8. •Pushtas:
• Aims “Pushta” is our regional term for Mud
brick and of mud embankment provide to a
mud or mud brick wall base, installed as a
protection or as reinforcement for the existing
foundation. In general, as they are presently
used at Mohenjo-Daro, pushtas are only applied
to fired or mud brick walls, Pushtas are built out
from the surface plane of the wall Typically they
are constructed in a stepped pattern and then
covered with mud mortar to smooth the sides.
12. • Buttress:
As more of less temporary emergency
measures, buttress have prevented collapse of
man walls throughout the site, without
damaging the material of the wall. This
treatment is still in use throughout the site.
13. Underpinning:
• Reinforcement of walls by rebuilding collapsed or
deteriorated sections of the wall base with burnt brick,
maintaining the surface plane , setting or the
replacement of bricks in mud mortar.
• Formulation : Mud mortar formula is 60% clay, 35%
salt, 5% sand. The standard for lime-based mortars for
special applications is 1 part lime putty/6 parts river
sand (n.b: lime-based mortars should only be used at
the prescribed locations, such as the Stupa platform,
non-original areas of the Great bath or highly visited
reconstructed areas where additional durability is
essential).
14.
15. Repair of brick course:
• The aim of brick course repairs is to sensitively repair
courses that have collapsed from failed mortar joints, but
are still in place, returning them to a generally regular
course pattern, well-bonded to the adjacent brick units.
Ambient conditions for application like all mortar work, it is
best done out of direct strong sun.
16. • Wall capping with mud bricks:
• A practice since at least 1956, renewed in 1993,
with the aim of preventing excessive penetration
into the wall cavity by rain water, used in 1993 on
practically every wall
17. • Mud Slurry:
• Sprayed or splashed on wall as sacrificial
coating (Scope of the application unknown,
but used widely all over site.
18. • Pointing:
• Pointing aims to return joints between bricks to a state of
sound bonding, in which the matrix of the wall is restored
and the wall is protected from excessive moisture
penetration through mortar joints. It is best to do pointing
work out of direct, strong sun whenever possible.
19. • Mud Plaster:
• To provide a thick sacrificial surface where the
mechanisms of salt decay and rain erosion will
take place instead of in the ancient material.
20. • Mud Brick Flooring:
• Used to replace salt-laden earth,
repair washouts and to even room
levels for drainage purposes.
21. • Removal of salt-laden earth and replacement
with sweet earth:
• Including the removal of waste from sacrificial
coatings.
22. • Wall capping:
• The aim of wall capping is to provide a
protective covering over the wall prevent
entry of rain water into the wall top.
23. • Barriers:
• The construction of low-rise barriers to
divert the flow of run-off from a large
area to another less-sensitive location or
drainage area ,other most effective site
works.
24. • Wall base protection:
• Wall base protection is widely used at site to prevent the erosion
of earth supporting wall foundations, and to prevent water from
standing at wall base where it could soften foundations and
increase rising damp. The treatment involves the addition of
compacted sweet earth at wall bases to form a positive slope
keeping rain water away from the wall.
25. Reinforcement:
• The reinforcement of gullies utilizes existing drainage
paths by reinforcing them so that they can effectively
contain quantities of run-off and transport the water
to safe discharge areas. Gullies are reinforced by
reshaping them into “V” shaped channels and lining
them with compacted sweet earth.
26. Sloping:
• Adding or removing earth in order to direct run-off in a
particular direction. The treatment is very effective at
reducing erosion and preventing the softening or
undercutting of foundations at sensitive structures.
27.
28. •Leveling:
• Leveling involves the addition and /or removing of earth
to spread run-off over an even surface.it is generally used
to allow more efficient evaporation of rain water, but may
also be effective at slowing the velocity of run-off.
29. • Ponding:
• In some cases, when relatively small amounts
of run-off cannot be drained from an enclosed
area such as a low lying room) the use of
filling and sloping away from the walls to
create a pond in the center of the room may
be the most effective drainage measure.
