heroin, two points that set women apart were that first, women are more likely than
men to engage in risky sexual behavior, and that women are more likely to contract HIV. The
barriers women experience to the road to recovery are often blocked by economic hardship and
poverty. The most successful treatment programs are specialized for heroin addiction, but many
times women find they are only able to receive services from mental health facilities or their
primary care doctors. The most recognized methods of treatment for heroin addiction are a

Pregnant Women With Social Risk
Pregnant women with social risk factors lack of psychological and finical resources, and on
Medicaid are at a higher risk for negative pregnancy outcomes. These women require support,
guidance, and assistance from health or social services that can meet with them geographically and
psychologically (Glavin, 2013). Nurses all over the world share the same beliefs and values of
promoting of health and prevention of diseases, holistic care no matter the living conditions,
collaboration with the government, client, and health organizations, caring and understanding
relationship, and independence in public health (DM). In the United States, a Nurse–Family
Partnership is a free voluntary program that services new high–risk mothers to have a health
pregnancy, improve the child development and health, and become more economically efficient. A
nurse that has been specially trained visits the first time mother throughout the entire pregnancy and
continues until the baby reaches the age of two. With each visit, the nurse offers support and any
crucial information the mother will need to know for present and future care of the child. Public
health nurses obtain knowledge from public and social health disciplines to protect and promote the
health of the population. Nurses strive to create societal conditions to support health for an
individual, families, and communities within the states. Review of Literature EBSCO Host was the
database used to construct this review of literature.

Essay On Pregnant Women In America
Introduction: In the past thirty years the number of incarcerated women in the United States
increased by 646%, it is estimated that 6–10% of these women were pregnant at intake. "An
Examination of Care Practices of Pregnant Women Incarcerated in Jail Facilities in the United
States," is a study that examined the pregnancy related accommodation and health care provided for
regional jail populations. Prior to this study no other study examined regional jail populations, they
strictly focused on prison populations. This study is a quantitative survey of common practices and
policies implemented across 53 jail facilities in the United States as a function of geographic region.
This survey was administered through phone or email to employees ... Show more content on
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Those who agreed to participate in the survey had to option to take it over the phone or have the
survey emailed to them. Less than half of the jails, 37.7%, reported that they give pregnancy tests to
all women who enter the facility. While 45.3% reported that they rely on the women's self report of
pregnancy status and performed tests to confirm pregnancy. Once pregnancy was confirmed less
than 30% of the facilities informed women of options such as adoption or termination. All of the
jails reported to having onsite medical care, the majority of the jails reported that they do not charge
for OB/GYN medical services. However, almost one third of the facilities reported that they do not
have onsite OB/GYN care instead they transport women outside of the jail for medical care. Lastly,
only 68% of the jails reported to providing infection disease screening, and only 44% provide
ultrasounds to women during The majority of the facilities reported that they provide a bottom bunk,
food supplements, and prenatal vitamin to pregnant inmates. In spite of this, most facilities do not
provide fluid supplement or healthy food options. Nine of the participating jails were asked if
programs are provided for pregnant women in their facilities. Only five of the facilities provide
programs, which include parenting classes and a pregnancy class. About half of the jail reported that
pregnant women who were addicted to opioids went through withdrawal

Pros And Cons Of Smoking And Pregnant Women
In the United States women have a choice when it involves the life of their child. A mother can read
millions of books and take the suggestions from every single person who feel the need to give an
opinion. Don't sleep on your stomach, eat junk food, drink, do drugs, eat cold cuts or raw fish every
pregnant person can validate they have heard these don'ts repeatedly. As many outlets of information
at anyone's fingertips at any moment why don't people hear more about smoking while pregnant.
Why aren't pregnant women taught of the risk of smoking. Why aren't mothers that give suggestions
to pregnant women not mentioning the risk of smoking while pregnant? Think about it, when was
the last time a suggestion given to a pregnant person involve

Are Pregnant Women Fetal Containers?
The themes surrounding abortion tend to generally scathe on a surface level and truly uncover all the
underlying themes of the popular topic, the articles "Stem Cells, Sex and Procreation" by John
Harris, "A Defense of Abortion" by Judith Thomson, and "Are Pregnant Women Fetal Containers?"
by Laura Purdy all discuss the theme of the woman's and fetuses health and the consequences that
can come with both keeping and rejecting the a fetus.
In "Are Pregnant Women Fetal Containers?" Purdy acknowledges her philosophical outtake on
abortion by entertaining the idea of why should the child's welfare outshine the wellbeing of the
mothers own health claiming that the child is a part of that individuals body and not its own. In "A
Defense of Abortion", Thomson begins her article discussing the permissibility of abortion on
whether certain circumstances can make it morally correct on the basis of whether or not the baby is
an actual person and the conditions of a situation. In Purdy's article she administers the concept of
the fetus not truly having individual rights because we have not developed a concrete belief on if the
fetus is considered human or not. Thomson argues that the fetus should be considered a human at
the moment of conception because every person has a "right to life". The dilemma is whose life is
more valuable than the other. Thomson states that a person's life outweighs a women's right to
decide what happens in and to her body (Thomson 41) and in contrast Purdy

Prosecuting Pregnant Women
How would one feel if one found out that their newborn child has birth defect such as mental
retardation or seizures just hours of being born, that their babies cannot live a normal life because of
the decisions you made during the prenatal care? Is it really worth it? There has been an exponential
increase in the amount of babies being exposed to drugs before they are even born in the United
States. Further evidence sparks this controversial issue practically showing that drug use by
pregnant women is evidently considered child abuse. By defining the necessity to realize the drastic
consequences of a newborn being stimulated by prenatal drug ingestion, by refuting
counterarguments that fear of legal ramifications will hinder pregnant women ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The rest of the United States have no specific laws. These laws were made by taking in account the
risk of fetuses dying minutes after birth, being born with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), heart
defects, weak immune system etc. Additionally, there can also be long–term effects as stated in
"March of Dimes"such as learning and behavior problems, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS),
and slower–than–normal growth problems (Street). The first weeks of a drug dependent baby are
like an old wooden roller coaster full of trembles and thrills but in this case the thrills are not the
pleasant ones. In article published by "Daily Mail," it shows a disturbing video of a baby's feet
shaking vigorously. This is the kind of heart moving evidence that needs to be shown to society to
grasp the depth of this

Excessive Mehg In Pregnant Women
Risk characterization integrates the analyses from the exposure, and effects, describes the
uncertainties, assumptions, strengths limitations of analyses, and synthesizes the over all conclusion
of the risk as a whole. These steps allow for determining the risk to the environment, and people in
it. Risk characterization has two sub categories of risk estimation and risk description. Risk
estimation compares exposure and effects data which considers integrated exposure and potential
risk for the hazardous toxin. The risk description interprets risk based on assessment endpoints.
Interpretation of risk helps to evaluate evidence supporting or against adequacy, quality data, and
uncertainty. (Technical 2014) An Exposure Assessment for Methylmercury ... Show more content on
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For minor symptoms such as loss in appetite, insomnia, allergens the body may reverse its
symptoms and return to normal. Currently research is aimed towards the role of MeHg in pregnant
women (Excessive MeHg exposure for women of childbearing age > 5.8 ug/L blood=~ 1ug/g in
hair), thus not leaving focus on healthy adults. People who are exposed to MeHg vary widely in
sensitivity to toxics. Geometric mean blood measures should stay below 5.8 in normal non effected
individuals. (Module 1993) To identify if MeHg has a risk to the environment, is to take the problem
of high amounts of MeHg in a persons blood and asses it. MeHg is absorbed through the
gastrointestinal tract, causing mercury distribution throughout the body through the blood brain. The
two main analysis are blood, urine and hair. The hair samples reflect long term exposure, which
helps the scientist know if the mercury was inorganic or elemental. While the blood test is to
determine the elevated levels of MeHg exposure from fish consumption. Urine testing allows for
both testing of inorganic and elemental exposures. low urine mercury test (5 μg/L) or hair (>1 μg/g)
to accurately determine the exposure from seafood consumption. (Module 1993) These techniques
provide information for the healthcare practitioner, allowing them to assess the

The Effects Of Psoriasis On Pregnant Women
Psoriasis is known as erythematous papules and plaques on the elbows, knees and scalp. It is very
common in both men and women, and can begin at any age. Pregnant women have often worried
about whether their condition would affect their pregnancy or cause birth defects, but the effects are
unknown due to the fact that all pregnancies are different. A study was conducted that showed 55%
of women said their psoriasis improved during pregnancy, 21% said there was no change, and 23%
said their case worsened while they were pregnant. Although the effects are unknown, we do know
that the disease doesn't affect fertility or reproductive organs and that c–section wounds can cause
infection and a slower healing process. Yang, Chen, Chen, and Lin conducted ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Pregnant women are more encouraged to use topical and phototherapy and to avoid systematic
therapy. Topical treatments are the number one treatment for pregnant women because they can be
used as desired. However, women who use topical medications have to be careful. Topical
medications are absorbed through the dermis, so care is required when treating large areas or
applying a large quantity. Some people also believe that topical treatments increase the risk of
stretch marks. Phototherapy (UV radiation) on the other hand decreases cell turnover, slows
keratinization, and has anti–inflammatory effects. However, this treatment can't be used as desired.
In order to do this, dermatologist supervision is required. Another form of treatment is Ultraviolet
Light B (UVB). Studies have shown that pregnant and breastfeeding women can safely receive this
treatment, and it is most preferred for women with more severe symptoms. Unfortunately, this
treatment requires people to travel three days a week to a treatment center. Sunlight is a treatment as
well. Spending 5 to 10 minutes in sunlight helps reduce inflammation that the disease can cause.
Meditation and Yoga help also in lowering stress that can cause psoriasis flares. Understandably,
many parents worry that genetics could cause their children to have psoriasis. Researchers believe
that there is a psoriasis gene carried by parents that could potentially be passed on during
conception. It is also thought that there may be a bigger problem than just carrying the gene; coming
into contact with the disease could trigger it as well. Fortunately, just because one parent carries the
gene does not mean their child(ren) will receive

An Analysis Of The Obligation Of Pregnant Women
When women become pregnant, they have certain socially–mandated guidelines to follow. When
they do not follow them, these women are perceived as being negligent, and they may end up in
legal trouble. Chapter 10 discusses the fairness of the implicit obligation that pregnant women seem
to have to behave responsibly. When women decide against abortion, people expect that they will
take care of their bodies and avoid drugs. However, some critics say that this expectation treats
women as "fetal containers" and not rational beings. These critics believe that women should have
the autonomy to behave how they want to, regardless of their pregnant status. In contrast, many
people disagree with this. They believe that when a woman decides not

The Zika Virus In Pregnant Women
Over the last several years, there has been an increasing presence of diseases such as Ebolie and the
Zika. The virus is a disease that is caused by Aedes species mosquito infected with the Zika virus
which is transmitted to human beings when they are bitten. When an individual is bitten he or she
will experience symptoms such as a fever, red rash, pain in their joints and conjunctivitis (red eyes).
Upon being bitten by an infected mosquito, an individual will experience his or her illness for a few
days to week, depending on their immune system and most likely will not require a hospital visit.
However, if the individual is a pregnant woman, the bite from the infected mosquito, will cause
minor health issues to the unborn fetus. The first time the world heard of the Zika virus was in 1947
and the first case was in 1952. The case was in the forest of Zika forest of Uganda and after that
case, the next cases were reported in Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands and tropical Africa.
Zika Virus in Pregnant Women ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The virus is said to cause serious brain defect to the fetus, which is called microcephaly and this
birth defect will be caused while the fetus is in the womb. It is recommended by the CDC and
doctors that pregnant women do not travel outside the United States while pregnant. In the event
there is an emergency and she must travel outside the United States, she should consult with her
doctor first and must use every preventive measure to ensure not being bitten by infected

The Effects Of HIV Testing In Pregnant Women
HIV can be transmitted from an HIV infected mother to her newborn child. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), without antiretroviral treatment of the mother, up to 30% of infants
born to HIV positive mother's become infected with HIV themselves. The number increases to
35%–50% if the mother breastfeeds the baby (aidsinfonet, 2014). The risk of HIV transmission to
the infant from the mother decreases significantly if the mother used antiretrovirals throughout
pregnancy and labor. If the mother does not breastfeed, the HIV transmission risk is also decreased
(aidsinfonet, 2014). Health education relating to pregnant women and infants and HIV is necessary,
but it is insufficient to create behavior change, and consequently improve ... Show more content on
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A second HIV test in the third trimester is recommended for women who are at a high risk of
contracting HIV. This would include women whose partners are known to be HIV positive, and for
those women who have had sexual intercourse with a new partner during the pregnancy (Prevention,
An Opt–Out Approach to HIV Screening, 2017). HIV testing in the third trimester is also
recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention if the pregnant women are in a
geographic region that has a high prevalence of HIV (Prevention, An Opt–Out Approach to HIV
Screening, 2017). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Opt–out
approach can increase the number of pregnant women tested for HIV, which leads to an increase of
pregnant women who are aware of their HIV status (Prevention, An Opt–Out Approach to HIV
Screening, 2017). The Opt–out approach also increases the number of HIV–infected women who are
offered treatment which would lead to a reduction in vertical HIV transmission (Prevention, An
Opt–Out Approach to HIV Screening, 2017). Family planning, as well as preconception counseling,
should be made available women of childbearing age who are living with HIV. It is essential that
childbearing intentions be discussed with women of childbearing age living with HIV (Aids Info,
2017). For the women who wish to not become pregnant at the time,

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