Public Awareness Of Visually Impaired Persons...

Public Awareness of Visually Impaired Persons...
Public Awareness of Visually Impaired Persons Communication Skills It has been observed by the researcher that in public settings often the
reaction to a visually impaired person is quite different then to that of a sighted person. Society seems to have a predisposed perception of the
communication abilities of visually impaired people. This study hopes to establish a correlation between the perception that visually impaired people
are also speech impaired when they are in a setting where they are accompanied by another person. Statement of the Problem The purpose of this
study is to show the limitations of how people deal with visually impaired individuals on a day to day basis. Often people will perceive visually
impaired... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chapter two will present an in–depth explanation of related literature and research. It will include existing literature and research already completed on
the problem and the findings. Chapter three will describe the research procedure, population selection and characteristics, size of the sample, the
instrument used, and the treatment of data. Chapter four is the analysis of the data, the interpretation of the data, and its application. Chapter five will
include conclusions drawn from the data and its analysis. Also, any conclusions or recommendations to aid future research. Chapter II Review of
Related Literature, Research Visually impaired individuals face unique challenges in their everyday life. They are often looked upon as "less than
normal." Attitudes have been maintained over time by negative connotations about these person's communication abilities. Orientation and mobility
challenges are commonplace and are a main concern with blind persons. Thrown into this mix of challenges are the negative reinforcement visually
impaired persons receive from the general public. When the visually impaired deal with the public on a day to day basis they are often viewed as
unable to think or act normal. They are also viewed as unable to communicate without anothers' help. Very few studies have been conducted which
address this issue. However, T. Aston (1990) found "the
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Communication & Interpersonal Skills in Nursing
Introduction
In this assignment, I am going to review four cases, which will require a number of different communication skills focusing primarily on; developing a
therapeutic relationship, communicating assertively, communicating effectively with an individual with a disability/impairment and communicating
with individuals from another culture. I will discuss building a therapeutic relationship and effective communication with each patient.
Part 1: Developing a Therapeutic Relationship
A therapeutic relationship is a professional, inter–personal alliance in which the nurse and client join together for a defined period to achieve
health–related treatment goals (Chauhan & Long, 2000), which may only last for a short period of time but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Non–verbal communication is used to give us cues about what is being communicated (Underman and Boggs, 2011) and involves listening, eye
contact, body language, facial expressions and movements. Posture can be open or closed reflecting a person's emotions and attitudes (skillsyouneed,
2014). Listening can create trust, act as an advocate and build a therapeutic rapport with the patient. Barriers to listening are a noisy environment, tone
of voice, timing and tiredness. Kinesics (body language) is an important non–verbal skill that involves the conscious or unconscious body positioning or
actions of the communicator (Underman and Boggs, 2011). Following the SOLER guideline is useful. S– Sit squarely to the person (face them). O–
Maintain an open position, L– Lean slightly forward, E– Maintain comfortable eye contact and R– Relax and take your time (Egan, 2002).
There are a number of bridges and barriers to developing a therapeutic relationship with a patient and nursing communication is crucial to efficient
provision of quality care for clients (Finke, 2008) I will ensure that Regina is psychologically prepared or her operation and discuss post–operative
treatment such as a physiotherapy, agreeing on a treatment plan for the rehabilitation of her knee (Arnold and Underman Boggs

Explain How To Determine The Visual And Academic Ability...
1.List at least three resources you should use to determine the visual and academic ability of a student with a visual impairment. There are many
resources a teacher can refer to in order to determine the visual and academic ability of a student with a visual impairment. It is always best to consult
the primary source, the student, who often knows what their needs are. It is important to form a relationship with the student because they will feel
more comfortable expressing those needs to their teacher. Another helpful source are parents and guardians, they live with their child, therefore know
their strengths and weaknesses, as well as understand the child more. Parents might also be able to inform the teacher on what works best for their
child. Teachers should also look over their student's individualized education program (IEP), which will have a lot of useful information. For example,
the IEP will describe a child's strengths and weaknesses, academic goals, instructional and physical accommodations and/or modifications, and a list of
additional services and/or assistive technology devices. Furthermore, traditional teachers can consult with a teacher for the visually impaired (TVI) who
can suggest strategies that will help the student learn more effectively. The last resources, includes an orientation and mobility (O&M) specialist, who
helps visually impaired students navigate in the classroom and at school, such as on the playground and in the cafeteria. 2.Explain why

Traveling Blind Reflection
Sensory Impairment Memoir Review: The memoir, Traveling Blind: Life Lessons from Unlikely Teachers, details the life of Laura Fogg. Although
initially studying to become an Art Historian, Fogg radically changed career paths after witnessing an orientation and mobility instructor at the
California School for the Blind. Although beginning as a curiosity, this interaction led to Fogg's pursuance of a Masters in Orientation and Mobility
at San Francisco State College, and eventually a thirty year career as a Orientation and Mobility Specialist in rural Mendocino. The memoir,
Traveling Blind: Life Lessons from Unlikely Teachers, details Fogg's experiences as a teacher of the visually impaired, and provides the reader a
glimpse into the challenges and successes of her work. In each chapter, Fogg highlights a separate student who has someway or another changed her
life. From the zany Shaynna, to the humorous Red, Fogg illustrates the uniqueness of each of her students. Although, Traveling Blind: Life Lessons
from Unlikely Teachers, explores the lives of Fogg and her students, the memoir also serves as an illustration on the meaning of patience, loss and
humanity. Although Traveling Blind: Life Lessons from Unlikely Teachers is a wonderful memoir for anyone wishing to know more aboutvisual
impairment, Fogg and her students stories transcend far beyond providing mere information. Utterly honest, and at times extremely humorous, Fogg
transcribes the successes and challenges of being a mobility and orientation coach. Although the memoir was initially written as means of reflecting
upon her career, "writing about the most interesting and challenging of my blind students" (Fogg, 69) Fogg all but forfeited her writing after Shaynna
was suspended from the California School of the Blind. It was not until Mike (a brilliant young man) entered Fogg's life that she resumed writing,
realizing her book was not about what she taught, but about how her students impacted her own life as "adventure lady." While the memoir allows the
reader a greater understanding into the complex world of visual impairment, Fogg's stories look beyond the "disability" and instead serves to illuminate
the humanness behind each one of her

Research Study On Homeless People With Disability
CHAPTER: 4 DATA ANALYSES
After completion of data collection the data entered into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 20.0 software) for analyzing the data. The
data set consisted of a total of 86 variables. In the study there are eighty six variables included in SPSS. In this research study the Homeless People with
Disability is the respondent. The findings of this study are discussed in this chapter.
Demographical Profile
Homeless people with disability residing in the Shivaji Nagar, govandi, chembur, cheeta camp, lallubhai compound, R.C.F marg which is located in
M East ward of Mumbai were interviewed for collecting data. A purposive as well as snowball sampling was used, in that sample will select physical
(orthopaedic impairments), visual impairments, hearing and speech & intellectual disability. A total of 60 HPWD were spoken to covering 87%
single individual HPWD and 13% families. 32 males and 28 females overall were interviewed. In this research 63.3 % respondent have Orthopedic
impairment, 18.3% visual impairment, 3.3% hearing and speech impairment and 15% respondent having intellectual impairment. Findings regarding the
educational status of Homeless people with disability indicate that 61 percent (37 respondents) are illiterate while 18 percent (11 respondents) have not
completed primary education. 7 percent of parents (4 respondents) have completed primary schooling while 8 percent have completed secondary
schooling.
The data shows that the

Child Is Unique And Wonderful
"Each child is unique and wonderful. And some children have differences we call special needs. Special needs can mean many things. Sometimes
children will learn differently, or hear with an aid, or read with Braille. A Young person may have a hard time communicating or paying attention.
A child can be born with a special need, or acquire it by an accident or through a health condition. Sometimes a child will be developing in a typical
manner and then become delayed in that development. "Therefore, if a child is born with physical, emotion, learning, and behavior problems, we
must remember that they are a human being with feeling and special needs first. Close your eyes and try to do something you do every day, like
putting toothpaste on a toothbrush. You will soon realize how difficult it is to do things if you cannot see what you are doing. People who cannot
see face such difficulties every day. They depend on their other senses (touch, smell, sound and taste) to learn about the world around them. And, with
practice, they learn to use these senses better than people with sight. One of the things the blind cannot do is read ordinary books. So, they learn to
read books printed in Braille. Braille is a system of representing characters by raised dots. Combinations of raised dots in a six–dot 'cell' make up
different characters. The characters are read by touching them with fingers. This system was invented by Louis Braille, who lost his sight as a child.
Nowadays,

A Life Of Darkness : Major Causes Of Blindness
Kara Garner
Mrs. Kristin Rabun
English 1102
02 October 2014
A Life of Darkness; Major Causes of Blindness Every five seconds, someone in the world goes blind. Throughout the world today, there are an
estimated 39 million people who are considered legally blind. According to the Merriam–Webster dictionary, blind is defined as being sightless or
unable to see. The term blindness can also be used to describe the other 285 million people worldwide who are considered to be visually impaired.
While these people may not be considered completely blind, they still need a lot of help perceiving images. Even with glasses or medical surgery,
people who are recognized as visually impaired still cannot see well. Visual impairment ranges from mild to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A cataract scatters light as it passes through the lens, which stops a defined image from reaching the retina of the eye. Unlike a normal eye that has
light passing through the transparent lens, a cataract causes the lens to be hazy. As a result, the image striking the retina will be blurry and the vision
becomes emulsified. The range of visual impairment depends on how cloudy the lens is. According to MedicineNet.com, the extent of the visual
disturbance is dependent upon the degree of cloudiness of the lens (Dahl, Sheil, 2014). Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide and are
especially common in older people. The protein that makes up the lens begins to cluster together causing the clouding of the lens as people age. Over
time, the cataract usually grows larger, ultimately resulting in the lost of sight.
The second leading cause of blindness in the world is glaucoma. According to the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, glaucoma is the general
term for a group of similar diseases. In primary open angle glaucoma, the channels that drain fluid within the eye become blocked, causing pressure
within the eye to rise, resulting in gradual loss of vision. There are very few symptoms so many people do not realize they are losing their sight. The
other type of glaucoma that leads to blindness is known as angle closure glaucoma. Angle closure glaucoma is similar to open angle glaucoma, but the
effects are much more prevalent (Sharon

The Perception Of The Olfactory Function
We must be aware of the smells in an environment because that can alter students' ability to focus and learn. "Smells can capture a child's attention,
and when they do, access to sensory information from other sensory systems capable of providing more useful information can be compromised."
(Allman, C., Lewis, S. and Smith, M. 2014) The olfactory function is extremely sensitive and bout pleasant or unpleasant smells can create issues.
People often make decision based on their interaction with a scent and if it was positive or negative. The absence of the ability to smell can also
adversely affect cueing and alertness. During the lessons, the goal should be to have neutral, natural smells and if other smells are needed it should be
factored into the lesson.
"Proprioception is the basis for the physical sense of self and its interaction with the external world." (Allman, C., Lewis, S. and Smith, M. 2014) When
students use their proprioceptive sense, information is sent to the brain about static position and body movement. Proprioceptive sense works with
vision and tactile sense to develop coordination, support a child's ability to plan and exhibit patterns of behavior. Issue with proprioceptive function can
affect student learning and students can appear drowsy, fussy, agitated, picky and unbalanced. Activities that aid in building proprioceptive function are
mostly physical, such as massages, hugs, yoga or stretching, walks, jumping on a trampoline and exploring with

The Braille System
1.Introduction The Braille system is used for people who are blind visually impaired people to read and write. The system was invented in 1821
by Louis braille, a blind Frenchman. He had invented a system for soldiers to communicate at night without a sound process called sonography. He
created the raised dots alphabet for the blind so they can read. Braille is read by running your fingers over the raised print on a flat surface. 1.1
Visually Impaired Literacy has become a necessity for all in today's world. Illiterates find it difficult to perform even basic things like reading good
books, jotting down necessary information or writhing a report. If this is the case with normal people we can well imagine the plight of the visually
impaired people. The invention, development and introduction of Braille helped them overcome this handicap in learning the traditional way. When
you touch and feel Braille the first time you will just... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The importance of Hearing and visual impaired is that the combination of losses limits access to hearing and visual information. Children with
Hearing and visually impaired demand teaching methods that are various from those for children who have only Hearing and visually impaired.
"When both vision and hearing are affected, particularly from birth or early in their life, natural choice to learn and communicate can be sorely
limited". Definitions of hearing and visually impaired vary around the world, there is global recognition of the deleterious impact that dual sensory
impairments have on access to environmental data, as well as acknowledgment that this unique disorder requires specific teaching approach to abet and
support

Creating A Visual World : Overcoming Barriers
Living in a Visual World: Overcoming Barriers to Employment in the Visually Impaired and Blind Community People who are blind or visually
impaired have significantly higher rate of unemployment than those in the general population (Ferronatoa & Ukovic, 2014). According to the National
Federation of the Blind (NFB), in 2013 only 40.2% of adults at working age who reported significant vision loss were employed (Erickson, Lee, &
Schrader, 2015). The visual impairment community faces numerous barriers when seeking employment. In the past employers have believed that hiring
people with disabilities may negatively affect their other workers or they may be unable to complete the tasks of that occupation (Golub, 2006).
Crudent, Sansing, and Butler (2005), have identified several barriers that are most common for people with visual impairments, which include;
negative attitudes towards visual impairments, transportation, lack of job skills, finding access to print, and lack of support in the rehabilitation
organizations. Examining the current research on barriers to employment and how to overcome them demonstrates the benefits the field of
rehabilitation counseling and how to better serve clients within this community. People who are blind or visually impaired have the ability to prevail
over the obstacles put in place by the environment and society. The key areas of focus in this article is employer attitudes, accommodations,
transportation, agency influence, and social support.

An Individual With Visual Impairment
Today, I will attempt to understand what it is like for an individual with a visual impairment to complete a task that would be very simple for an
individual with sight. This exercise is being conducted to help me gain an understanding of how an individual with visual impairment would approach
this task. I will try to make myself some cereal, eat it, and clean up my mess. My son Jason will remain in the kitchen with me as a protective measure.
I stand in the middle of the kitchen while the blindfold is applied to my eyes. Immediately, it is dark. My first thought is what is the easiest to get for
a bowl of cereal. I decided to get a bowl from the counter. I rely on my memory to guide me to the cabinet through feeling for the counter top to the
left of my position, then I reach up to grab a bowl. I feel around with my hand to make sure that I am at the top of the stack of bowls and then I grab
the bowl. I feel with my right hand to make sure there is a free space for my bowl on the counter and that I am not to close to the edge. Then with
my right hand, I close the cabinet. I edge myself over to the left again, following the counter top. As I reach the end, I stretch out my arm to help
guide me towards the stove. The spoons are in the left lower drawer. I open the drawer and feel the different utensils. I find the small size spoon and
pull it out. I then make my way back across the kitchen to place the spoon beside the bowl. I go back to the stove area the same way that I

Visual Impairment Paper
As a person with a major visual impairment myself, I found the first video fascinating. In the video the audience is introduced to Mason, a 6–year–old
boy, whom is completely blind in one eye and has only partial vision in the other. His overall visual acuity is approximately 20/300 versus the
standard visual acuity of 20/20. In the video the types of technology introduced and discussed were the Mountbatten Brailler, iPad, and a Smart
Board. A Mountbatten Brailler is a type of Braille machine, which in a traditional braille machine that has been equipped with audio as well as word
processing capabilities. It's particularly useful for children because of the audio responses. Mason also utilized an iPad at home and in school as an
additional education tool because of the capabilities to run education games and increase the size of text and images to make it ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cerebral Palsy is a permanent and debilitating condition that causes not only a physical impairment and disability but in cases like Elle can cause
communication disabilities or even cognitive defects. Elle is unable to speak so her main piece of assistive technology is a Dynavox, which is a
speech–generating device that is operated by a head mouse that allows Elle to communicate and express herself. Prior to acquiring the Dynavox her
family had been through multiple devices and assistive technology items. They used a traditional book chart. Which consists of a book broken into
categories of basic needs and communication symbols and the user shifts their eyes from one category to another in order to communicate. They used a
device called a Pathfinder, which is also an assistive communication device that looks like a large board with multiple buttons. They eventually began
utilizing a laptop with communication software and eventually the school helped her find the Dynavox, which gave her better communication

Cognitive Visual Impairment And Blindness In Children
In 1832 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe penned one of his last letters and stated, "The Ancients said that the animals are taught through their organs; let
me add to this, so are men, but they have the advantage of teaching their organs in return" (Sacks, 2003). This ideology, present at the height of
Phrenology (i.e., the belief that specific configurations of the skull determine a persons' mental faculties and character traits and a notion that has been
largely debunked by modern science), raises questions as to the true ability of choice, adaptation, and pre–determination of our cognitive functions
(e.g., personality, visual imagery, etc.) as well as hypothesizing the presence of a "mind's eye" (i.e., a more archaic depiction of imagination;... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether unconnected to memory, delayed in the development of complexity, lessened by focal or cortical damage, or heightened in the attempt of
visual and cognitive recovery, the imagination appears to be ever–present, a notion that, for some, may be comforting to a degree. In this vein, Goethe's
statement maintains some modern merit; while adverse situations may occur and our organs deprive us of greatly needed perception, humankind still
harbors the benefit of teaching our organs in return, thus, never losing the ability, and potential gift, of

Psychology Is The Study Of An Organism 's Behavior And...
Psychology is the study of an organism's behaviour and mental processes and how they are effected by the organism's mental and physical
environment. Psychology takes into consideration one's sensation and perception; consciousness; learning; memory; thinking, reasoning and language;
and emotions and motivation. In an effort to fully understand these complex ideas, I experimented with visual and auditory impairment.
I stimulated my visual impairment by tying a blind fold over my eyes in a relatively comfortable place and making sure minimal light got through. For
the first half hour, I wondered around the house to get comfortable with my vision impairment. I went from the first floor of my house to the fourth
floor on my own with no external help. On my way back up, I was given challenges to find certain things and to bring them to a certain area. As I did
these tasks, I sensed that someone was close to me or in my social or intemet proximity; when anything happened, I was susceptible to the little noises I
heard, and reacted immediately. This was orienting response.
As I was walking back up to the first floor, I had to relearn some of my visual strategies to adapt with my current situation. For example, one
challenge was to find a specific type of body cream. I completed the challenge based on the feel of the bottle. This was almost recalling my latent
learning. This was one of the many situations that made me realize how much I rely on my tactile sense after my vision. As

Visual Impairment
Visual Impairment
Introduction
Vision challenge or impairment is when a person's degree of seeing is very low and the affected person requires assistance in order to carry out daily
routine. Significantly, for one to qualify as visually impaired there must be prove that a person cannot undertake duties by himself without necessary
assistance. For a person to qualify as a visually challenged, there must be a prove that the affected eyes cannot be conventionally treated. Visual
challenge cannot be corrected by surgery, refractive measures neither by medication and that is why it is termed asvisual impairment. The most rampart
causes of visual challenge are trauma, degenerative or congenital means and a variety of diseases. In the society, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When visually impaired students undertake tests through auditory–vocal as well as other communication channels that support visually impaired
students then the academic achievement of such students is assured. However studies indicate that visually impaired students do not score well in
Mathematics. Visually impaired students have particular behavioral disparities. Firstly, when the child is taken to a new environment, the episodes of
clumsiness are exhibited (Fan & Cheung, 2005). Such a student is in constant communication with their colleagues as they seek to get clarifications on
goings. The student usually remains inattentive and is greatly affected by their inability to read or engage in other class activities.
While communicating, visually impaired learners do not rely on lip movement to effectively articulate words. Additionally, such students are not able
to effectively use gestures (Fan & Cheung, 2005). Physically, a visually impaired student is constantly rubbing their eyes and is always blinking.
Frowning, squinting and holding books at close range are other characteristics of visually impaired individuals. Lastly, visually impaired learners are
constantly complaining of dizziness, nausea, itchy eyes as well as blurred vision (Fan & Cheung, 2005).
Educational needs
Visually impaired kids should never be discriminated from attaining quality education. If the right procedure is adapted in delivery of information or
rather education to such

How Vision Loss Affects Psychosocial Well Being Among The...
Abstract Purpose: to examine how vision loss affects psychosocial well being among the people in the middle and upper class and how the cope with
their visual impairment
The purpose of this study is to understand and discover the psychosocial state and well–being for individuals with vision loss among the upper and
middle class. At this stage in the research, the participants chosen will be asked about their mental state and vision loss, which will be generally
observed through interview questions on PTSD, depression and motivation. Previous studies have stated that overall poorer mental well–being and
quality of life was found in visually impaired people in comparison to fully sighted people (Stevelink & Fear 2016).
Method: Qualitative study, interview research questions
Keywords: Visual Impairment, Vision loss, Psychosocial well–being, PTSD, depression, motivation
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Visual impairment is a state wherein an individual experiences difficulty in seeing or not being able to see anything physical presented to them.
According to Mandal, MD (2013) It is a state where a visually impaired person's eyesight cannot be corrected back to a "normal level". Visual
impairment is often associated with old age. In Europe, an estimated 15.5 million people have visual impairment and in seven countries in Europe,
about 50% of blindness is caused by age–related macular degeneration. (Dibb,

Blindness Research Paper
Blindness in the United States:
The Oppression of the Visually Impaired in America
Madelyn R. Smith
Indiana University– Indianapolis
The United States has many minority groups that face oppression. In the media today, most of the minority issues that are highlighted involve the
LGBTQ community, women, and racial minorities. Differently–abled people are rarely given the space to share with the world how they see it. This
literature review will discuss terms related to visual impairment, legislative measures taken in the United States to assist those with severe visual
impairments, and the oppression and discrimination those who are visually impaired face.
There are a few terms that need defined. The American Academy of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was passed in 1990 and amended by the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments act of 2008 (EEOC). These two acts were the most significant.
These added protections for employment, education, and public life. Employers and educational institutions are required to provide reasonable
accommodations, such as assistive technology and modified tasks. The ADA also affected public life, such as transportation. Public transportation
employees have to announce stops loud enough for everyone to hear (The Americans). Even with the legislative measures taken to assist those who are
blind, those with significant visual impairments still face oppression. According to Iris Marion Young, oppression "designates the disadvantage and
injustice some people suffer not because a tyrannical power coerces them, but because of the everyday practices of a well–intentioned liberal society"
(Adams, p 36). People who are blind face oppression when navigating the internet. There are many programs that aid those with vision issues– Braille
keyboards and audio and text converters. However, these programs do not always work with websites. At the moment, no government standards exist
in the United States (Williams). This is a problem because the internet is a very large part of society. The internet holds the keys to financial needs,
educational advancement, and social interactions. Therefore, legislation needs to be passed to make the digital world as

Advantages Of Visual Impairment
Parenting a Teenager with a Visual Impairment
Being the parent of a teenager can be a challenging job. When your teenager is visually impaired, however, you may find yourself dealing with all the
issues most families encounter plus others. You may notice at times that your child's visual impairment affects her ability to make friends, participate in
the activities other teenagers are doing, or keep up in school.
Alternatively, your child may be doing well in these areas but perhaps be struggling emotionally with feelings about her visual impairment, herself, and
her future.
From Your Perspective
Each child is unique, and your daughter's successes and struggles will be her own. However, you may want to keep the following in mind.
There may be times when you observe your child struggling to do something such as prepare a meal herself or feeling dejected because her vision loss
keeps her from getting a learner's permit for driving. These incidents may cause you to grieve for the "normal" sight your child doesn't have. Feelings
of anger, denial, or depression are common in circumstances like these, even if your child has had her visual impairment since birth or early childhood.
When you feel this way, it may be helpful to try to turn it around and think about the things your daughter has learned to do, such as taking the bus
downtown by herself or opportunities she's had because of her visual impairment, such as attending a summer work program or a college preparatory
program for teenagers who are visually impaired.
From Your Teenager's Perspective
It can be a challenge to communicate with any teenager, so don't be surprised if your daughter doesn't want to talk about her feelings about being
visually impaired. Let her know that you're there to talk but realize she may not want to talk to you, or anyone, about how she's feeling.
It may help at times to try putting into words how she appears to you–"You look down–in–the–dumps this morning," or "You look really excited!"
Hearing you acknowledge what she might be feeling may help your child open up and either talk with you or tell you that you're wrong. Either way,
you may be able to help her explore her feelings and give her a chance to express herself.

From

Blindness Essay
"I did it to myself. It wasn't society... it wasn't a pusher, it wasn't being blind or being black or being poor. It was all my doing" (Carin 84). Quoted
from Ray Charles about the success he's had in his life. His disability did not stop him from changing the music industry to how it is today.
The number of people around the world affected by blindness. Worldwide almost eighty percent of allvisual impairment is avoidable (Marcovitz 7).
Luckily, over twelve million suffer from less degrees of vision impairment (Plone 2017). World Health Organization "as many as three
–hundred million
people will suffer from blindness or other severe vision disabilities" (NFB 2017). Blindness affects more than one million Americans who fit severe
vision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is lots of treatment for blindness in general that has saved people. The treatment for blindness is close to the same treatment for cancer one way
that can fix blindness is killing the red blood cells in the eye (79). Other ways would be using angiogenesis inhibitors which are drugs that which grows
new blood cells in the eye to help circulate blood through the eye (79). These are some of many different types of treatment they use Radiation therapy,
electronic implants, Stem cell therapy, cell transplants, and retinal tissue transplants (79). There are many professionals in the study of blindness that
help find cures and help. These are just some of the many doctors ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians (66).
Charles started to lose his sight at the age of four or five, and was completely blind by the age of seven, apparently as a result of glaucoma (52). Has
lived with it his whole life because it was severe blindness (52). This ability can and does affect many people's lives Socially, physically, mentally,
physically, and excetra people with severe blindness need help finding objects to buy or find. Like if they are at the store looking for specific items a
friend or worker may have to help them find the items (48).
How blindness affects many people and their daily activities. Many people who have severe vision impairment may need to set their belt in a

Write An Essay On Cataracts In Children
Cataracts are an eye condition that results in the clouding of the lens that distorts or makes one vision hazy. It becomes a visual impairment when it
interferes a with the normal functioning of daily task and activities. Cataracts can be unilateral meaning it affects one eye or bilateral(both eyes). This
eye condition is seen in both children and adults. The age of onset can be congenital( at birth) or acquired later in life. The location, size, and thickness
of the cataract can determine the significance of vision loss. Although there are four general types of cataracts, there are two that can progress to total
blindness. Early intervention is key in a better vision prognosis. O'Neill (1980) reports that the most prevalent cause of vision loss ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A parent may report or complain that his or her child is inattentive to visual stimuli, have poor reflexes and maybe show sign of sensitivity to light. A
teacher may see the same behaviors in the academic setting. As school tasks become difficult and delay the educational progress, a referral should
follow the chief complaint with a comprehensive vision evaluation by a medical ophthalmologist. Submission of the eye report to the school district
along with observations and assessments will address accommodation and modification for the classroom setting if determined that the child qualifies
as a child with a vision impairment. Some juveniles with treatable types of cataracts that have not progress to blindness will exhibit characteristics of
cortical visual impairments. For example, a student who shows complications with contrast, visual acuity, sensitivity to light or need for increased
lighting. Glare can also be a problem for a student with post–operative cataract

Global Data On Visual Impairment
Global data on visual impairment in the year2002. Bull World Health Organ 88(11); pp. 844–51////////////////////////////////// Resnkoff, S., Pascolini, D.,
Etya'ale, D., Kocur, I., Pararajasegaram, R and Pokharel, G.P (2004)
Ritchie, J and Lewis, J (2003) Qualitative Research Practice a guide to Social Science Students and Researchers. London: Sage Publications./////////////
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Robinson, A. (2002) VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe from Local Innovation to Global Solution Field Note 4 in the Blue–Gold Series of Water and Sanitation
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Ranchman, W.G (1966) Relative deprivation and Social justice: a study of attitudes to social inequality in

Visual Impairment Nursing
Introduction Visual impairment is a common and debilitating symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). Acute optic neuritis (AON) occurs in over 50% of
patients and subclinical optic nerve injury is frequent even in the absence of optic neuritis (Arnold, 2005). Double vision and oscillopsia from efferent
disorders may also significantly impact vision–related quality of life. Despite the prevalence of visual deficits, it has only been over the last decade that
MS clinical trials have begun to regularly include visual outcomes [57]. This trend has been supported by the implementation of highly sensitive tools
with the ability to detect structural and functional visual deficits in patients with MS. Among structural instruments, optical coherence tomography...
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VEP amplitude is a measure of the number of actionable fibers relaying information to the visual cortex. Reductions in amplitude can be transient or the
result of axonal loss following AON [ , ]. In addition to measures of amplitude, VEP measures latency, which is a reflection of visual pathway myelin, a
measure that uniquely highlights demyelination and remyelination [54, ]. Multi–focal VEP measures multiple, focal VEPs to create a topographic
record of optic nerve amplitude and latency [54, ]. Kantorova and colleagues have found there to be a positive association between VEP latency and
EDSS score for both AON and non–AON MS patients, suggesting VEP tests to be more sensitive measures of detecting disease evolution than MRI [
]. In the context of MS, mfERG, another instrument used to expand knowledge of the summed responses of the visual field, provides highly
stereotyped information about the optic nerve head component, which is thought to reflect axonal properties of the GCL [44, ]. Continued study and
validation of these tests as they relate to function are necessary and will allow us to further refine our understanding of the visual impairments affecting
MS

Low Vision Advantages And Disadvantages
DISCUSSION
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) estimates thattherearemore than 285 million people worldwide who are visually impaired, of
whomnearly 39 million people are blind and 246 million suffer from low vision1. A person with low vision has a best corrected visual acuity in the
better eyeoflessthan6/18tolightperceptionoracentralvisualfieldofless 10than degrees, but who uses or has the potential to use vision for the planning
and execution of a task
Visual impairment is a worldwide concern and it is very likely that it will gain moreimportance as the present standard of medical therapy is on the
rise and the average life expectancy of an individual is lengthened. There are a significant number of people with irreversible loss of vision, in spite
of the best possible therapy, who also possess some degree of useful residual vision, termed as low vision. This impaired vision not only affects their
daily living activities but also increases their dependence on other people. The current investigation sought to focus on the impact of low vision
services and to address the barriers involved in visual rehabilitation of adults (16 to 60 years).
Different individuals undergo different experiences with reference to low vision, and may show variable responses to low vision rehabilitation.
Ultimately, an individual suffering from low vision has to accept his/her disorder and should strive to obtain the best final outcome. This necessitates
the initiation of new programs, or

Comparison Of Louis Braille And Lotevie Wonder
Louis Braille, Helen Keller, and Stevie Wonder. Some names more famous than others, some names known all over the world, some not known at
all. One commonality these names have in common is that each one of these individuals live or still live with a visual impairment. Braille Works
provides a lot of information on the individuals listed above. Louis Braille became blind after an accidental stabbing incident. He didn't let the
accident determine the rest of his life, instead became the inventor of braille writing. Braille writing is a series of raised dots for visually impaired
individuals to feel instead of seeing the words written out. Helen Keller is a name people hear of often, but is her success story truly known? Hellen
Keller was the first deaf and blind person to graduate from college. Keller then went on to become a world–famous author. Another famous name in the
news and media is Stevie Wonder. Stevie Wonder was given too much oxygen at birth due to prematurity leaving him blind. Again, Stevie Wonder didn't
let his disability stop him from achieving his goal, instead he worked hard earning twenty–two Grammy Awards. (Braille Works) Each one of these
names are more than likely always associated with blindness, but instead should be associated with success because of the fact that they all made a
name for themselves. According to SPED TEXTBOOK, "the term for visual impairment is perhaps the most commonly accepted term to describe any
level of decreased vision from a

The Field Of Occupational Therapy Essay
The field of occupational therapy is guided by theoretical assumptions and propositions that assist occupational therapists to design effective
interventions that are evidence based and client centered (Boyt Schell, Gillen, & Scaffa, 2014, p. 478). One widely used theory that has proven to be
evidence based, research driven, and client centered is the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) (Boyt Schell, Gillen, & Scaffa, 2014, p. 506). Within
this model, it is the practitioner 's role to assess the interaction between the client's volition, habituation, and performance capacity within their
environment. This interaction shapes the client's participation, performance, and skills. As occupational therapists, we seek to make occupational
adaptations to shape the client's occupational identity and occupational competence (Boyt Schell et al, 2014, p. 507). We will be using this model to
shape the occupational adaptations we would recommend for a client with acute monocular blindness in the analysis of this paper.
We hypothesized that the resulting effects that participants would experience in the contrived situation would be limited to stereopsis, reduced field of
vision, and impaired hand–eye coordination in the performance of activities of daily living. These impairments would make activities of daily living
significantly more difficult for someone who has acutely lost vision in one of their eyes.
Research Design
Acute monocular vision loss is the sudden loss of vision in

Visual Impairment Analysis
The purpose of this assigment was to explore the emotions and perspectives of a parent raising a child with a visual impairemet and additional
disability. To ask in depth questions about their journey through their child's diagnoses and education. How as a parent they have had to advocated for
their child's education. The accommodations that are made in the home evironment to support expanded core learning. What resources the parent finds
useful and what supports they have used along their journey. Trenton had nystagmus severly at around fourteen months old, and the pediatrician
wanted to do some tests to rule out a brain tumor. We thought at this point after ruling out other possiblities that it was just nystagmus and he was given
glasses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This family is one that continues to stay positive and have become determined to bring awareness. They are fighting discrimination and societal
views by answering questions people may have about Trenton's eye condition. Jamie herself has read every internet article she can get her hands on,
as well as joined several parent support groups (Dues, 2016). They have gained further support by attending Family Learning Weekends on the
Montana School for the Deaf and the Blind's campus. These events have parents from all over the state with a broad range of eye conditions
represented. "It is hard to reach out and help others because it can bring up old feelings (Dues, 2016)." Jamie manages staff at the local hospital here
in Great Falls and attends several conferences throughout the year. "I always think about Trenton when I attend these conferences and how I can use
the skills I learn to better help him (Dues,

Typical Sexual Development Of Sighted Children
Typical Sexual Development in Sighted Children Incidental learning is loosely defined as learning that does not occur through direct teaching, but
rather learning that is unplanned and occurs through observation (Allman & Lewis, 2014). The social learning theory explains that young infants
acquire information about sexuality and identity as they observe the sexual behaviors of their caregivers. Children develop curiosity about body parts,
bodily functions, and gender differences by observing elders as they engage in routines such as using the bathroom, getting dressed, and hugging and
kissing loved ones. Moore and Rosenthal (2006), recognized that these behaviors are imitated in the form of self–exploration of one's body parts in ...
Through observation and teaching, children learn appropriate norms for sexual behavior.
Sexual Education
References
Allman, C. B., & Lewis, S. (Eds.). (2014). ECC Essentials: Teaching the expanded core curriculum to all students with visual impairments. New York:
AFB Press.
Bancroff, J. (2005) The endocrinology of sexual arousal. Journal of Endocrinology, 186(1), 411–427.
Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676
–713.
Chivers, M.L., Reiger, E.J, Latty, & Bailey, J.M. (2004) A sex difference in the specificity of sexual arousal. Psychol. Sci., 15(736), 744.
Cook Karen S., Rice Eric. 2006. "Social Exchange Theory." Pp. 53–76 in Handbook of Social Psychology, Handbooks of Sociology and Social
Research, New York: Springer.
Delamater, J.D., & Hyde, J.S. (1997) Essentialism vs. social constructionism in the study of human sexuality. Journal of sex Research, 35(1), 10–18.
Kar, S.K, Chuoudhur, A., & Singh, A.P. (2015) Understanding normal development of adolescent sexuality: A bumpy ride. Journal of Human
Reproductive Sciences, 8(2), 70–74.
Kelly, S. M., & Kapperman, G. (2012). Sexual activity of young adults who are visually impaired and the need for effective sex education. Journal of
Visual Impairment & Blindness, 106(9), 519–526.
Krupa, C., & Esmail, S. (2010).

Reflection Paper
I really enjoyed the two speakers that we had in class this past Wednesday. Katie and Shane both had such unique experiences and were both very
open to talking about their lives. I remember Shane coming to talk with our SPED 201 class and how much I took away from that experience. This
past week was no exception, I left with so many ideas that I would never have thought of as a future Special Education teacher.
One of the questions that I had for Katie that I never really had the opportunity to ask was, "Why did you choose to use a guide dog instead of your
cane?" Katie talked about using her cane from time to time, and that she used it before she had her dog, but I am just curious as to what prompted
her to want a dog. Also, I had a question that came to mind when Katie talked about how she cooperates with her dog. Katie said that when she
needs to go someplace new or perhaps find a new bus stop, she will usually locate it with her cane and then show her dog where that location is. The
question that came to mind was how difficult is it for them to maneuver in new environments. For instance, if they entered the Berkley Center and
had never been there before, how tough would it be for them to find their way around. I might be curious simply because I am horrible with
directions, but nonetheless, it must be a challenge of some sort. A question I had for Shane that came up after class had ended was, "Once you lost
your vision, how tough was the transition to 100% Braille?

Cortical Visual Impairment
Some of the issues that plague individuals with cortical visual impairment are losses within central and/or peripheral vision, inability to perceive depth,
sensitivity to light, color or contrast and frustration. Research by Roman, Baker–Nobles, Dutton, Luiselli, Flener, Jan, Lantzy, Matsuba, Mayer,
Newcomb, & Nielson states that 'CVI should be defined, albeit arbitrarily, by a reduction in visual acuity, in the visual fields, or in a child's ability to
see compared to other children of the same age." (Roman, Baker–Nobles, Dutton, Luiselli, Flener, Jan, Lantzy, Matsuba, Mayer, Newcomb, & Nielson,
2010) When an individual has CVI they usually rely more on their peripheral vision than their central vision. Most of the items we see require some

Importance Of Visual Impairment
Introduce self to client, acknowledge visual impairment (reduces patient's anxiety).Orient patient to environment. (Reduces fear related to unfamiliar
environment). Do not make unnecessary changes in environment. Provide adequate lighting. Place meal tray, tissues, water, and call light within
patient's range of vision or reach. Communicate type and degree of impairment to all involved in patient's care. Recommend use of visual aids when
appropriate. Please food tray in the same place each meal and explain arrangement of food on tray and plate using clockwise sequence. Encourage
sense of touch. Explain sounds or other unusual stimuli in environment. Encourage use of radios, tapes, and talking books. Remove environmental
barriers to ensure safety. Discourage doors from being left partially open. Maintain bed in low position with side rails up, if appropriate. Keep bed in
locked position to prevent falls. Guide patient when ambulating, if needed. Foot Care Take a detailed history of the pt. Perform a physical exam,
including skin and wound assessments. During foot examination, nurses should ask patients to remove their shoes and socks and then examine their
feet in order to screen patients at high risk and report to a Physician. Facilitate active participation of patients and family members in care and teach
patients about importance of regular visits to the clinic. Encourage patient to participate in physical therapy and group activities to help promote

Film Mask Film Analysis
The Beauty of Living in the Eyes of Diana Mask, the 1985 biographical film that was directed by Peter Bogdanovich, produced by Martin Starger,
and starred Cher, Sam Elliott, and Eric Stoltz, among others, delves on the life struggles of the protagonist, Rocky Dennis. Rocky suffers from a
case of Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, which results to an overgrowth of the cranium and a deformation of the skull's natural shape and contours, thus
making the afflicted person's head looking highly abnormal in appearance. Despite the medical case suffered by Rocky and coming from a
dysfunctional family has a mother who suffers from clinical depression and who is a drug addict; and a social group consisting of motor biker gang
members, Rocky pursued to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aside from Diana's independent nature of doing ordinary things on her own, it is also true that she had displayed a special skill of knowing
exactly how physical objects exactly look like just by feeling it with her hand. This can be evidenced in the part where Diana politely asked for
permission from Rocky to feel his face through her hands, which understandably is a source of great embarrassment for the Rocky due to his
deformed facial structures. Accordingly, this scene reveals that Diana can compensate her lack of sight with her highly developed senses to 'feel',
and in the process allowing her to learn the physical descriptions of persons even without using her eyes. Hence, this aspect of Diana's character
reveals her as an especially talented person despite having a physical disability, through which she has the capability to adapt very well to her physical
surroundings. The special skills developed by Diana with the purpose of adapting to her environment, as mentioned above, can also be evidenced in
her ability to ride a horse. As such, in the scene depicting the near–conclusion of the summer camp, Rocky, Diana, and others are seen riding in convoy
along mountainous slopes, which understandably is very hard to do even for persons with

Research Based Teaching Strategies Educators Essay
Research Based Teaching Strategies Students with severe and profound visual impairments benefit from an inclusive educational environment. They
need a specialized educational program to learn self–care skills, functional academic skills, social skills, and vocational skills (Korir, 2015). Successful
strategies educators can use when teaching students with severe visual impairments include vision training, support strategies, functional vision
training, and orientation and mobility training (Westling & Fox, 2009). Vision specialists once believed that students with visual impairments should
not use their remaining vision (Geruschat & Corn, 2006). Advancements in the medical field, early diagnosis, and interventions have made it possible
for the visually impaired to learn how use their remaining vision to complete tasks. One effective strategy is the visual training method. The visual
training method uses eye exercises and patch therapy to enhance the use of residual vision in individuals with low vision or partial vision (Westling &
Fox, 2009). Teaching visual skills with in functional activities is another effective method educators can use to help students learn to use their residual
vision. Students need to apply visual attention skills and behaviors in order to complete a task. Therefore, students with visual impairments and
multiple disabilities need to learn specific visual attention skills and behaviors. To teach visual attention skills and behaviors,

Visual Impairment And Dementia Essay
Safety is an important aspect in nursing, but trying to balance it out with independence is a little tricky. Especially with older resident, trying to
keep them safe while also maintaining their independence is difficult. This article it brings up the issue of visual impairment and dementia
interfering with safety. Visual impairment could "increase vulnerability to risk" (p.476). Since the elderly lose their vision they will tend to lose
their independence. The article talks about how the elderly need to be able to do things for themselves. I agree if they are healthy enough but as
for some resident who do suffer from vision loss or dementia should be supervised on certain task. I work in the advance unit and most of them are
either visually impair or suffer from dementia. I try to give them some independence but when it comes to ambulating by their self I cannot allow
that. Being a certified nursing assistant is difficult sometime because I try to let one resident wander around but he refuse to wear a wandering
alarm so it difficult to allow him to have freedom due to the safety issues. Safety is not just for the resident it is also for the care professional. In the
key point section they state "lack evidence on how best of support older adults" (p.479). If the staff is uneducated how can they provide the best care
for the dementia patients. It all will go back to their independence fighting with safety regulations.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Safety is important in the nursing field, not just for the resident but also for the care givers. Lawrence,V.(2010). Balancing independence and safety:
the challenge of supporting older people with dementia and sight loss. Age and Ageing, Vol. 39 (4), pp. 476
–80.

Working With Visually Impaired Students
Working with visually impaired students requires much preparation and planning. Every child is different and instructional strategies should be
designed on a case by case basis. According to Allman and Lewis, there are some general principles of instruction that has worked well for students
with a visual impairment. These principles are as follows:
Breaking tasks into their component parts
Making activities meaningful
Working from behind the student
Providing wait time
Giving guidance and support
Creating many opportunities for practice
Allowing learning through improvisation and mistakes. (p. 32)
Breaking tasks into their component parts allows the student to practice each small step of the whole task. A Teacher of the Visually Impaired (TVI)
should first conduct a task analysis on the activity to be taught. A Task analysis is a break down of the activity into separate processes according to
that students abilities. A task analysis can help the teacher organize instruction and also serves as a tool for assessments. The ways for a student to
learn through a task is by chaining competing each task to for a final whole results. Forward chaining is when the student begins each individual step of
the task starting at the beginning to completion. Another form of this instruction is by backward chaining, where the student has the final result and
learns each step in reverse.
Including the student in the preparation of a lesson is a strategy in making that lesson

Cortical Visual Impairment
HISTORY: For early diagnosis of disorders presenting marked cortical visual impairment, VEPs were considered crucial diagnostic test since advent of
EEG and multiple variants to this protocol have come into existence as described below.
a.FLASH VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL:
Adrian et al (1934) proved that the regular repeating flash stimulus could induce the electric response from the visual cortex. E. Herba et al (2006)
employed FVEPs to show that the maternal zinc supplementation may have a beneficial influence on visual cortical responses in newborn rats.
FVEPs have been regarded as the consequence of increased excitability of cortical circuitry to flash stimulation (FVEP) (Aguglia et al., 1991; deSeze
et al., 1998; Finsterer et al., 1999; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Low–speed blinking light (i.e., blinking frequency of less than 3.5 Hz) generates transient VEPs and characterized with a negative peak of around
75ms and a positive peak of around 100ms. According to waveform patterns VEPs, categorization seems appropriate as transient VEPs and SSVEPs.
The function of pattern size quantifies visual acuity through electrophysiological parameters of amplitude and latency26–31. The amplitude and
latency of the VEP have been studied in adults, children, 32–33 and term infants 34. In the preterm infants, it shows developmental kinetics of the VEP
response and the age of its stabilization34, 35–37.The lack of clinical relevance of the VEP in infants in whom ROP stages 4b and 5 developed also has
been established38–40. While transient VEPs occur in reaction to visual stimuli which blink at a frequency of less than 3.5 Hz, SSVEPs occur in
reaction to stimuli of higher blinking

Visual Impairment
Visual Impairment
Introduction
Vision challenge or impairment is when a person's degree of seeing is very low and the affected person requires assistance in order to carry out daily
routine. Significantly, for one to qualify as visually impaired there must be prove that a person cannot undertake duties by himself without necessary
assistance. For a person to qualify as a visually challenged, there must be a prove that the affected eyes cannot be conventionally treated. Visual
challenge cannot be corrected by surgery, refractive measures neither by medication and that is why it is termed asvisual impairment. The most rampart
causes of visual challenge are trauma, degenerative or congenital means and a variety of diseases. In the society, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, such students are not able to effectively use gestures (Fan & Cheung, 2005). Most of the developmental steps of such chilren are delayed
due to lack of vison. In emotional context, they may feel helplessness while interacting with others. These children can develop congnitive impairment
because they they lack the integrating experience of association and classification and the understaning of these experiences. The other challenge
faced with such children to develop their vocabulary. Sighted children can easily acquire these skills by reading, watching facial expressions and
movements, but visually impaired children are unable to expereince this and it hinders their capability to improve their vocabulary. Physically, a
visually impaired student is constantly rubbing their eyes and is always blinking. Frowning, squinting and holding books at close range are other
characteristics of visually impaired individuals. Lastly, visually impaired learners are constantly complaining of dizziness, nausea, itchy eyes as well as
blurred vision (Fan & Cheung, 2005).
Educational needs
Visually impaired kids should never be discriminated from attaining quality education. If the right procedure is adapted in delivery of information or
rather education to such students, they will equally possess the same level of education as normal children. The procedure of teaching a blind

Psychology At Columbus High School
It was an ordinary school day in A.P. Psychology at Columbus High School. There I was, sitting in my ordinary world, completing the same daily
routine, school. I had psychology towards the end of the day, so I was mentally and physically exhausted. However, Coach McCoy was my favorite
teacher, and she made Psychology very interesting for me. We recently discussed the chapter about disabilities and other impairments a person may
face throughout a lifetime. After the lesson, my teacher mentioned a camp she volunteered at during the summer called Camp Abilities, the main goal
of which is to aid children with visual impairments. The camp's motto read as "A Loss of Sight, Never a Loss of Vision." Columbus State University
sponsored the camp each Memorial Day weekend. The camp is open to all children with some sort of visual impairment from the ages of nine to
eighteen. Immediately I was intrigued, and had a sudden urge to learn more about the camp itself. I knew instantaneously that I wanted to be involved
in such a tremendous organization. I felt as if Coach McCoy's presentation about Camp Abilities was my call to the adventure of volunteering at the
camp. After watching the camp's promotional video, I yearned to learn more about the different recreational activities offered, such as beep baseball
and obstacle courses. Seeing the counselors interact with the campers in the promotion video, I knew Camp Abilities was just for me. I signed up right
away, and later I was informed

The Impact of Contracted British Braille Code on The...
Introduction
Chronologically, before systematic production of the Basic Module for the Visually Impaired (KAiMaL) in 2010, pupils with visual impairments were
learning braille codes according to the initiatives and flexibility of the subject teachers. Initially, students were learning AlphabeticBraille (Barclay,
Herlich, & Sacks, 2010) followed with Contracted Braille based on formulae and procedures prescribed in the Handbook of British Braille Prime
(1992).
According to D'Andrea (2009), braille code has developed as a methodology that represents the printed text for individuals with visual impairments.
According to Kway (2012), braille code is the medium for literacy activities specifically for reading and writing. In addition, with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Highlights of previous studies found that phonetic awareness in braille literacy is linked to the cognitive operation of process of second language
acquisition among students with visual impairment and correlated with the first language (L1) (Cummin, 1981). In other words, the first language also
influences the operation of second language acquisition (Lord, 2008).
Language Literacy
According Argyropoulos and Martos (2006), basic literacy formed the foundation for the education. Literacy development often receives serious
attention from all parties (Rex, Koenig, Wormsley & Baker, 1995). The term literacy is often linked with a person's ability to understand and write for
everyday demands. According to Troughton (2009), basic literacy skills are a continuous contour of a variety of other technical literacies. In the
context of the acquisition of language among pupils with visual impairment, Gillon & Young, 2002; McCall, McLinden, & Gouglas, 2011, stated that
the evolution of literacy for braille users and sighted users are the same. The statement was agreed by Kway (2012), which alleged that the literacy
skills of students with visual impairment are as important as the typical students.
Orthography Skill
Orthography skill is among the most important component of literacy as well as oral language, phonological and phonemic awareness, word

Assistive Technology Plan Essay
Assistive Technology Plan Sarah Isbell EDU 620/Meeting Individual Student Needs with Technology Professor Murdock November 12, 2012
Assistive Technology Plan Name of Student: Johnny Sweetheart Disability area: Visual impairment Age/Grade: 6th grade 11 years old Description of
the learner: Johnny is totally blind in both eyes. This is a defect from birth and there is no hope for correction. Johnny is a very bright and ambitious
student. He does not let his impairment affect the quality of his life. He is completely self–dependent. He uses his walking stick to get from class to
class and because the school is equipped with an AT setting, Johnny is able to make to the correct class by using the Braille directly under the room
...
Accommodations may need to be made for him as he will be reliant on the elevator and feeling the doors for the correct room so there may need to
be some allotment for time from class to class. The goal of this AT plan is to make Johnny's educational experience pleasant and stimulating. It is the
goal of the teachers and the school to accommodate Johnny and provide a safe learning environment. It is the goal of the teachers to make sure that
Johnny receives a quality education and help him hone in on his other senses as he has already done thanks to his love for music. Materials and
methods:| Potential Barriers/missed opportunities:| AT solutions:| 1.Computer| The student will not be able to read the screen.| This student would
benefit using a downloadable voice synthesizer or screen reader. "Many voice synthesizers and screen readers are available for purchase from
companies or nongovernmental organizations or are available for free use on the internet. These programs allow access to internet websites" (de
Freitas Alves, Monteiro, Rabello, Gasparetto & de Carvalho, 2009, p. 149). A program such as TextAloud http://www.nextup.com may benefit
this student greatly.| 2.Keyboard| The student will not be able to see the keys on the keyboard| This student would benefit from a keyboard that is
designed for the blind. It is a Galatee Braille Keyboard, http://www.maxiaids.comThis keyboard

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