1. a. Species 1 nad 2 are competitiors according to lotka- volterra competition. 2.d species 1 and 3 do not interact directly. 3.b species 2 and 3 are mutualists as the negative sign is replaced by a positive sign. 4. b. false Solution 1. a. Species 1 nad 2 are competitiors according to lotka- volterra competition. 2.d species 1 and 3 do not interact directly. 3.b species 2 and 3 are mutualists as the negative sign is replaced by a positive sign. 4. b. false.